新型杯[4]芳烃衍生物对Pb2+,Cd2+的萃取性质

研究了新型杯[4]芳烃D对Pb2+,Cd2+离子的液-液萃取性质,并将其与自制的杯[4]芳烃A及其衍生物B、C对Pb2+,Cd2+离子的液-液萃取性质进行了比较.结果表明,与化合物A～C相比,D对Pb2+萃取率最高,在本实验条件下,可达到42.8%;测试的四种化合物对Cd2+离子的萃取效率均不佳,未经任何修饰的杯[4]芳烃A的萃取效率最高,仅8.5%.推测对Cd2+的萃取为阳离子交换机理.     

全羟基杯[4]芳烃对Pb~(2+)、Hg~(2+)和Cd~(2+)配位结合模拟预测

采用Gaussian 09软件对全羟基杯[4]芳烃与Pb2+、Hg2+、Cd2+直接配位形成的配合物进行模拟预测,对全羟基杯[4]芳烃及其与Pb2+、Hg2+、Cd2+形成的配合物分子的构型进行对比分析,并对杯[4]芳烃与Pb2+、Hg2+、Cd2结合能力进行对比研究。结果表明,配合物中全羟基杯[4]芳烃对Cd2+的结合力度明显高于Hg2+和Cd2+。     

氨基苯甲酸酯杯[4]芳烃衍生物的合成及性能研究

以对叔丁基杯[4]芳烃为原料,与1,2-二溴乙烷反应得到25,27-二(2-溴乙氧基)-26,28-二羟基-5,11,17,23-四叔丁基杯[4]芳烃,分别与苯佐卡因、三卡因、盐酸普鲁卡因在K2CO3、Na I/DMF体系中反应,以48%~63%的产率合成了3种新型含氨基苯甲酸酯结构的杯[4]芳烃衍生物——25,27-二(2-(对乙氧羰基苯基)氨基)乙氧基-26,28-二羟基-5,11,17,23-四叔丁基杯[4]芳烃、25,27-二(2-(3-乙氧羰基苯基)氨基)乙氧基-26,28-二羟基-5,11,17,23-四叔丁基杯[4]芳烃和25,27-二(2-(4-(2-(二乙基氨基))乙氧羰基苯基)氨基)乙氧基-26,28-二羟基-5,11,17,23-四叔丁基杯[4]芳烃。新化合物的结构与构象经元素分析、IR、1HNMR表征证实。研究它们对K+、Pb2+等9种金属离子的萃取性能以及对氨基酸的分子识别作用。结果表明,新型杯[4]芳烃衍生物对过渡金属离子具有良好的萃取效果,对Fe2+、Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+、Ag+的萃取率高达90%以上;同时与氨基酸也能发生很好的配合作用,能有效地识别氨基酸,对带芳环的氨基酸比脂肪氨基酸的识别效果更好。     

对叔丁基杯[4]芳烃乙酸萃取磷酸二氢铵溶液中Mg~(2+)的研究

通过考察对叔丁基杯[4]芳烃乙酸,以及与其它萃取剂形成酸加酸、酸加碱、酸加中性混合萃取剂对磷酸二氢铵溶液中Mg2+萃取分配比的影响,选出萃取Mg2+的适宜萃取剂对叔丁基杯[4]芳烃乙酸;通过考察杯芳烃及其衍生物分子结构同,研究了对叔丁基杯[4]芳烃乙酸从磷酸二氢铵溶液中萃取Mg2+的反应机理,通过考察溶液pH值对萃取平衡分配比的影响,证明了对叔丁基杯[4]芳烃乙酸萃取Mg2+符合阳离子交换机理;通过考察反应温度对分配比的影响,求得了萃取热焓为16.23 kJ·mol-1,自由能为-31.24 kJ·mol-1和熵变为138.40 kJ·mol-1·K-1.同时考察了萃取剂初始浓度、水相Mg2+浓度、相比等影响因素对萃取分配比的影响,得到了萃取Mg2+的适宜工艺条件;经用实际湿法磷酸的氨中和液实验,结果表明,在最佳工艺条件下,经过二级萃取,就可以制取优品级NH4H2PO4(MAP).     

对叔丁基杯[4]及杯[6]芳烃的合成及其对铜离子的萃取研究

以对叔丁基苯酚和甲醛为原料,分别对对叔丁基杯[4]及杯[6]芳烃的合成和萃取性质进行了研究．结果表明,在本研究范围内,以KOH为催化剂,对叔丁基杯[6]芳烃的最高产率为77．8％;以NaOH为催化剂,对叔丁基杯[4]芳烃的最高产率为47．3％。对于对叔丁基杯[4]和杯[6]芳烃,最佳的反应回流温度都为140℃。对叔丁基杯[6]芳烃对模拟废水中的铜离子具有一定的萃取效果,最高萃取率为70．3％。     

