不同前处理方式对冻藏(-18℃)熟制淡水龙虾品质特性的影响

以熟制淡水龙虾(Procambarus clarkia)为原料,分别进行带壳和去壳2种前处理方式,在-30℃冷冻处理后,于-18℃下贮藏6个月,通过感官评价、理化指标和微生物指标的测定,研究前处理的熟制虾肉在冻藏期间的品质变化。研究发现:在贮藏期间,2种处理感官变化很小,去壳龙虾菌落未测出,带壳龙虾在第4个月开始有少量微生物存在,MDA含量具有一定波动性,但一直处于较低水平。pH值、失重率和持水率持续下降,TVB-N在限定值内。两种前处理方式的虾肉在贮藏前期(0～4个月)的品质没有影响,第4个月之后,去壳龙虾优于带壳龙虾,但在6个月的贮藏期仍具有极强的可食性。工厂化处理可以根据目标人群和企业状况采用不同的处理方式。     

不同解冻方式对熟制小龙虾理化特性的比较分析

本文比较了超声解冻、微波解冻、静水解冻、空气解冻、冰箱解冻和低压静电场解冻对带壳和去壳小龙虾理化性质的影响。以熟制小龙虾为原料,通过分析解冻时间、解冻损失率、持水力、硫代巴比妥酸值（thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS）、总巯基含量及微观结构指标,考察6种解冻方式对熟制小龙虾理化性质的影响。结果表明,6种不同的解冻方式中,微波解冻所需时间最短,而冰箱低温解冻时间最长,去壳小龙虾的解冻时间显著短于带壳小龙虾解冻时间。采用6种不同解冻方式解冻的带壳小龙虾的解冻损失率均显著低于去壳小龙虾,其中超声解冻的去壳虾肉解冻损失率最高（11.14%）。不同解冻方式对小龙虾虾肉的理化性质有显著影响,虾肉持水力、TBARS值和总巯基含量测定结果表明低压静电场解冻效果较好;经微波解冻和超声解冻的去壳小龙虾肉中总巯基含量较低（分别为0.47和0.54 μmol/g）,表明虾肉蛋白质氧化程度较高;空气解冻的小龙虾肉的TBARS值较高（去壳和带壳小龙虾肉分别为0.30和0.28 mg/kg）;扫描电镜结果显示小龙虾经低压静电场解冻后,肌肉组织结构完整性保持最好。说明冷冻小龙虾采用4 ℃低温解冻（冰箱解冻、低压静电场解冻）,更有利于其品质保持。本研究对冷冻小龙虾的综合利用提供一些理论依据。     

冷冻处理的熟制虾肉在保鲜条件下的货架期

以熟制克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkia)虾肉为原料,分别进行缓慢冷冻和快速冷冻处理后,于4℃下贮藏,通过感官评价、理化指标和微生物指标的测定,研究冷冻处理的熟制虾肉的货架期和品质。研究发现:快速冷冻处理虾肉的品质优于缓慢冷冻处理,但两者的货架期均为5d,6d为可接受的限值,未经冷冻处理的虾肉货架期为2d。感官评分值与TVB-N,MDA含量和菌落总数均有极显著的负相关,R2均在-0.947以上(P<0.01)。快速冷冻组虾肉在贮藏期间失重率和pH值稳定。TVB-N和菌落总数有望作为评价熟制虾肉品质的化学指标,TVB-N值为30mg/100g和菌落总数为6logcfu/g可作为熟制虾肉可接受的限值。冷冻处理有效的延长了熟制虾肉在4℃贮藏条件的货架期,可作为一种处理手段应用于熟制水产品的保鲜。     

