牛乳过敏原及加工技术对其致敏性的影响

对婴幼儿来说,牛乳营养丰富,是母乳最好的替代品,但牛乳中的蛋白质可能会引起过敏。牛乳中的主要过敏原是酪蛋白、β-乳球蛋白和α-乳白蛋白。本文从牛乳过敏原的结构和抗原表位、热处理、发酵和酶处理等不同的加工技术对牛乳蛋白致敏性的影响和过敏原标记检测方法三个方面进行了综述,为开发低致敏牛乳制品提供借鉴。     

牛乳中主要过敏原组分的分离纯化及鉴定

目的:分离纯化并鉴定牛乳中引起过敏反应的主要致敏组分。方法:采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS- PAGE)分析了脱脂乳和乳清的蛋白组分,用饱和硫酸铵分段盐析-DEAE离子交换柱层析纯化过敏原蛋白,脱脂乳和乳清蛋白皮下注射Balb/c小鼠获得高效价特异性IgE抗血清用于免疫印迹分析。结果:免疫印迹分析显示β-乳球蛋白(β-Lg)是引起牛乳过敏的主要过敏原,建立了牛乳过敏小鼠模型。结论:明确了牛乳过敏的主要过敏组分,对牛乳过敏症的诊断治疗以及无过敏原牛乳的制备提供了实验依据。     

降低牛乳蛋白致敏性的改性方法研究进展

近年来,牛乳过敏的发病率增加,引起了国内外的广泛关注,已经成为研究热点之一。牛乳中的蛋白质是引起过敏的主要原因,其中酪蛋白、β-乳球蛋白、以及α-乳白蛋白是主要过敏原。研究概述了牛乳蛋白过敏的免疫病理机制以及引起牛乳蛋白过敏的主要过敏原,主要介绍了目前国内外研究中采用的改性方法的技术进展,包括热处理、糖基化、高压处理、酶法水解等,同时列举了诸多实例,并对其进行分析总结。通过改性方法可以一定程度上降低致敏性,但是关于过敏机理、适用性以及改性过程中是否会出现新的过敏原表位的问题仍然需要进一步的研究。     

牛乳过敏原β-乳球蛋白检测方法的研究进展

目的食物过敏已成为全球性的食品安全问题,欧美等发达国家均要求对食品中的过敏原成分进行标识,其中就包括作为八大过敏性食物之一的牛乳及其乳制品。β-乳球蛋白是牛乳中的主要过敏原,约占乳清蛋白的50%,牛乳总蛋白的10%,并且约有82%的牛乳过敏患者对β-乳球蛋白过敏,因此其可以作为检测食品中是否含牛乳蛋白的一个有效的标志物。建立灵敏、可靠的β-乳球蛋白检测方法,对牛乳过敏原标识及保障牛乳过敏人群的安全消费具有重要意义。本文主要综述了牛乳β-乳球蛋白的高效液相色谱法、超高效液相色谱法、液相色谱-质谱联用法、酶联免疫吸附法、免疫层析法、电化学免疫法、蛋白微阵列法、等离子体共振法等色谱学和免疫学检测方法的研究进展,并对未来发展方向作出展望,以期促进牛乳β-乳球蛋白等过敏原检测方法的研究与开发。     

牛乳β-乳球蛋白变异体检测方法研究进展

β-乳球蛋白(β-LG)是牛乳中重要的天然活性营养物质,也是牛乳中主要的过敏原之一。β-乳球蛋白约为乳清蛋白总量的50%,是牛乳中主要的乳清蛋白,具有较强的热敏感性和致敏性,在优质乳品工业中起关键作用。其不仅作为牛奶热处理强度的评估指标,还作为食品中牛乳过敏原的标志蛋白,有效识别和检测牛乳β-乳球蛋白非常重要。已报道的牛乳β-乳球蛋白有13种变异体,其中A和B是牛乳β-LG的常见变异体,且含量最高。根据不同的检测原理,文章简述近年来牛乳β-乳球蛋白变异体的三大类检测方法,总结电泳法、色谱法和免疫法的原理、优缺点及部分应用实例,重点介绍液相色谱法和毛细管电泳法两种定量方法,并展望牛乳β-乳球蛋白未来的发展方向。     

