绕管换热器壳侧气相流动实验与数值模拟

搭建了绕管换热器壳侧流动实验平台,并对一个竖直布置的4层绕管式换热器进行了壳侧空气流动实验。与关联式进行对比,包含换热器结构参数的Messa压降关联式,平均绝对偏差12.82%。同时,针对绕管式换热器壳侧几何结构的周期性,利用周期性边界条件,简化了绕管换热器壳侧的几何模型。并应用简化后的三维微元结构对绕管壳侧的传热和压降特性进行了数值模拟。模拟结果与实验较为吻合,压降的平均绝对偏差为16.81%。     

开架式气化器竖直圆管内超临界氮换热实验研究

目前国内外对液化天然气(LNG)接收站的开架式气化器中超临界天然气的流动换热实验研究非常少,本文为了研究开架式气化器中竖直管内超临界流体的流动换热特性,搭建了竖直单管超临界流体换热实验平台。以液氮代替液化天然气,研究了氮入口压力、水温和水流量等不同参数对换热的影响。结果表明:在拟临界温度以下,表面传热系数随着压力的增大逐渐减小,但拟临界温度以后,这种趋势相反;当水流量足够大时,氮出口温度取决于管外水温而不是水侧流量。最后,基于实验数据拟合出了适用于竖直圆管内超临界低温流体流动换热的半经验关联式,关联式预测值和实验值的平均绝对偏差为8.42%,可以准确预测竖直加热管中超临界氮的表面传热系数。     

绕管式换热器在大型天然气液化装置中的应用及国产化技术分析

介绍了大型绕管式换热器在天然气液化工业中的应用状况,并通过分析国外和国内绕管式换热器供货商的技术水平及研究现状,总结国内供货商在大型绕管式换热器设计和制造方面所存在的技术瓶颈,为实现大型LNG绕管式换热器国产化提出建议。     

热泵车外换热器制冷剂侧结构分析

针对电动车热泵空调系统车外换热器不能使用传统平行流换热器的问题,采用分布参数法建立了稳态数学模型,利用该模型研究了在结霜工况下制冷剂侧结构,包括流程数、各流程扁管布置方式、扁管宽度和微通道孔高对换热及压降的影响,仿真结果表明在保证换热器出口达到过热的情况下,应当尽可能的减小流程数以降低制冷剂侧压降,同时在空气侧压降的限制下,可以适当的增加扁管宽度来减小制冷剂侧压降,孔高的增加会使得换热量和制冷剂侧压降同时减小,但是换热量衰减很小,所以适当增加孔高也是一个减小制冷剂侧压降的方法。     

基于NSGA-III算法的小管径翅片管式蒸发器高维多目标优化

以稳态分布参数法和NSGA-III算法为基础，提出一种翅片管式蒸发器结构参数与流路参数混合寻优的方法，并依此展开小管径蒸发器结构和流路参数的影响分析与流路的高维多目标设计优化。建立的小管径翅片管式蒸发器模型与实测数据的误差在4%以内，可以较好地用于小管径翅片管式蒸发器的计算。基于该模型进一步建立以结构参数与流路参数为自变量，换热量、制冷剂侧压降、空气侧压降以及成本为因变量的神经网络模型，并利用NSGA-III算法对模型进行优化求解，得到小管径翅片管式蒸发器在一定的结构参数变化范围内的最优结构参数及最佳流路。研究结果显示：管外径对小管径翅片管式蒸发器的换热量、制冷剂侧压降以及成本的影响程度最大；翅片间距对小管径翅片管式蒸发器的空气侧压降影响程度最大；翅片厚度对换热量、制冷剂侧压降、空气侧压降以及成本的影响程度均最小；流路主要影响蒸发器的换热量及制冷剂侧压降；制冷剂流路为二支路、三支路和四支路时，模型可输出综合性能最优的结构及流路特征。     

LNG绕管式换热器壳侧两相流动压降特性的实验研究

为探究LNG绕管式换热器壳侧的两相流动压降特性,本文开展了乙烷/丙烷二元混合工质两相流体在壳侧的压降特性实验研究。其中,乙烷与丙烷摩尔配比包括0∶100、10∶90、30∶70与60∶40,干度工况范围是0.2~1.0,质流密度工况范围是(40~80)kg/(m~2×s)。实验结果表明:壳侧摩擦压降随质流密度和干度的增加而增大,且增长梯度随干度的增加而增大;在干度小于0.4的工况下,壳侧摩擦压降随乙烷摩尔分数的增加而减小;在干度大于0.6的工况下,壳侧摩擦压降随乙烷摩尔分数的增加而增大。     

LNG汽化器换热管内螺旋线圈传热性能强化研究

建立了LNG汽化器换热管内的流动传热模型,研究LNG与蒸气换热的传热特点。模拟结果显示由于换热温差过大,采用光管换热管会发生管内膜态沸腾,无法实现LNG的高效汽化。提出在换热管内添加螺旋线圈内插件抑制膜态沸腾,换热性能提升可达77.1%,出口温度可达230.1 K,能够满足LNG汽化器的技术指标。对螺旋线圈的结构尺寸进行对比分析。线径从1 mm增至1.4 mm能提升换热效率并且不增加压降,而将节距从10 mm增值15 mm会导致流动传热性能恶化。     

翅片管式冷凝器性能分析及多目标优化

针对翅片管式冷凝器构建稳态分布参数模型,利用试验数据验证模型,换热量误差在±3%以内。利用该模型对不同结构参数下的冷凝器性能进行仿真,分析管径、翅片间距、管间距等对管翅式冷凝器性能以及成本的影响。利用多目标遗传算法(MOGA)优化结构参数,其中综合性能优化的方案中换热量增加0.08%,成本降低0.43%,制冷剂侧压降降低3.71%,空气侧压降降低13.66%。     

R134a在微肋管内的冷凝换热特性

本文在35、40和45℃三种冷凝温度下,对R134a在微肋管内的冷凝换热进行了实验研究。选用质量流量、冷凝温度、微肋管结构参数为变量,以总传热系数、水侧传热系数、制冷剂侧表面传热系数及压降为评价指标。结果表明:总传热系数、制冷剂侧表面传热系数、压降均随着质量流量的增加、冷凝温度的降低和管径的减小而增大,而水侧传热系数随质量流量的增加而稍有降低,冷凝温度对其值影响并不大。热阻分析时发现:随着质量流量的增加,水侧热阻占总热阻比值逐渐增加,而制冷剂侧热阻所占比值逐渐减小,但制冷剂侧热阻总小于水侧热阻;对换热器进行综合性能进行评价时,以表面传热系数与压降的比值(单位压降表面传热系数)为指标,发现该比值均随质量流量的增加呈先减小后增大的趋势,并随着冷凝温度的降低、管径的减小而增大。     

风机盘管换热器遗传算法优化设计

本研究采用了基于遗传算法和耗散理论的传热优化方法,并进行了风机盘管换热器的优化设计。在对板翅管式结构的风机盘管换热器进行建模的基础上,针对两种不同的应用工况,即供冷用干式风机盘管换热器和供暖型风机盘管换热器,进行了结构优化设计和分析。优化目标选取了换热器的耗散热阻,而设计变量分别选取管间距、排间距、换热管外径、翅片间距和翅片数。为评价换热器的性能,还计算了换热器的换热量、空气侧和水侧阻力损失、总泵功和换热器效能。优化设计结果显示,在特定的设计参数和限制条件下,不仅换热器的耗散热阻值降低,其他方面性能也得到了明显提升。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from