基于微生物指标评价冷冻熟制小龙虾食用安全风险

小龙虾营养美味，但其食用安全性一直困扰消费者，为了探究冷冻熟制小龙虾食用安全风险，本研究首先根据小龙虾样品的总挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）值和pH值确定食用终点，然后通过高通量测序法分析食用终点小龙虾内脏与鳃、虾肉、虾壳和调味汤料4个部分的微生物菌群结构和群落多样性。结果显示：熟制小龙虾冷冻贮藏过程中，内脏与鳃和虾肉pH值呈缓慢下降趋势，调味汤料和虾壳pH值先上升后下降；各部分TVB-N值均呈上升趋势，贮藏至180 d时虾肉、内脏与鳃的TVB-N值分别为32.42 mg/100 g和31.26 mg/100 g，到达食用终点。高通量测序结果显示，食用终点的熟制小龙虾各部分细菌群落结构存在差异，不同部分菌群丰度由高至低依次为调味汤料、内脏与鳃、虾壳和虾肉，且各部分优势菌属组成不同，其中调味汤料中乳酸杆菌属（Lactobacillus）为优势菌；内脏与鳃中以嗜冷杆菌属（Psychrobacter）和弧菌属（Vibrio）为主；虾壳中优势菌属为弧菌属、乳酸杆菌属和嗜冷杆菌属；虾肉中优势菌属为嗜冷杆菌属和不动杆菌属（Acinetobac...     

对虾低频电场冰温贮藏期间品质的变化

目的:探究低频电场辅助冰温保鲜提高虾肉品质的可行性。方法:在冰温基础上施加低频电场(LFEF+冰温)保鲜对虾，监测贮藏期间对虾的丙二醛含量、盐溶性蛋白含量、Ca²⁺-ATPase活性、pH值、剪切力、色差和蛋白质分子量变化规律，并与常规冰温保鲜作对照。结果:相对于常规冰温保鲜处理，LFEF+冰温保鲜处理对虾肉的丙二醛含量、盐溶性蛋白含量、pH值、剪切力、色泽无显著影响，但贮藏3 d后，低频电场辅助冰温保鲜可显著抑制虾肉Ca²⁺-ATPase活性的下降，其中贮藏第15天时LFEF+冰温处理组的Ca²⁺-ATPase活性是常规冰温保鲜处理组的2.20倍。此外，低频电场辅助冰温保鲜可明显抑制肌球蛋白重链、肌动蛋白和原肌球蛋白条带密度的下降。结论:与常规冰温保鲜相比，低频电场冰温保鲜处理可显著抑制Ca²⁺-ATPase活性下降和蛋白质降解，维持蛋白质结构和性质的稳定，减缓虾肉品质劣变。     

不同冻结方式对红虾肌肉品质的影响

为寻找更好的冷冻方法,提高红虾品质,采用液氮喷淋冻结、平板冻结两种方式处理新鲜红虾样品。结合贮藏期间红虾的理化指标(TVB-N、TBA、Ca2+-ATPase活性、持水性和盐溶性蛋白含量)、感官品质和电镜扫描图,研究不同冻结方式对红虾品质的影响。结果表明:随着贮藏时间的延长,两种方式处理红虾的TVB-N、TBA值逐渐增大,但液氮冻结增加较慢。贮藏至176 d时,液氮冻结和平板冻结组虾肉的TVB-N值分别为20.50 mg/100 g和27.30 mg/100 g,TBA值则分别为0.74 mg/100 g和0.97 mg/100g,说明液氮能有效抑制TVB-N、TBA值的增加;且红虾的Ca2+-ATPase活性、持水性、盐溶性蛋白含量、感官品质评价均呈现下降的趋势,液氮处理的红虾下降最慢;观察电镜扫描图发现,液氮冻结对红虾的肌肉纤维损伤小。综上,液氮冻结对虾肉冻藏品质维持的效果较好。     

熟制麻辣小龙虾冷藏和冻藏条件下的品质变化

研究熟制麻辣小龙虾在冷藏和冻藏条件下的品质变化,将小龙虾油炸后拌料入味,真空包装并进行沸水 煮制杀菌（沸水煮制20 min后快速冷却）,分别在4 ℃和－18 ℃条件下贮藏,通过感官评分、菌落总数、大肠杆 菌数量、总挥发性盐基氮（total volatile base nitrogen,TVB-N）值、pH值及食盐含量测定对麻辣小龙虾的品质变 化进行研究。结果表明：从感官评定结果、菌落总数和TVB-N值综合评判,4 ℃冷藏和－18 ℃冻藏的麻辣小龙虾 能够保持最佳品质的贮藏时间分别为4 周和4 个月;在保质期内,麻辣小龙虾的菌落总数＜4.7 （lg（CFU/g））, TVB-N值＜30 mg/100 g,pH值在弱碱性范围内变化;4 ℃冷藏小龙虾贮藏前3 周的食盐含量呈逐渐升高趋势（达 1.99%）,贮藏3 周后变化不显著（P＞0.05）,而－18 ℃冻藏小龙虾的食盐含量变化缓慢,保持在1.6%～1.8%范 围内。经感官评定,保质期内的麻辣小龙虾风味鲜美、品质优良。     

