小麦赤霉病及呕吐毒素的分析检测

采集赤霉病含量不同的小麦样品为检验组,用赤霉病粒小麦配制成不同病粒含量的梯度小麦样品为对照组,用酶联免疫法测定感染赤霉病后的小麦中呕吐毒素含量,结果显示,控制小麦赤霉病含量≤3%,可确保小麦呕吐毒素含量符合国家粮食卫生指标规定,由此指导基层粮库小麦的收购工作。     

粮食中呕吐毒素的研究进展

呕吐毒素作为真菌次级代谢产物广泛存在于谷物和饲料中,危害了人类和动物的健康,分析了呕吐毒素的性质,对呕吐毒素的检测方法和降解方法进行了综述对比,展望了未来呕吐毒素的研究方向。     

小麦中呕吐毒素降解的研究进展

呕吐毒素,又名脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON),是镰刀菌产生的一种真菌毒素,广泛存在于世界各地的谷物,特别是小麦中。不但给全球粮食产业造成巨大经济损失,也给人类健康带来潜在威胁,因此对小麦中的DON进行降解显得非常重要和迫切。本文对清除小麦中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的物理、化学和生物方法进行了综述,为有效控制其水平提供了思路。     

小麦中呕吐毒素和玉米赤霉烯酮与赤霉病粒关系研究

采用受赤霉病污染小麦样品,检测赤霉病粒、呕吐毒素和玉米赤霉烯酮含量,研究分析三者之间的关系。结果显示,2种真菌毒素和赤霉病粒均存在显著线性关系,随赤霉病粒数量的增加,2种真菌毒素含量均呈现增加的趋势。对过赤霉病粒数量快速可以判断2种真菌毒素是否超过国家限定值,为基层粮食生产经营有现实意义。     

呕吐毒素生物脱毒研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）又名呕吐毒素（VT）,是镰刀菌属（Fusarium spp.）产生的最常见的真菌毒素之一,广泛存在于谷物及其相关制品中,给世界粮食生产造成巨大经济损失,也给人类和动物健康带来重大威胁。目前,利用微生物和酶对DON进行生物脱毒的方法展现出良好的应用前景。很多真菌和细菌能够通过自身吸附或降解的方式在DON的脱毒过程中发挥作用。本文概述了食物中DON的发生、毒性作用及DON生物转化机制,对近年来利用真菌、细菌和植物进行DON脱毒以及脱毒材料的应用进行了较为详细的阐述,以期为食品和饲料中DON的生物防控提供参考。     

小麦赤霉病粒含量与呕吐毒素含量关系研究

采用胶体金快速定量法,对不同梯度赤霉病粒含量的小麦样品进行呕吐毒素的检测,并绘制曲线。结果表明,当小麦赤霉病粒含量超过2.5%时,呕吐毒素存在一定的超标风险。本研究对基层粮库小麦入库,以及通过测定赤霉病麦粒含量来判断呕吐毒素超标程度提供了参考依据,有助于粮库提高呕吐毒素检测效率,提高收粮速度。     

小麦赤霉病源呕吐毒素的合成、检测及防控

赤霉病是主要由禾谷镰刀菌侵染小麦、大麦和其他小谷类作物而造成作物减产的世界性病害。小麦赤霉病发病需要高温和高湿的环境条件,感染程度及发病范围主要由寄主自身的抗性决定,对粮食产业以及人类健康的危害主要来源于籽粒中积累的呕吐毒素(deoxynivalenol, DON)。赤霉病需要多层次、全流程的防治,而降低DON毒素的危害是防治赤霉病需要重点突破的环节。本文概述了DON的合成过程、致病机制、检测方法和脱毒策略,并提出防治赤霉病的思路,重点挖掘与DON毒素诱导、运输和转化相关的基因资源,为通过生物育种途径培育DON低积累小麦品种、减少DON危害提供参考。     

小麦籽粒中呕吐毒素分布规律的研究

通过对53份自然污染真菌毒素的小麦进行制粉,采用酶联免疫法检测其籽粒、面粉及麸皮中呕吐毒素(DON)的含量.结果显示:麸皮呕吐毒素含量最高、籽粒次之、面粉最低,说明DON在小麦籽粒中分布不是均衡的,皮层含量高,胚乳含量低;分组检测结果显示,随着小麦籽粒DON含量的增加,面粉DON含量占小麦籽粒DON含量比例逐步增加,而...     

