塑料食品接触材料中非有意添加物检测方法研究进展

食品接触材料(Food contact materials, FCMs) 与食品安全密切相关。FCMs能有效保护食品,防止其腐败变质,但在生产过程中可能会由于一些原因引发食品安全问题,其中从FCMs中迁移出的非有意添加物(non intentionally added substance,NIAS)成为影响食品安全的重要因素而引起社会各界的广泛关注。由于NIAS非常复杂,且相当数量未知,其检测成为我国乃至全球食品接触材料安全评价的关键点及难点。在这篇综述中,以塑料食品接触材料和NIAS为主,介绍塑料材料中的NIAS来源、种类、国内外相关法律法规、近年来研究现状以及分析方法,最后对NIAS检测以及Orbitrap高分辨质谱检测技术的未来发展方向进行了展望。     

食品接触塑料材料及制品中高关注化合物的高分辨质谱分析技术研究进展

食品接触塑料材料及制品向食品可能发生的高关注化合物迁移一直是食品接触材料安全研究和合规管理的重点。这些高关注化合物分为有意添加物和非有意添加物。由于塑料食品接触材料高关注化合物来源复杂,迁移水平低且相当数量是未知的物质,在缺乏完整的化学物结构数据库、质谱谱图数据库以及标准品等情况下,对这些物质的鉴定和定量测定一直是食品接触材料安全分析所面临的重大技术挑战。近年来,基于气相色谱、液相色谱与各种高分辨率质谱联用的分析技术被视为一种有效手段,逐渐应用于对食品接触材料中高关注化合物的鉴定和定量分析。本文重点介绍近年来针对食品接触塑料高关注化合物分析的高分辨精确质谱(high resolution mass spectrometry, HRMS)分析技术进展,包括迁移试验条件、前处理技术、数据采集以及数据处理技术等。并总结应用HRMS技术所分析的不同食品接触塑料中的高关注化合物,以期为食品接触塑料的风险评估和管理工作提供参考。     

食品接触材料中非有意添加物的安全评估

食品接触材料所迁移出的非有意添加物(non intentionally added substance,NIAS)作为影响食品安全的重要因素而日益受到关注。由于这些NIAS来源复杂且相当数量是未知,给食品接触材料的安全评估和监管带来很大的挑战。基于毒理学关注阈值(threshold of toxicological concern,TTC)方法,结合Cramer决策树方法、化学和生物分析技术的使用,可建立一个针对食品接触材料中NIAS的快速筛查和安全评价模型,对缺乏完整毒理学数据且暴露量较低的化学物质进行风险评估。选择Cramer III所对应的1.5μg/kg BW作为NIAS通用安全暴露阈值,通过分步评估手段,可以得出所迁移未知物质是否需要予以安全关注,重点对食品接触材料迁移高于该TTC的物质进行进一步的确证和风险评估,实现对食品接触材料中高关注物的安全评价从基于检测限模式向TTC安全阈值模式的转变,从而避免不必要的动物试验,节约大量人力、物力和时间,有利于加快食品接触材料中低暴露量化学物质的风险评估和提升产品安全管理效能。     

食品接触材料中挥发性气味物质分析技术的研究进展

目前食品接触材料安全性日益受到关注。食品接触材料产生的挥发性物质,常常具有异常的气味,可能通过气相传质或直接接触迁移至食品中,不但会引发食品感官特性的变化,影响消费者的使用体验,削弱消费者购买欲望,过量摄入后还会危及人体健康。因此,准确识别和检测食品接触材料产生的异味物质,对确保食品接触材料的合规以及保护消费者健康安全显得尤为重要。本文对国内外关于挥发性物质气味评估和检测技术及其在食品接触材料领域的运用进行综述。重点介绍了顶空、顶空-固相微萃取、热脱附、电子鼻等气味分析技术,及其与气相色谱、气相色谱/质谱或气相色谱-嗅闻-质谱仪等结合的联用分析技术,并梳理和展望了食品接触材料中挥发性气味物质分析技术发展前景,为有效管控食品接触材料异味问题提供技术参考。     

液相色谱-串联质谱技术在食品药品安全分析领域的应用

液相色谱(liquid chromatogram,LC)在分离能力、灵敏度和专属性等方面有着巨大优势,与质谱(mass spectrometry,MS)联用后可以展现出强大的定性、定量分析能力,并已经在农兽药残留、非法添加、有毒物质研究等各领域得到广泛应用。本文对液相色谱-串联质谱(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS)技术在食品相关国家标准,如农残、兽残、食品接触类材料,及《中华人民共和国药典(2015版)》中的应用进行了简单介绍,并介绍了本部门在食品安全、药品安全、食品接触类塑料制品残留物分析等领域取得的工作进展。     

气相色谱及其联用技术在食品风味中的研究进展

我国食品风味科学近年来发展迅速,在国内已经形成了对于食品风味体系检测较为完善的检测机制和仪器分析平台,该文对气相色谱法(gas chromatography,GC)、气相色谱-闻香器(gas chromatography olfactometry,GC-O)、气相色谱-质谱联用法(gas chromatography-...     