生物酶法脱敏乳粉的研究进展

牛乳是引起食物过敏的八大类食物之一,也是婴幼儿主要食物蛋白来源。所以,研究生产低致敏乳制品对牛乳过敏患者具有重要意义。目前,生物酶法是研发低致敏乳产品的主要技术途径。主要介绍了牛乳过敏蛋白致敏表位、生物酶水解工艺及酶解配方奶粉,期望这些信息给我国低致敏乳制品研究和定向水解技术提供依据。     

乳酸菌发酵降低牛乳蛋白致敏性的研究进展

牛乳及乳制品过敏是婴儿最常见的食物过敏,近年来牛乳过敏患病率迅速增加。乳制品过敏是指人摄入过敏原成分后,导致组织或器官损伤,从而引起的一系列临床症状的免疫反应。牛乳过敏严重影响患者及家人的生活质量,甚至较慢性儿童疾病影响更甚。虽然临床上使用不同配方的蛋白水解物替代牛乳,但是水解蛋白婴儿配方粉的苦味和婴儿生长缓慢等营养问题仍未解决。目前,避免使用牛乳及其制品是可靠的解决牛乳过敏方案,然而,婴儿和儿童不食用乳蛋白会导致营养不良,生长缓慢,解决乳制品中过敏原问题迫在眉睫,有研究报道发酵与热加工、物理加工(如高压动态微射流)、蛋白酶解是有效的降敏方式。目前,对益生菌功能的研究是食品和医药领域的热点,乳酸菌发酵降敏可能是一种重要的趋势和手段。本文重点概述乳酸菌发酵降低牛乳蛋白过敏性的研究现状,总结牛乳中过敏原的分子特征、过敏检测方法等,探究降低致敏性研究方法,为低致敏牛乳制品的研究和开发提供一定参考。     

降低牛乳中β-乳球蛋白致敏性方法的研究进展

摘要：牛乳过敏（CMA）是婴幼儿中一种常见的食物过敏,严重危害婴幼儿的身体健康。β-乳球蛋白（β-LG）是牛乳中重要营养物质,但却是引起牛乳蛋白过敏的主要过敏原。目前,降低牛乳中 β-LG 致敏性已经成为国内外研究热点之一。对CMA机制进行了介绍,综述了降低β-LG致敏性的常用方法,包括物理改性如热处理、高压处理、超声波处理,化学改性如糖基化、β-LG与脂肪酸结合、β-LG与多酚结合,酶法改性以及联合改性如物理改性联合酶水解改性、动态高压微射流技术联合脂肪酸处理、酶水解联合糖基化处理,旨在为生产低致敏性食品提供一定的理论依据。     

牛乳蛋白过敏原改性的研究

对牛乳中的主要过敏原酪蛋白、β-乳球蛋白（β-LG）及α-乳白蛋白（α-LA）进行了介绍。重点论述了热处理、蛋白水解、糖基化作用和乳酸发酵等技术对乳蛋白过敏改性的研究现状，提出了牛乳中过敏蛋白原改性的研究方向。     

牛乳α-乳白蛋白IgE线性表位的关键氨基酸识别

α-乳白蛋白是引起牛乳过敏的主要过敏原之一。识别α-乳白蛋白作用表位及影响致敏性的关键氨基酸,对于揭示α-乳白蛋白致敏机理及低致敏乳制品的开发具有重要的意义。本研究采用固相合成技术合成α-乳白蛋白系列多肽,以牛乳过敏患者血清为探针,通过酶联免疫吸附分析法识别α-乳白蛋白的作用表位和关键氨基酸。结果表明:免疫球蛋白(immunoglobulins,Ig)E作用表位的氨基酸序列定位为aa1-15、aa6-20、aa46-60、aa71-85和aa101-115。α-乳白蛋白IgE作用表位关键氨基酸为第8位的缬氨酸、第9位的苯丙氨酸、第10位的精氨酸、第103位的酪氨酸、第105位的亮氨酸和第107位组氨酸。本研究可以为过敏原c DNA克隆以激活T细胞、降低IgE结合能力提供重要思路。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the