蓝藻生物资源的开发与应用

利用环境废弃物蓝藻,开发SiO2新材料和抗紫外农药缓释剂型。合成了形貌规整、平均粒径为1.5μm、粒径分布较窄的SiO2实心与空心微球,采用TG、SEM、FE-SEM对其进行了表征,研究了其制备液相色谱固定相的方法和分离纯化蛋白质的条件。以蓝藻为载体,制备了农药(戊唑醇、阿维菌素、甲维盐)抗紫外缓释剂,研究了蓝藻对上述农药的吸附、缓释行为和抗紫外性能,吸附量达到160.81 mg/g,半量释放时间在40 d左右,蓝藻吸附农药样品与商品化制剂相比,抗紫外能力相对提高了56.4%,相对降低了农药的大田使用量,探索了蓝藻作为农药制剂载体的可行性。     

微囊藻载戊唑醇制备缓释剂及其释放行为

以微囊藻为吸附载体、卡波树脂为包衣剂制备戊唑醇农药缓释剂,对微囊藻和缓释剂进行了表征,研究了微囊藻的吸附和释放行为. 结果表明,30℃下戊唑醇在乙醇和异丙醇中的饱和吸附量分别为18.68和20.1 mg/g,平均每个微囊藻吸附1.04×109个戊唑醇分子. 包裹10%卡波树脂的缓释剂具有很好的缓释功能,在乙醇/水(1:1, j)介质中累计释放时间长达204 h,累积释放率为74.5%.     

甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐微囊藻缓释剂的制备及性能

以微囊藻为吸附载体、卡波树脂为包衣剂,研制了甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐农药缓释剂,对微囊藻组成及形貌进行了表征,研究了微囊藻对甲维盐的吸附动力学和制剂的释放动力学. 结果表明,微囊藻的平均粒径为3.5 mm,表面存在大量的微孔和功能性基团,说明其具有很好的吸附作用;30℃下在1:1(j)乙醇水溶液中微囊藻对甲维盐的最大吸附量为70.78 mg/g,平均每个微囊藻吸附1.1×109个甲维盐分子;在3:7(j)乙醇水溶液中不含成膜剂的甲维盐-微囊藻缓释颗粒在24和72 h时的累积释放率分别为52.9%和65.3%,说明微囊藻具有对甲维盐的缓释应用前景.     

木质素季铵盐-海藻酸钠聚合物负载阿维菌素粉体的制备及抗紫外光性能分析

以三甲基木质素季铵盐-海藻酸钠(QL-SA)为载体,用物理混合法制备了阿维菌素缓释聚合物(AVM-QL-SA),利用FT-IR对其结构进行了表征,探讨了交联剂用量、药物加入量、体系pH值等因素对载药量和包封率的影响,并对其缓释性能和抗紫外光降解进行了研究。结果表明:阿维菌素(AVM)均匀的混合在QL-SA载体中,主要以物理混合为主;最佳制备条件为:戊二醛为5%(以单体质量分数计)、药物加入量为1%(以单体质量分数计)、体系pH值为8.5,载药量和包封率分别达到1.36%和73.36%;阿维菌素缓释聚合物粒径符合正态分布,平均粒径为83.90 μm;阿维菌素缓释聚合物具有很好的缓释性能,在乙醇/水(体积比1:1)中释放30 h,累计释放率为88.97%;经8 h紫外光照射,阿维菌素原药中AVM残留量为6.24%,阿维菌素缓释聚合物中AVM残留量为37.75%,具有良好的抗紫外分解性能。     

玉米醇溶蛋白/阿维菌素纳米制剂的制备与性能

阿维菌素易光解,通过包封以提高其利用效率。利用玉米醇溶蛋白的疏水特性和自组装的特点,通过反溶剂法制备玉米醇溶蛋白/阿维菌素纳米制剂。通过单因素试验确定粒径DLS为83.72 nm的最小载药粒子(AVM@Zein)的制备条件,其包封率为48.45%,在扫描电镜下为球形颗粒;AVM@Zein在包菜和黄瓜叶面的滞留量分别为21 mg/cm²和28 mg/cm²;AVM@Zein具有明显的氧化还原刺激响应释放性能,抗紫外线降解性能显著提高,提高了原药的杀虫活性,提高了阿维菌素的利用率。     

大孔吸附树脂分离纯化银杏叶总黄酮的研究

利用4种大孔吸附树脂分离纯化银杏叶总黄酮.结果表明,HPD100型大孔吸附树脂最适合分离纯化银杏叶总黄酮,该树脂的静态饱和吸附量(以干树脂计)为63.8 mg·g-1,静态洗脱率为91.2%,动态饱和吸附-洗脱量为14.0 mg·g-1,洗脱剂为70%乙醇,洗脱剂用量为4倍树脂体积,树脂可重复使用7个周期.     