小龙虾冻藏期间的品质变化

为研究冷冻贮藏对小龙虾品质的影响,以鲜活（FX组）和蒸煮后（FS组）小龙虾为研究对象,研究两组样品在冻藏过程中挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）、质构、微观结构、电泳、巯基、硫代巴比妥酸值（TBARS）、羰基、表面疏水性和红外光谱的变化。结果表明冷冻贮藏期间,虾肉的TVB-N逐渐升高至22.93和11.90 mg/100 g,但均未超过安全上限（30 mg/100 g）;羰基含量分别上升至0.094 μmol/g和0.042 μmol/g;FX组表面疏水度先升后降,巯基含量下降41%,FS组巯基含量在0.26~0.81 μmol/g范围波动;TBARS值呈先上升后下降。冻藏期间虾肉质构变松散,肌节缩短,Z线、M线明显降解;肌球蛋白条带明显降解,肌肉蛋白质的α-螺旋与无规卷曲结构向β结构转变。蒸煮处理有利于小龙虾冻藏期间品质的保持。     

过氧乙酸和二氧化氯清洗剂对熟制小龙虾贮藏品质的影响

目的 研究过氧乙酸和二氧化氯清洗剂对熟制小龙虾贮藏品质的影响。方法 将小龙虾分别置于自来水(对照)、0.3 % 的过氧乙酸(Peroxyacetic acid,PA)、100 mg/L的二氧化氯(Chlorine Dioxide ,ClO2)中鼓泡清洗,清洗后的小龙虾熟制后在4℃贮藏,以菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)、质构、色度、羰基含量、巯基含量为指标,分析清洗剂对熟制小龙虾贮藏品质和蛋白质氧化的影响。结果 贮藏24 d,对照组、 PA组和ClO2组 TVB-N值分别是35.03、29.39和30.74 mg/100g,TBA值分别是0.15、0.16、0.17 mg/kg;在贮藏过程中,结合水占比下降,不易流动水和自由水上升,羰基含量上升,总巯基含量下降,肌肉内部硬度上升;菌落总数结果表明PA和ClO2清洗能使小龙虾货架期延长6 d;与ClO2组相比,PA组的小龙虾尾肉硬度值偏大,蛋白羰基含量上升速率快。结论 综合菌落总数和理化指标结果考虑,推荐使用100 mg/L的ClO2进行小龙虾加工前清洗为宜。     

油炸过程中淡水小龙虾理化性质与品质变化

研究分析油炸工艺（油炸温度（140、160、180、200 ℃）和油炸时间（15、30、45、60 s））对淡水小龙虾（虾壳、虾肉、虾黄）理化性质及品质的影响。测定淡水小龙虾中心温度、油炸损失率、色泽、质构特性、挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）含量、硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARs）值以及菌落总数（total plate count,TPC）的变化。结果表明：油炸温度对虾肉中心温度影响不显著,而油炸时间对虾肉中心温度影响显著（P＜0.05）;油炸温度180 ℃、油炸45 s时,虾肉中心温度可达到肌肉熟制标准温度;随着油炸温度升高及油炸时间延长,小龙虾油炸损失率显著上升（P＜0.05）;虾壳、虾肉、虾黄亮度值、红度值均呈上升趋势,而黄度值呈下降趋势;虾肉硬度、回复性、弹性、黏性、咀嚼性均显著增加（P＜0.05）;油炸过程中,虾肉TVB-N含量显著增加（P＜0.05）,但均低于10 mg/100 g,表明虾肉油炸后保持较好的新鲜度;虾肉TBARs值随油炸温度升高、油炸时间延长而增加,其中油炸时间对TBARs值影响较明显;新鲜虾肉初始带菌量非常高,油炸处理后虾肉TPC显著降低（P＜0.05）,油炸时间对虾肉TPC影响不明显。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.     

Preparatory Work of Print China 2015 is Going Smoothly

正Held at Guangdong Modern International Exhibition Center,Print China 2015 will cover 7exhibition halls,besides the original Hall No.3,4,5,6,7,the newly built F zone of Hall 3 will be used too.The total area will be140,000 square meters.Hall 3:Offset and large printing equipment,package printing equipment,post press