疏水性离子液体为溶剂对Co2+和Cd2+废水的萃取性能

研究了疏水性离子液体[Bmim]PF6(1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐)、[Hmim]PF6(1-己基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐)和[Omim]PF6(1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐)对Co2+和Cd2+的萃取性能. 结果表明,未加入螯合剂时,离子液体对Co2+和Cd2+的萃取率都很低. 螯合剂的加入大大提高了离子液体对重金属离子的萃取性能,Co2+和Cd2+的萃取率分别由原来的2.06%和1.82%提高到96.37%和93.68%. 不同螯合剂对离子液体萃取Co2+和Cd2+有一定的影响. 离子液体碳链长度的增加有利于Co2+和Cd2+的萃取. 与传统有机溶剂相似,离子液体萃取重金属离子过程中具有很强的pH摆动效应,当pH<2时,Co2+和Cd2+的萃取率几乎为0,而当pH>6时,Co2+和Cd2+的萃取率均大于90%. 运用萃取过程中的pH摆动效应对Cd2+进行反萃取,实现了离子液体的回用.     

醛肟基杯[4]芳烃衍生物的合成及性能研究

利用盐酸羟胺与杯[4]芳烃二醛衍生物的亲核加成反应,设计并合成了下沿含醛肟基团的新型杯[4]芳烃衍生物,经1HNMR、MS和元素分析等表征确证其结构,测定了醛肟基杯[4]芳烃衍生物对系列金属阳离子的液液两相萃取性能,实验结果表明醛肟基杯[4]芳烃衍生物对软酸类金属阳离子具有较好的配位性能,特别是对Hg2+和Ag+的萃取率分别达到39.2%和35.6%。     

杯[4]芳烃咪唑盐的微波合成及在氟化反应中的应用

以杯[4]芳烃为起始原料,首先制得中间体杯[4]芳烃双溴代烷基衍生物,然后经微波辐射和阴离子交换,共得9种杯[4]芳烃咪唑盐衍生物,化合物的结构与构象经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、19FNMR、31PNMR表征.研究了它们在对氯硝基苯氟化反应中的催化性能以及对K+的萃取性能.结果表明,这9种化合物在氟化反应中的催化效果良好,对氟硝基苯的收率为80.89％～92.67％;同时化合物对K+具有较好的萃取效果,其中以化合物25,27-二[4-(3-甲基咪唑)乙氧基]-26,28-二羟基-5,11,17,23-四叔丁基杯[4]芳烃六氟磷酸盐的萃取效果最好,萃取率可达75.45％.     

Mextral V10–Mextral 973H体系脱除酸性矿山废水中重金属的研究

矿山选、冶废水成分复杂、水量大,目前所用方法对重金属的脱除效果不理想、成本高,为解决矿山废水重金属污染问题,开发适用于酸度较高、重金属浓度较低、对钙、镁离子有抑萃作用的协同萃取法脱除并回收废水中的重金属。通过绘制萃取等温线、FT-IR及紫外吸收光谱对Mextral V10–Mextral 973H协同萃取体系进行分析,研究了萃取剂浓度、有机相和水相体积比(简称相比,O/A)和Mextral V10皂化率对废水中重金属分离影响。结果表明,Mextral V10–Mextral 973H协同萃取体系能有效脱除酸性废水中Cu2+, Pb2+, Cd2+和Zn2+。在10vol% (Mextral V10+Mextral 973H)+90vol% Mextral DT100,Mextral V10:Mextral 973H=1:1的最佳实验条件下连续萃取六次,萃后废水中Cu2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Mg2+和Ca2+的萃取率分别为99.1%±0.1%, 99.9%±0.02% 99.5%±0.05%, 97.6%±0.03%, 10.11%±0.1%和18.3%±0.05%,废水中残留Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+和Pb2+浓度分别为1.720±0.10, 0.256±0.03, 0.054±0.01和0.929±0.01 mg/L,低于GB8978-1996中第一类污染物最高允许排放标准值。     

对叔丁基杯[4]芳烃乙酸萃取Cr~(3+)的反应研究

报道了以对叔丁基杯[4]芳烃乙酸(简称杯[4]水解)为萃取剂,从硝酸体系中萃取Cr3+的反应机理及反应热力学性质。通过考察溶液pH值对萃取分配比的影响,确认杯[4]水解萃取Cr3+的机理,并得到了萃取反应的表观平衡常数K=1.815×103;通过考察反应温度对分配比的影响,求得萃取热焓ΔH=69.89 kJ/mol;由ΔH和表观平衡常数K计算了自由能ΔG=-18.601 kJ/mol和熵变ΔS=294.97 J/(mol-1.K-1)。杯[4]水解萃取Cr3+的反应是一个吸热反应。     

几种新型杯[4]芳烃衍生物的合成

以对叔丁基苯酚为起始原料,通过缩合、一步取代反应合成了对叔丁基杯[4]芳烃的衍生物,两步取代反应合成了对叔丁基杯[4]芳烃的衍生物。用FT-IR,^1HNMR,FAB-MS对产物的结构进行了表征。     

Extraction of Pb2+ with p-tert-butylcalix [4]-, [5]-, [6]Arene Carboxylic Acid Ligands and their Monomeric Counterpart: A Thermodynamic Approach