大孔树脂法分离纯化阿维菌素工艺研究

研究了大孔树脂分离纯化阿维菌素的工艺。采用HPLC检测方法,从7种大孔树脂中筛选出吸附阿维菌素性能最好的树脂并优化其吸附和洗脱参数。结果表明,采用大孔树脂HZ816吸附阿维菌素的效果最佳,其动态吸附量为62mg·mL^-1,在吸附流速为1．5～2BV·h^-1、90％乙醇作为洗脱剂的优化条件下,解吸收率大于90％、阿维菌素中B1a含量大于91％、总收率大于65％。该阿维菌素分离纯化方法工艺简单。分离效果好,适于工业化生产。     

大孔吸附树脂XAD-4对聚乙二醇的吸附性能

以大孔吸附树脂XAD-4为吸附剂,采用静态平衡吸附法吸附模拟聚乙二醇(PEG)废水,考察了初始pH值、吸附时间、吸附剂投加量和温度等因素对PEG去除效果的影响. 结果表明,pH值对吸附过程的影响可忽略不计. 当XAD-4树脂投加量为0.3 g/L时,PEG去除率可达89%,平衡吸附量Qe=59.95 mg/g. PEG在XAD-4树脂表面上均一分布,Langmuir, Dubinin-Radushkevich和Sips模型可较好地模拟其等温吸附过程. 不同温度下均为自发的放热吸附过程. 动态吸附数据符合拟二级动力学方程.     

PDMDAAC改性玉米醇溶蛋白负载阿维菌素纳米颗粒的制备与性能

为提高阿维菌素叶面沉积率及其抗紫外分解性能,本文设计构建了叶面亲和的纳米载体。通过自由基聚合将聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵（PDMDAAC）改性玉米醇溶蛋白（Zein）,得到表面携带正电荷的改性玉米醇溶蛋白,并将其用于负载阿维菌素。采用红外光谱（FTIR）、扫描电镜（SEM）等手段对改性产物结构和形貌进行表征。通过反溶剂沉淀法制备了平均粒径为64.92nm的载药纳米粒子,载体对阿维菌素的包封率为(34.75±0.18)%。与植物表面的静电作用提升了纳米粒子悬浮液在植物表面的润湿性能,接触角大小随PDMDAAC接枝量增大而降低,由77.38°减小到64.60°;叶面滞留量可达33.69mg/cm²。改性玉米醇溶蛋白对阿维菌素的包覆提升了其抗紫外性能,半衰期由15min延长至40min,且阿维菌素的释放速率可通过PDMDAAC接枝率进行调控。     

阿维菌素在稻米中的残留检测

用乙酸乙酯和乙腈提取稻米中的阿维菌素,通过FLD检测器、高效液相色谱仪测定阿维菌素残留。结果表明,采用乙酸乙酯与乙腈提取较好,建立了快速测定稻米中阿维菌素残留的分析方法,具有良好的灵敏度与回收率。阿维菌素最小检出量为1.4×10-11g,糙米中阿维菌素最低检测浓度为0.001 mg/kg,平均回收率为82.38%~82.66%,RSD 9.8%~10.5%,可满足农药残留分析的要求。     

以微囊藻为载体制备戊唑醇缓释剂

利用天然藻为载体,采用喷雾干燥的方法得到了微囊藻的微球,在其表面吸附杀菌剂戊唑醇,加入适量成膜剂制备新型环保的农药缓释剂型。对藻的吸附能力及其在特定溶剂的释放行为进行分析表明：该载体藻类具有较高的吸附能力,吸附量最大可达到18000mg/kg;缓释剂型有较好的缓释效果,最长可达200h,最终释放量为80%。该方法既经济又环保,具有较好的应用前景。     

Characterization and Biodegradation Evaluation of Biocapsules Composed of Polyester/Natural Product Composites

The feasibility of using acrylic acid-grafted poly(hydroxyalkanoate) and a treated (cross-linked) natural product (treated marine algae powder) as a bacteria-encapsulated film capsule material was evaluated for the controlled release of an encapsulated bacterium. For the purposes of comparison and accurate characterization, a poly(hydroxyalkanoate) or acrylic acid-grafted poly(hydroxyalkanoate) and its composite film capsules were also assessed. The water resistance of acrylic acid-grafted poly(hydroxyalkanoate)/treated marine algae powder was greater than that of poly(hydroxyalkanoate)/marine algae powder, although the weight loss of composites buried in Azospirillum brasilense compost indicated that both were biodegradable, especially at high levels of marine algae powder or treated marine algae powder substitution. After 120 days, the weight loss of the acrylic acid-grafted poly(hydroxyalkanoate)/treated marine algae powder (20 wt%) composite was greater than 50%. Poly(hydroxyalkanoate)/marine algae powder exhibited a weight loss of approximately 3–12 wt% more than acrylic acid-grafted poly(hydroxyalkanoate)/treated marine algae powder. The bacterium completely degraded both the poly(hydroxyalkanoate) and acrylic acid-grafted poly(hydroxyalkanoate) and their composite film capsules, resulting in cell release. Based on the results of this work, the controlled release of bacteria-encapsulated film capsules for fertilizer utilization promotion appears achievable.     

