汽车用铝合金半固态零件触变压铸工艺研究

针对半固态触变压铸工艺特点,对国产J1128卧式冷室普通液态压铸机的压射系统和模具系统进行了结构改进,对压铸工艺参数进行了优化选择,并采用半固态专用铝合金AlSi6Mg2和商用铝合金A357开展了大量半固态触变压铸试验研究.结果显示:半固态触变压铸工艺与普通液态压铸有很大的不同,在压射室和模具预热温度分别为100℃和250℃,低压压力为4.0MPa,射料二速工作压力为12MPa,增压压力为20MPa,快压射速度为1.4m/s条件下可获得冲型完好的汽车用铝合金半固态零件.     

金属半固态触变压铸工艺的探讨

结合金属半固态加工技术的特点,通过与传统液态压铸技术的比较,分析了半固态触变压铸的工艺过程、充型机理及工艺要素.同时对半固态压铸模具及压射系统的改进也进行了讨论,给出了选用半固态压铸机的一般流程.     

铝合金半固态压铸工艺参数及性能研究

应用具有不同厚度的简单板材模具来系统研究压铸工艺参数对A356铝合金半固态压铸件性能的影响,以优化半固态压铸工艺及其参数.试验结果表明,对A356铝合金半固态压铸,其性能随压射压力的增大而提高,当压射压力大于100 MPa,则性能基本上不再提高.压铸速度过小或过大会降低压铸件的性能.另外建压时间、坯料加热温度、模具预热温度以及脱模剂等参数对半固态压铸件性能也有明显的影响.     

半固态A356铝合金流变压铸充填过程的数值模拟

建立了半固态A356铝合金浆料的表观粘度触变模型,模拟了米字型压铸件的流变充填过程,并进行了实际流变充填验证.验证性的流变压铸表明,所建立的表观粘度触变模型正确可行,可用来模拟半固态A356铝合金浆料的流变压铸充填过程.数值模拟还表明,压射比压、内浇道浆料的流动速度和浆料温度对半固态A356铝合金的流变压铸充填过程具有重要影响.较大的压射比压、内浇道浆料的流动速度和浆料温度有利于流变充填;流变压铸的内浇道尺寸对半固态A356铝合金的流变压铸充填过程具有重要影响,较大的内浇道尺寸有利于流变充填,对于米字型压铸件而言,合适的压铸工艺参数为:压射比压不小于30MPa,内浇道的流动速度不小于3.00m/s,浆料温度在595℃以上.     

A356半固态触变充型与压铸充型过程模拟比较

利用商业软件Flow-3D，模拟了A356合金半固态触变压铸和普通压铸的充型流动过程。模拟结果表明：相同模具结构中的半固态压铸和普通压铸充型过程，半固态流动平稳，普通压铸由于湍流流动，因而容易出现气孔、卷气夹杂等缺陷。半固态触变压铸和普通压铸具有相同的流动通道。     

AZ91D镁合金半固态触变成形压铸工艺

采用等温热处理对AZ91D镁合金进行非枝晶化，研究半固态镁合金的触变压铸工艺，得到性能良好的触变压铸镁合金试件。通过改变压力和压射速度等工艺参数，发现其抗拉强度和伸长率都随着压力或速度的上升而增加，当增压压力为35MPa和压射速度为4．5m／s时，其抗拉强度达到最大，为237．5MPa，伸长率为4．8％。通过组织分析认为，半固态触变压铸对晶粒细化效果明显，这与固相颗粒在充型过程中的二次破碎，液相喷射分散后凝固具有直接的关系。     

ZL201合金半固态成形的AnyCasting模拟与验证

采用AnyCasting软件模拟研究了模具内浇口尺寸、压射速度等因素对半固态ZL201合金触变压铸充型过程的影响.结果表明：压铸温度640℃,模具温度200℃～240℃,内浇口厚度11mm,低速阶段的压射速度0.1 m/s,高速阶段的压射速度1 m/s,在充型60%时进行速度切换,半固态浆料将以层流方式充填型腔,模拟结果与实际符合很好.半固态压铸件经T5处理后,硬度（HV）可达到1166 MPa,高于常规压铸件45.7%.     

半固态压铸技术研究发展现状

回顾了半固态压铸技术的发展历史,介绍了其国内外研究现状,包括半固态金属触变压铸和流变压铸工艺,重点介绍了铝合金及镁合金半固态压铸技术研究及应用现状,讨论了半固态压铸成形技术存在的问题及发展策略.     

ZL101过流冷却转移法半固态压铸工艺及性能研究

采用倾斜管过流冷却-转移法生产半固态流变压铸件,研究了压铸工艺对ZL101铝合金半固态流变压铸件性能的影响,以及半固态压铸件经T6热处理之后性能的改变.对比研究了液态与半固态压铸件的力学性能.结果表明,在浇注温度为595℃、压射速度为1.8 m/s时,压铸件性能最佳,此时较浇注温度为630℃的液态压铸件的抗拉强度提高了11％.经热处理的半固态压铸件抗拉强度与伸长率都得到改善.液态与半固态压铸件试样的拉伸断口为准解理断裂,经热处理的半固态压铸件试样的拉伸断口为韧性断裂.     

半固态改性6061铝合金流变压铸试样组织及力学性能

采用石墨质蛇形通道浇注复合流变压铸工艺进行半固态改性6061铝合金流变压铸成形。对比分析了传统液态压铸和流变压铸的改性6061铝合金试样的显微组织;研究了Si含量对半固态改性6061铝合金流变压铸试样组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明,相比于传统液态压铸,半固态改性6061铝合金流变压铸试样组织中的初生α-Al晶粒明显细化和球化,由粗大的枝晶演变为细小的球状晶或近球状晶。增加Si含量可以有效细化试样组织中的初生α-Al晶粒,并提升流变压铸试样的力学性能,当Si含量由0.6%增加至2.6%时,初生α-Al的平均晶粒直径由58μm左右逐渐减小至31μm左右,抗拉强度由（107±4） MPa逐渐增加至（209±14） MPa,伸长率由2.2%±0.3%逐渐增加至5.5%±0.5%。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.