高气液化下分布器设计对结构化床层气液分布的影响(英文)

Experiments were carried out to investigate the liquid flow distribution at high gas/liquid ratios in a cold model monolith bed of a 0.048 m diameter with 62 cells per cm2.Three types of distributor for the liquid distribu-tion were used to evaluate their distribution performance.Local liquid saturation in individual channels was meas-ured using 16 single-point optical fiber probes mounted inside the channels.The results indicate that 1) The optical fiber probe technique can measure phase distribution in the monolith bed;2) Liquid saturation distribution along the radial direction of the monolith bed is not uniform and the extent of non-uniformity depends on the distributor de-sign and phase velocities;and 3) The tube array distributor provides superior liquid distribution performance over the showerhead and nozzle distributors.     

整体式床层中液体分布与气-液传质的关系

With a particular focus on the connection between liquid flow distribution and gas-liquid mass transfer in monolithic beds in the Taylor flow regime, hydrodynamic and gas-liquid mass transfer experiments were carried out in a column with a monolithic bed of cell density of 50 cpsi with two different distributors (nozzle and packed bed distributors). Liquid saturation in individual channels was measured by using self-made micro-conductivity probes. A mal-distribution factor was used to evaluate uniform degree of phase distribution in monoliths. Overall bed pressure drop and mass transfer coefficients were measured. For liquid flow distribution and gas-liquid mass transfer, it is found that the superficial liquid velocity is a crucial factor and the packed bed distributor is better than the nozzle distributor. A semi-theoretical analysis using single channel models shows that the packed bed distributor always yields shorter and uniformly distributed liquid slugs compared to the nozzle distributor, which in turn ensures a better mass transfer performance. A bed scale mass transfer model is proposed by employing the single channel models in individual channels and incorporating effects of non-uniform liquid distribution along the bed cross-section. The model predicts the overall gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient with a relative error within ±30%.     

板翅式换热器导流片结构的数值模拟

A fluid flow model of distributor was set up to investigate the effectof distributor configuration on the fluid flow distribution in plate- fin heat exchanger. At the same time, a mathematical equation was developed to generate different types of fluid flow maldistribution models considering the possible deviations in fluid flow. Using these fluid flow models, the fluid flow distributions in plate- fin beat exchanger were calculated for different configurations and operating conditions. The computational results show that nonuniform inlet velocity, inlet angle, and orifice diameter on the fin are the main factors affecting the distribution performance of distributor. The fluid flow distribution in plate- fin heat exchanger can be effectively improved by changing the distributor configuration. The distributor reaches the best distribution performance when the orifice diameter is 2 mm. The computational results are in good agreement with experimental ones.     

用改进的单元胞模型数值模拟液体穿过球形颗粒群的流动

The cell model developed since 1950s is a useful tool for exploring the behavior of particle assemblages,but it demands further careful development of the outer cell boundary conditions so that interaction in a particle swarm is better repressented.In this paper,the cell model and its development were reviewed,and the modifications of outer cell boundary conditions were suggested.Athe cell outer boundary,the restriction of uniform liquid flow was removed in our simulation conducted in the reference frame fixed with the particle.Zero shear stress condition was used to evaluate the outer boundary value of the stream function.Boundary vorticity was allowed to evolve to values compatible to existing stream function at the free shear outer boundary.The fore-aft symmetry of vorticity distribution at the outer boundary is thought critical to ensure the continuity of inflow and outflow between touching neighbor cells,and is also tested in the modified cell model.Numerical simulation in terms of stream function and vorticity based on the modified cell models was carried out to shed light on the interaction between liquid and particles.Lower predicted drag coefficient by the modified cell models was interpreted with the feature of flow structure.The drag coefficient from the simulation was also compared with correlations of drag coefficient reported in literature.It is found that the modified cell model with the uniformity of external flow relaxed and the fore-aft symmetry of boundary vorticity enforced was the most satisfactory of the overall performance of prediction.     

基于MUSIG模型的竖直圆管内液氮过冷沸腾数值模拟研究(英文)

Multiple size group （MUSIG） model combined with a threedimensional twofluid model were em ployed to predict subcooled boiling flow of liquid nitrogen in a vertical upward tube. Based on the mechanism of boiling heat transfer, some important bubble model parameters were amended to be applicable to the modeling of liquid nitrogen. The distribution of different discrete bubble classes was demonstrated numerically and the distribu tion patterns of void fraction in the wallheated tube were analyzed. It was found that the average void fraction in creases nonlinearly along the axial direction with wall heat flux and it decreases with inlet mass flow rate and sub cooled temperature. The local void fraction exhibited a Ushape distribution in the radial direction. The partition of the wall heat flux along the tube was obtained. The results showed that heat flux consumed on evaporation is the leading part of surface heat transfer at the rear region of subcooled boiling. The turning point in the pressure drop curve reflects the instability of bubbly flow. Good agreement was achieved on the local heat transfer coefficient aalnst experimental measurements, which demonstrated the accuracy of the numerical model.     