小麦呕吐毒素含量与赤霉病粒含量的相关性研究

该文通过大量数据的积累与分析,建立了小麦呕吐毒素含量与赤霉病粒含量的相关性曲线y=297.6x+135.96,并通过数十组实验数据加以验证曲线的正确性。所建立的相关性曲线在辅助仓库进仓小麦呕吐毒素定性筛查上具有较好的应用价值。     

小麦收购过程中呕吐毒素检测方法的探讨

目前对呕吐毒素国内常用的检测方法主要有高效液相色谱法、酶联免疫检测试剂盒和胶体金快速定量法等。胶体金快速定量法无需大型仪器、检测速度快、成本较低,但精度较低,这在小麦收购现场是可以接受的,比较适合于收购粮食过程中呕吐毒素的现场快速检测,控制好入库小麦的呕吐毒素含量。     

Effect of fungicides on the development of Fusarium head blight,yield and deoxynivalenol accumulation in wheat inoculated under field conditions with Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum

The effect of different fungicide treatments on Fusarium head blight (FHB) development, grain yields and deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation in wheat was evaluated after artificial inoculation under field conditions with a mixture of Fusarium graminearum and F culmorum. The trials were carried out using commercially available products on five different cultivars of soft and durum wheat (Serio, Genio, Bracco, Duilio and Orobel) in two separate experimental fields located in the North of Italy. Treatments with Tiptor^® S (cyproconazole plus prochloraz) and a mixture of Horizon^® 250 EW (tebuconazole) plus Amistar^® 250 SC (azoxystrobin) significantly reduced the FHB disease severity (by between 25 and 77%) and DON content (by between 32 and 89%) in the grain as compared with the inoculated control. Yields (tonne ha^?1) and thousand grain weight (TGW) were higher in plots subjected to fungicide treatments. Tetraconazole (Eminent^® 40 EW) showed a markedly reduced effectiveness compared with the other treatments. Regression analysis showed a strong correlation of disease severity with DON levels (positive correlation) and with yields or TGW (negative correlation) for individual cultivars and locations. Fusarium graminearum, F culmorum and F poae were the species most commonly isolated from all trials, including inoculated and non‐inoculated control plots. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Mycoflora and deoxynivalenol in whole wheat grains (Triticum aestivum L.) from Southern Brazil

The fungal species Fusarium graminearum is related to deoxynivalenol (DON) formation. The aim of this study was to evaluate mycoflora and DON occurrence in 53 whole wheat grain samples collected in Southern Brazil during the 2012 crop. Wheat grains showed adequate values of water activity ranging from 0.48 to 0.72, within the required limits of moisture content, ranging from 9.1% to 13.9%. In addition, low counts of fungal colonies, ranging from 10 to 8.2 × 10², were found. For Fusarium genera, there was predominance of Fusarium verticillioides (34%) and F graminearum (30.2%). For Aspergillus species, 37.7% of Aspergillus flavus was determined. Regarding the Penicillium species, Penicillium digitatum (49%) was the most found species. DON was detected in 47.2% (25 out of 53) of the samples analysed, with levels ranging from 243.7 to 2281.3 µg kg^?1 (mean: 641.9 µg kg^?1).     

小麦籽粒中原型及修饰型脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的产生规律研究

目的研究原型脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol, DON)及其修饰型的产生规律。方法以小麦籽粒为培养材料,辐照灭菌后接种禾谷镰刀菌,并分别在不同温度(10、20、30℃)和水活度(0.95、0.98 a_w)下培养不同时间(7、14、21、28、35d)后,运用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测DON,3-乙酰化脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol,3-ADON),15-乙酰化脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol,15-ADON)和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇-3-葡萄糖苷(deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside,D3G)的产量。结果在所有培养条件下,原型DON的产量均随时间延长而增加;并于0.98 a_w, 20℃下的第35 d达到最高值100490.0μg/kg;不同培养条件下,修饰型DON的生成情况各不相同,3-ADON、15-ADON和D3G分别于0.98a_w,20℃下的第14、28和35 d达到各自产量最高值(3-ADON:7583.5μg/kg; 15-ADON:592.0μg/kg; D3G:6806.4μg/kg)。此外, 10℃下,D3G/DON比值随时间延长先增高后降低,而20、30℃下D3G/DON比值随时间延长呈指数下降(r~20.90)。结论小麦籽粒中原型和修饰型DON的最适产生条件均为0.98 a_w, 20℃。本研究可为DON及其修饰型的生物合成、日常监管、污染防控等提供理论基础和科学依据。     

Impact of post-anthesis rainfall,fungicide and harvesting time on the concentration of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in wheat