食品中痕量多环芳烃检测技术的研究进展

多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs)是造成食品污染的痕量危害物质, 精确和快速的检测食品中的痕量多环芳烃, 是食品安全重要的技术保障。本文概括了易受PAHs污染的食品类型, 综述了食品中PAHs的主要检测技术及其的研究进展。检测技术主要包括色谱检测、光谱检测和免疫学检测方法, 其中色谱检测高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)和气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometer, GC-MS)是食品中PAHs的主流检测方法, 荧光光谱法、表面增强拉曼光谱法光谱检测和免疫学检测在食品PAHs检测中也已常见, 免疫学检测法基于其快速和现场性特点, 显示出极强的应用前景潜力。并对未来的研究趋势进行展望。     

银鲫不同部位挥发性风味物质及其检测方法的比较

银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)喜好栖息在泥塘底部，土腥味重。研究腥味物质的成分是进行脱腥处理的重要前提和理论依据，为了探究鱼体不同部位腥味物质差异，找到一种有效测定包括土腥味物质在内全部腥味物质的检测方法，采用固相萃取整体捕集-气相色谱/质谱联用(solid phase extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, MMSE-GC-MS)分析比较银鲫背部、腹部、尾部及鱼皮中腥味物质的异同，对鱼体不同部位腥味物质分布规律进行深入分析；采用微波蒸馏-固相微萃取-气相色谱/飞行时间质谱联用(microwave distillation-solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry, MAD-SPME-GC-TOFMS)同时检测出银鲫的2种典型土腥味物质：2-甲基异莰醇和土臭素；同时采用固相微萃取-全二维气相色谱/飞行时间质谱联用(solid-phase microextraction coup...     

气相色谱-串联质谱在食品农药残留检测中的应用进展

正气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)综合气相色谱和质谱两种检测方法的特点,既具有气相色谱法分离能力较强的特点,又具有质谱检测法对化合物的结构准确鉴定的特点,能同时准确且快速地检测食品中微量的多种农药残留及其衍生物质。因此,在各国家食品检测中得到较为广泛的应用,笔者根据实际工作经验从各个层面分析现阶段我国食品农药残留检测中使用到的气相色谱-质谱联用法,并以此     

乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷仪器分析方法研究

乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷作为EVOH树脂添加剂新品种,目前对其检测方法的研究几乎为空白。基于色谱和色谱-质谱联用技术建立乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷的仪器分析方法,优化得到最佳的色谱和色谱-质谱采集条件,获得相应的仪器检出限、定量限和线性范围。该结果可为进一步建立食品接触材料中乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷的检测方法提供基础资料。     

食品接触材料纸和纸板中非故意添加物质分析方法的研究进展

食品接触材料含有非故意添加物质可能来源于反应副产物、低聚物、降解过程、包装材料与食品之间的化学反应、生产原料中的杂质。在这篇综述中,综述非故意添加物质的定义、非故意添加物质的分析方法。纸和纸板中的非故意添加物质主要来自印刷油墨、粘合剂、上浆剂和表面涂料。通常针对已知的非故意添加物质进行靶标分析,而采用非靶标分析法分析未知的非故意添加物质。本文主要对食品接触材料纸和纸板中非故意添加物质分析方法的研究进展进行了概述,旨在给国内相关研究提供参考,并有助于后续食品接触材料纸和纸板中非故意添加物质分析工作的开展。     

食品接触材料中非有意添加物及其来源研究进展

食品接触材料（Food Contact Materials, FCMs）在生产、使用和回收过程中都可能引入非有意添加物（Non-Intentionally Added Substances,NIAS）。NIAS的复杂性和未知性给FCMs的安全评估和监管带来严峻的挑战。近些年来,FCMs中NIAS的迁移作为影响食品安全的重要因素而备受关注。本文介绍了FCMs中NIAS的研究流程、分类及主要来源;从目标物及研究目的出发,归纳总结了NIAS的主要分析策略;重点描述了近年来不同类型FCMs中主要NIAS及其来源的研究进展,以期为今后FCMs中NIAS的深入研究提供科学指导。     

A novel safety assessment strategy for non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in carton food contact materials