垂直管中零净液流量气液两相流的持液率研究

Zero net-liquid flow (ZNLF) is a special case of upward gas-liquid two-phase flow. It is a phenomenon observed as a gas-liquid mixture flows in a conduit but the net liquid flow rate is zero. Investigation on the liquid holdup of ZNLF is conducted in a vertical ten-meter tube with diameter of 76 mm, both for Newtonian and nonNewtonian fluids. The gas phase is air. The Newtonian fluid is water and the non-Newtonian fluids are water-based guar gel solutions. The correlations developed for predicting liquid holdup on the basis of Lockhart-Martinelli parameter are not suitable to ZNLF. A constitutive correlation for the liquid holdup of vertical ZNLF was put forward by using the mass balance. It is found that the liquid holdup in ZNLF is dependent on both the gas flow rate and the flow distribution coefficient.     

INTERPRETATION OF FLOW NONUNIFORMITY AND HYSTERESIS WITH A CAPILLARY ARRAY MODEL

A novel capillary array model is proposed to shed light on the development of themaldistribution of cocurrent downward gas-liquid flow and the hysteretic performance behavior in apacked column.The model is based on the principle of nonequilibrium thermodynamics and incombination with lateral random walk of elemental liquid rivulets.The liquid distribution over aone-dimensional array of capillaries is simulated and the basic features of gas-liquid flow in packedbeds are demonstrated.With proper correspondence of hysteresis branches with nonuniformity of flowdistribution assumed,the experimentally observed hysteresis in pressure drop,liquid holdup and masstransfer rate can be qualitatively simulated.Strenuous efforts are still required for further developingthis model into a predictive tool for the evaluation of performance of packed-bed type devices.     

旋转填充床中沉淀过程的模型及实验验证(英文)

A mixing-precipitation model based on the modified coalescence-redispersion model was presented to describe the flow, mixing, nucleation and growth in a rotating packed bed (RPB). The model was coupled with population balance, mass balance and crystallization kinetics. It predicted well the influence of coalescence probability, which represents the mixing intensity among drop-lets, on the particle number density, supersaturation and mean particle size of the produced precipitates. The effects of the radial thickness of packing, liquid flow rate and rotating speed on the product particle size were also investigated. The results indicate that the needed radial length of packing is short for sparingly soluble substance precipitation (about 40-50 mm in this work), and the mean particle size of precipitates decreases with the increase of rotating speed and liquid flow rate, respectively. The validity of this model was verified by experiment on BaSO4 precipitation in RPB.     

计算大型塔板效率的区域贡献法

From the measurement of liquid flow field on a large plate by a hot-film anemometer, three different regions on the large plate were presented, including a liquid circulation area near the inlet down-comer, a region with very slow moving or stagnant liquid on the side of the tray and an active flow region at the center of the plate. According to the contribution of the three regions, the tray efficiency for large plates was proposed. The prediction plate efficiency by the present model are compared with the experimental data in the literature and those calculated by other models. It is shown that the present model is more accurate for prediction of efficiency of large plates, and the calculation is simpler.     

Structural parameter optimization for novel internal-loop iron–carbon micro-electrolysis reactors using computational fluid dynamics

It is generally recognized that internal-loop reactors are well-developed mass and heat-transfer multiphase flow reactors. However, the internal flow field in the internal-loop reactor is influenced by the structure parameter of the reactor, which has a great effect on the reaction efficiency. In this study, the computational fluid dynamics simulation method was used to determine the influence of reactor structure on flow field, and a volume-offluid model was employed to simulate the gas–liquid, two-phase flow of the internal-loop micro-electrolysis reactor. Hydrodynamic factors were optimized when the height-to-diameter ratio was 4:1, diameter ratio was9:1, draft-tube axial height was 90 mm. Three-dimensional simulations for the water distributor were carried out, and the results suggested that the optimal conditions are as follows: the number of water distribution pipes was four, and an inhomogeneous water distribution was used. According to the results of the simulation,the suitable structure can be used to achieve good fluid mechanical properties, such as the good liquid circulation velocity and gas holdup, which provides a good theoretical foundation for the application of the reactor.     

气液固循环流化床换热器中预分布器结构的优化

引言 气液固循环流化床换热器是将循环流化床与沸腾传热两项技术结合而开发出的一种新型高效传热和防、除垢设备.国内外众多学者对此设备进行了研究[1,2].然而,关于此换热系统正常运转的核心技术--颗粒分布技术的文献较少.荷兰的Klaren申请了专利[3],叶施仁等[4]设计了单层孔板式固液分布器,姜锋等[5]选取直径小于下管箱直径的多孔板作为固液分布器,但上述固液分布器的大规模工业应用未见相关报道.     