丙酮提取虾青素的影响因素研究

用低毒性有机溶剂（如丙酮）提取虾青素,研究了提取时间、提取温度、藻粉用量、稀释倍数、是否使用石英砂、是否使用石油醚等因素对提取效果的影响。实验表明：在40℃下提取30 min,藻粉用量0.15 g,稀释倍数为25/1.5,使用石英砂和石油醚,虾青素提取率可以达到63.3%。     

叶腊石／TiO2复合粉体的制备及其抗紫外线性能研究

以叶腊石和钛白粉为主要原料,采用机械力化学法在叶腊石表面包覆钛白粉,制备一种无机复合型紫外吸收材料。用分光光度计分别在波长为330nm、350nm、370nm、390nm下测定复合材料的紫外光透过性能。结果表明：钛白粉包覆量、煅烧温度、煅烧时间、球磨机转速、球磨时间对叶腊石／TiO：复合粉体材料的紫外光透过率有重要影响,优化条件下制得的复合粉体材料紫外透光度明显低于叶腊石原粉,低于市售ZnO2且在各个波长的紫外透光度均低于5％。SEM表明：叶腊石表面包覆一层二氧化钛粒子。粒子成球状,粒径在200-450nm左右。     

A comparative study on anti-UV non-spherical methacrylate polymer particles and anti-UV PVA nanofibers

Three types of anti-UV non-spherical polymer particles (AUNSPP) based on methacrylate and anti-UV PVA nanofiber were synthesized to study and compare their UV protection properties. In the first type of AUNSPP, polystyrene seeds were swollen with dichloromethane solution of 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl) phenol (TINUVIN^® 234, which hereafter is called TINUVIN), styrene, divinylbenzene, and 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN). In the other two types of AUNSPP, poly(methyl methacrylate) seeds were swollen with dichloromethane solution of TINUVIN, methyl methacrylate, lauryl methacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethylacrylate, and AIBN. Subsequently, dichloromethane was evaporated from the swollen microspheres, and polymerization was accomplished by elevating the temperature of swollen particles to 70 °C. The final particles were assigned as P(S)/TINUVIN, P(S-DVB)/TINUVIN, P(LMA–EGDMA)/TINUVIN, and P(MMA–EGDMA)/TINUVIN composite microspheres. Anti-UV PVA nanofibers were prepared by dispersing P(S-DVB)/TINUVIN microparticles in PVA aqueous solution. Finally, this mixture was electrospun under ambient conditions. Particle size, size distribution, and morphology of the particles were investigated by SEM micrograph and image analyzer software (Image J). The presence of TINUVIN in P(S-DVB)/TINUVIN composite particles was confirmed by FTIR and phosphorescence spectroscopy. The UV protective properties of microcomposite particles and anti-UV nanofibers were studied by UV–Vis spectra of their polyurethane (PU) composite film. Comparatively, similar cutoff wavelength effects were observed in the range of 200–400 nm in all the samples. The obtained results showed consistent drop in the UV-blocking efficiency as the UV irradiation time increased. PU/PS/TINUVIN and PU/anti-UV nanofiber composite films showed the worst and best UV-blocking efficiency, respectively. After 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 h of UV irradiation time, the blocking efficiency of the PU–PS/TINUVIN composite films dropped from 80 to 72, 68, 65, and 59 %, and that of the PU/anti-UV nanofiber composite films dropped from 98 to 97, 94, 86, and 83 %.     

原位聚合制备抗紫外芳香族支链锦纶6及其应用

通过添加均苯四甲酸二酐进行原位聚合制备抗紫外芳香族支链锦纶6(PA6-Ti O2)母粒,后与线型PA6进行共混纺丝,研究了抗紫外芳香族支链PA6的聚合工艺、纺丝工艺,探索支链PA6对纤维热学性能、加工性能、力学性能等的影响。结果表明:随着均苯四甲酸二酐含量的增加,芳香族支链PA6聚合熔体黏度减小,相对黏度逐渐降低,表明芳香族支链PA6的流动性增加;其结晶熔融温度逐渐降低,在相同纺丝温度下螺杆压力下降,表明可以有效改善其加工性能,但对纤维的力学性能有一定的影响;制备的抗紫外纤维在280~320 nm波长内,紫外线透过率小于10%,具有较好的紫外线遮蔽性能,从纤维断面扫描电镜(SEM)谱图可见基体相容性好。     

复合溶胶处理棉织物的防紫外性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备不同配比和浓度的SiO2/TiO2和ZnO/TiO2复合溶胶,并对纯棉织物进行防紫外线整理。以织物的紫外线透过率为依据,研究了复合溶胶对棉织物防紫外性能的影响,并对整理前后织物的断裂强力和断裂伸长率进行测试。结果表明,增大复合溶胶中TiO2的比例或复合溶胶的浓度会提高整理织物的防紫外性能,但织物的强力损伤也会随之增大,损伤最大时织物经纬向强力降低分别下降了689 N和669 N,经纬向断裂伸长率分别下降了14.4%和7.5%。综合考虑复合溶胶的防紫外性能和织物的强力损伤,认为SiO2/TiO2复合溶胶中n(SiO)∶n(TiO)=4∶1,ZnO/TiO溶胶中n(ZnO)∶n(TiO)>1∶1,整理浓度为0.15~0.30 mol/L较为适宜。