One of the main challenges in food contact materials research is to prove that the presence of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) is not a safety issue. Migration extracts may contain many unknown substances present at low concentrations. It is difficult and time-consuming to identify all these potential NIAS and concurrently to assess their health risk upon exposure, whereas the health relevance at low exposure levels might not even be an issue. This paper describes a scientifically based, but pragmatic safety assessment approach for unknown substances present at low exposure levels in food contact matrices. This complex mixture safety assessment strategy (CoMSAS) enables one to distinguish toxicologically relevant from toxicologically less relevant substances, when related to their respective levels of exposure, and allows one to focus on the substances of potential health concern. In particular, substances for which exposure will be below certain thresholds may be considered not of health relevance in case specific classes of substances are excluded. This can reduce the amount of work needed for identification, characterisation and evaluation of unknown substances at low concentration. The CoMSAS approach is presented in this paper using a safety assessment of unknown NIAS that may migrate from three carton samples.     

毒理学关注阈值方法在食品接触材料风险评估中的应用

食品接触材料中包含诸多有意添加的化学助剂,在生产和使用过程中还会引入大量非有意添加物。食品接触材料中的有意和非有意添加物质种类繁多,难以得出所有物质完整的毒理学数据;而且食品接触材料中存在一些低暴露量的物质,它们对人体造成的风险较小而不必要进行传统的风险评估。毒理学关注阈值（threshold oftoxicological concern,TTC）方法作为一种新的风险评估工具,可以对缺乏完整毒理学数据且暴露量较低的化学物质进行风险评估。本文综述TTC方法对食品接触材料中的物质（结构确定和结构未知的物质）进行风险评估的具体应用。对结构已知的物质,可以参照欧洲国际生命科学学会（European International Life Sciences Institute,ILSI）专家组提出的TTC决策树方法;对于未鉴定结构的物质,可以引用一个分步分析的方法,得出未知物质是否需要进行安全关注。本文还指出了TTC方法在食品接触材料风险评估中应用的难点和今后需解决的问题,可为食品接触材料中缺乏毒性数据物质的风险评估提供依据。     

In Vitro Toxicity Testing of Food Contact Materials: State‐of‐the‐Art and Future Challenges

Currently, toxicological testing of food contact materials (FCMs) is focused on single substances and their genotoxicity. However, people are exposed to mixtures of chemicals migrating from food contact articles (FCAs) into food, and toxic effects other than genotoxic damage may also be relevant. Since FCMs can be made of more than 8 thousand substances, assessing them one‐by‐one is very resource‐consuming. Moreover, finished FCAs usually contain non‐intentionally added substances (NIAS). NIAS toxicity can only be tested if a substance's chemical identity is known and if it is available as a pure chemical. Often, this is not the case. Nonetheless, regulations require safety assessments for all substances migrating from FCAs, including NIAS, hence new approaches to meet this legal obligation are needed. Testing the overall migrate or extract from an FCM/FCA is an option. Ideally, such an assessment would be performed by means of in vitro bioassays, as they are rapid and cost‐effective. Here, we review the studies using in vitro bioassays to test toxicity of FCMs/FCAs. Three main categories of in vitro assays that have been applied include assays for cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and endocrine disruption potential. In addition, we reviewed studies with small multicellular animal‐based bioassays. Our overview shows that in vitro testing of FCMs is in principle feasible. We discuss future research needs and FCM‐specific challenges. Sample preparation procedures need to be optimized and standardized. Further, the array of in vitro tests should be expanded to include those of highest relevance for the most prevalent human diseases of concern.     

Mutagenicity assessment of food contact material migrates with the Ames MPF assay

ABSTRACT

A major challenge in the safety assessment of food contact materials (FCM) is the evaluation of unknown non-intentionally added substances (NIAS). Even though consumer exposure levels may be quantitatively low, these substances are considered to be of high toxicological concern if they act as DNA reactive mutagens. From a safety assessment perspective, it is therefore important to detect their presence in FCM migrates. The present study applied the Ames MPF assay to assess the mutagenicity of migrates obtained from 30 food contact material samples out of 3 categories: plastics, composite materials and coatings. As a food simulant, 95% ethanol (EtOH) had a superior performance to less volatile simulants when evaluating recovery rates of representative model substances in different volatility categories. To monitor possible interference of the FCM matrix with Ames MPF results, migrates were spiked with reference substances and recovery rates were established. Out of 30 samples tested, two caused significant inhibition of revertant formation in the presence of the spiking control. Overall detection limits of the applied test method were estimated by determination of the lowest effective concentrations (LEC) for 10 Ames-positive substances. Even though the current limits of detection are not sufficient to entirely fulfil regulatory and safety requirements, three out of 30 FCMs showed evidence of dose-dependent effects in the Ames MPF assay. Overall, the data obtained supported the relevance of testing FCM migrates for DNA reactive contaminants and showed the value of the Ames MPF assay for the safety assessment of FCMs.