孔盘式液体分布器内液体流动对布液孔出流均匀性的影响

借助包括双欧拉均相多相流模型、VOF界面追踪方法和SST k-ω湍流模型的CFD模型,对孔盘式液体分布器内的流场对布液孔出流均匀性的影响进行研究。首先以单孔流动时的液体流量为标准值,通过与标准值的偏差来评估布液孔的出流不均。根据偏差的大小,可以衡量分布器内流动对布液孔出流的影响。然后结合孔前流动区概念对模拟结果进行分析,发现布液孔出流不均是由分布器内液体流动不均造成的。最后,提出了通过改变进料管位置来优化盘式液体分布器结构。计算结果表明,改变进料管的位置可以避免大规模不良分布,进而提高液体分布器的性能。     

Simulation of Orifice Flow Influenced by Lateral Flow in a Trough‐Type Liquid Distributor

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation is performed to investigate the influence of lateral flow on the orifice flow in a trough‐type liquid distributor. The discharge coefficients from the simulation are in good agreement with the experimental values, indicating that the CFD simulation is accurate in describing the outflow through orifices. The lateral flow near an orifice can change the velocity and pressure distributions of flow regions in front of this orifice, causing a decrease in the discharge coefficient. This phenomenon is supported by the theory of flow past a blunt body. An important implication derived from this finding is that the influence of lateral flow should be minimized in the design of a trough‐type liquid distributor, because the decrease in the discharge coefficient leads to non‐uniform outflow. The structure of a trough‐type liquid distributor is optimized to improve the liquid distribution performance by reducing the influence of lateral flow.     

组合式液固分布器中预分布器结构优化

介绍了一种用于液固循环流化床换热器中的组合式固液分布器。利用体积容积法、U形管压差计和刻度尺研究了固液预分布器的结构形式在不同表观液速和液体黏度下对各管束中的固含率、下管箱静压降及床层高度的影响。采用标准差函数进一步衡量了管束间固含率的均匀程度。实验结果表明,双层挡板式预分布器在较低的下管箱静压降和床层高度下能将固体颗粒均匀地分布到各换热管束中。     

文丘里卷吸型气液分配器液体分配性能的结构参数研究

为了改善滴流床用的内卷吸型气液分配器的液体分散差的现象,提出了一种文丘里卷吸型气液分配器,并对其结构参数进行了参数化研究,定量认识卷吸型分配器的结构参数对其气液分配性能的影响。在冷态实验装置上进行了文丘里卷吸型气液分配器性能实验,建立了耦合群体平衡模型的欧拉-欧拉两相流模型,数值模拟了文丘里卷吸型气液分配器气液两相分配流动过程。冷模实验结合数值模拟,系统性考察了各结构参数对卷吸型气液分配器的液体分布均匀性、喷淋半径以及压降的影响。结果表明,采用具备缩-扩结构的文丘里管作为降液管能够有效提升卷吸型分配器的分布均匀度和喷淋半径,并显著降低压降。通过正交试验,获得了主要结构参数与分配性能的相关性,给出了结构参数与性能指标的经验关联式。降液管的扩张段是改善液体分配性能的关键结构,其扩张角为30°时液体分配性能最好。     

A new streamlined bubble-cap distributor for high gas–liquid ratio and the liquid distribution mechanisms

The bubble-cap distributor is the most commonly used and critical internal for trickle bed reactors but holds the inherited disadvantage of liquid central aggregation when operating at a high gas–liquid ratio. A new bubble-cap distributor with a streamlined downcomer was developed in this paper to counter back the liquid aggregation and improve its comprehensive performance. The effect of the streamline parameters of the new distributor on liquid distribution was systematically explored by the coupled Euler–Euler-population balance equation (PBE) model. Compared with the classical and polyline converging–diverging structures, the results showed that the streamlined downcomer was a key to generating radial velocity of two-phase flow and reducing the liquid central aggregation for the bubble-cap distributor. The mechanism of well-distribution was explored for the new distributor. Lower converging and diverging angles enhance the distribution performance. A downcomer with a small converging angle and a 30° diverging angle was recommended for dispersing the central aggregated liquid column and acquiring the high distribution uniformity and spray covering circle. These data would be helpful to the optimal design and scale-up of the bubble-cap distributor in further industrial applications.     

横向流动对槽式液体分布器孔口出流的影响

以CFD模拟为工具,对槽内横向流动对孔口出流的影响进行了研究。研究结果表明:孔口的流量随着槽内横向流速的增加而减少。另外,研究结果还表明液位越低、孔口直径越小,孔口出流越容易受到横向流动的影响。对于处理量较大的槽式液体分布器,横向流动有可能导致大规模不良分布。因此,应对液体在分布器内的流动特性进行系统的研究,以避免形成大规模不良分布。     

固定床反应器中气液分配器的流体力学性能

设计了一种底部带有碎流板的新型管式气液分配器。以水和空气代替工业上的原油和氢气进行冷模实验。实验过程为:水由水箱经水泵抽出,经液体流量计计量后进入实验塔上部的气液扩散器,气液两相流经急冷箱冷却后同时向下通过分配器。进入到接液装置的液体通过橡胶管导入到放置在地面上的17个标有编号的量筒中,未进入接液装置的液体流入水箱,气体则排放到大气中。最后用U形管差压计测量分配器的压力降。实验研究了该分配器的分配性能、压力降损失、气液相操作弹性和分布不均度,优化并确定该分配器的结构形式和结构参数。结果表明,该分配器的最佳工作条件为:液相量为0.3m³/h左右,气相量为20~30m³/h。