Studies on extraction equilibrium constants at different temperatures and thermodynamic parameters of solvent extraction of Pb²⁺ ion with carboxylic acid derivatives of different ring size calixarenes and structure related monomeric compound have been carried out. The extraction equilibrium constants corresponding to calix[n]arene (n?=?4, 5, 6) derivatives decrease in the order [5]arene > [6]arene > [4]arene. In all cases, the complexation process is primarily enthalpy driven. The favorable enthalpic contribution for extraction of Pb²⁺ is in the order hexamer ≈ monomer > tetramer > pentamer. However, the unfavorable entropic loss follows the order: monomer > hexamer > tetramer > pentamer. Overall stability of the host-guest complex is the function of entropy-enthalpy compensation and the free energy of complexation is minimum for the pentamer, followed by tetramer ≈ hexamer and monomer. Although the carboxylic acid derivative of calix[4]arene is more preorganized than the calix[5]arene derivative, extraction of Pb²⁺ ion with the tetramer passes through greater entropic loss than that with the pentamer and the degree of preorganization of calix[4]arene derivative is far from perfect for the complexation and extraction of Pb²⁺ ion. As compared to tetrameric and hexameric counterparts, the structural features of the carboxylic acid derivative of calix[5]arene prior to complexation contribute much to interact with the Pb²⁺ ion and form a thermodynamically stable complex. Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange to view the supplemental file.     

Synthesis of novel silica gel immobilized‐calix[4]arene amide ionophores and their anion binding abilities toward phosphate and chromate anions

This article describes the synthesis and characterization of four new calix[4]arene ionophores 5–7 and 9 and corresponding two new silica gel‐immobilized calix[4]arene ionophores containing pyridine 10 and 11 via modification of calix[4]arene monoamide derivatives 5 and 6 with aminopropyl silica gel, respectively. The extraction studies have been performed using liquid–liquid extraction for receptors 5–7 and 9 and solid–liquid batchwise sorption procedures for receptors 10 and 11 . Obtained extraction results showed that the immobilized‐calix[4] arene ionophores 10 and 11 have high extraction ability toward chromate and phosphate anions as compared to their corresponding monomeric precursors 5 and 6 . © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Novel linear molecular aggregation tethered by hydrogen-Bonded interaction within the crystalline calix[4]arene derivatives

Single crystals of two calix[4]arene derivatives, that is, 5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl- 25,27-bis[2-[N-(3-methoxy-4-methoxy-benzylidene)-amino]ethoxy]-26,28- dihydroxy calix[4]arene (1) and 5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-25,27-bis[2-[3- pyridine carbonyl-amino]ethoxy]-26,28-dihydroxy calix[4]arene (2), were prepared and their crystal structures have been determined by X-ray crystallographic study. As compared with calix[4]arene derivative 1 possessing CN functional group, compound 2 bearing the NH group could form not only intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the hydrogen atom in NH group and the oxygen atom in CO of an adjacent calix[4]arene molecule, but also intramolecular hydrogen bonds between the N—H⋯OC moieties in solid state, giving a rare linear molecular aggregation.     

人工合成羟基磷灰石对水溶液中Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)离子的固定作用

以硝酸钙和磷酸氢二铵为反应物,采用均匀沉淀法制备羟基磷灰石粉体。羟基磷灰石能有效的固定溶液中重金属离子,并讨论了pH值、羟基磷灰石的用量、作用时间、离子的初始浓度及离子间的相互影响。试验结果表明：当羟基磷灰石的浓度为5g/L时,溶液中铅离子浓度和镉离子浓度分别为500 mg/L和30mg/L,常温搅拌30min后。在弱酸性或中性废水中,铅离子去除率可达99．6％以上,镉离子去除率可达到99．9％以上,溶液中残留镉离子浓度低于O．004．mg/L。     

Adsorption of amino acid derivatives on calixarene carboxylic acid impregnated resins

Macrocyclic host molecules calixarene carboxylic acid derivatives are found to act as powerful extractants for biologically important amino compounds. A series of adsorbents were prepared from a methacrylate-based polymer Amberlite XAD-7 by impregnation with various calixarene derivatives, for adsorptive recovery of amino acid derivatives. The larger macrocycles calix[6]arene and calix[8]arene carboxylic acid derivatives were more effective for adsorption of amino acid derivatives on the impregnated resin than the calix[4]arene derivative. Since adsorption proceeds mainly via electrostatic interaction, the carboxylic acid groups introduced into the calixarene platform were important for adsorption of cationic amino acid derivatives. The adsorption selectivity for amino compounds using adsorbent impregnated with the calix[6]arene carboxylic acid derivative depends simply on the hydrophobicity of the adsorbates.     

杯[4]芳烃偶氮衍生物的合成及其金属离子萃取性能

杯芳烃作为超分子化学的重要组成部分,近年来得到了快速发展并成为化学家的研究热点。以脱叔丁基-杯[4]芳烃为原料合成了杯[4]芳烃偶氮衍生物,其结构经IR和1H NMR所表征。研究了该主体分子对金属离子的萃取性能,实验结果表明,该主体分子对Mg2＋具有较高的萃取作用。讨论了主客体间配位作用的机制。