Field experiments were conducted to identify the impact of post-anthesis rainfall on the concentration of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON) in harvested wheat grain. Winter wheat plots were inoculated with Fusarium graminearum at stem extension (GS31) and prothioconazole was applied at mid-anthesis (GS65) to split plots and plots were subsequently mist irrigated for 5 days. Plots were either covered by polytunnels, irrigated by sprinklers or left as non-irrigated uncovered control plots after medium-milk (GS75). Plots were harvested either when ripe (GS92; early harvest) or three weeks later (late harvest). Fusarium head blight (FHB) was assessed each week from inoculation. At harvest, yield and grain quality was measured and grains were analysed for DON and ZON. Differences in rainfall resulted in contrasting disease pressure in the two experiments, with low FHB in the first experiment and high FHB in the second. Difference in FHB resulted in large differences in grain yield, quality and mycotoxin content. DON concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in irrigated compared to covered and control plots in the first experiment, whereas in the second experiment, DON was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the covered plots compared to the control and irrigated plots. ZON concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in irrigated plots in both experiments. Later harvesting resulted in an approximate fivefold increase in ZON in the first experiment, but was not significantly different in the second experiment. Prothioconazole significantly (P < 0.05) reduced DON in both experiments, but gave inconsistent reductions to ZON. This is the first report to show that the post-anthesis rainfall can significantly increase ZON in wheat, which can increase further with a delayed harvest but may be significantly reduced with the application of prothioconazole. Importantly, in the absence of moisture late season, ZON remains at very low concentrations even when wheat is severely affected by FHB.     

Impact of durum wheat milling on deoxynivalenol distribution in the outcoming fractions

The milling behaviour of two naturally infected samples of durum wheat grain with contrasting levels of mycotoxins was studied. Although the two samples showed a similar milling behaviour, an increase of ～20% in deoxynivalenol (DON) levels was found in semolina from the sample containing the higher level of mycotoxin. However, even if the highest concentration of DON was found in fractions originating from the grain outer layers, the mycotoxin contamination in semolina and flours were not related to the amount of two compounds (ash or phytic acid) used to monitor these external tissues. The presence of the trichothecene-producing fungi in the inner-most semolina fraction was also shown using specific DNA primers and PCR amplification. Comparison of DON concentrations in the feed stock and corresponding output at each milling step or grinding of semolina fractions followed by sizing showed that concentration of mycotoxin occurs in the finest particles at the first processing steps. Therefore, DON contamination of milling fractions is not simply due to the presence of peripheral grain tissues.     

酶联免疫吸附法测定小麦中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇

目的 建立小麦中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol, DON)含量测定的酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)分析方法。方法 选取山东省4地区小麦样品80份, 用不同溶剂对小麦中的DON进行提取后,构建小麦中DON的ELISA检测方法, 根据国家标准对检测结果进行评价。结果 选用84%的乙腈水溶液作为提取溶剂, 其平均回收率可达100.2%, 较为理想。该ELISA方法检测小麦中DON, 线性范围是5~5000 ng/g, 回归方程Y= 0.0419X 0.0222, 相关系数r=0.9868, 样品中DON含量为5.27~3639.38 ng/g , 中位数为79.25 ng/g, 在所检测的80份样品中, 有4份超出了国家规定的上限标准(1000 ng/g), 76份符合国家规定, 合格率为95％。结论 该方法灵敏、快捷, 适用于小麦中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的检测。     

Analysis of deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucosides content in Canadian spring wheat cultivars inoculated with Fusarium graminearum

Contamination of wheat grains with Fusarium mycotoxins and their modified forms is an important issue in wheat industry. The objective of this study was to analyse the deoxynivalenol (DON) and deoxynivalenol-3-glucosides (D3G) content in Canadian spring wheat cultivars grown in two locations, inoculated with a mixture of 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON)-producing Fusarium graminearum strains and a mixture of 15-acetlyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON)-producing F. graminearum strains. According to the analysis of variance, significant differences were observed among the cultivars for Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease index, Fusarium-damaged kernel percentage (%FDK), DON content and D3G content. When the effect of chemotype was considered, significant differences were observed for FHB disease index, FDK percentage and DON content. The D3G content and D3G/DON ratio were not significantly different between the chemotypes, except for D3G content at the Winnipeg location. The Pearson correlation coefficient between DON and D3G was 0.84 and 0.77 at Winnipeg and Carman respectively. The highest D3G/DON ratio was observed in cultivars Carberry (44%) in Carman and CDC Kernen (63.8%) in Winnipeg. The susceptible cultivars showed lower D3G/DON ratio compared with the cultivars rated as moderately resistant and intermediate. The current study indicated that Canadian spring cultivars produce D3G upon Fusarium infection.     

2014~2018年黑龙江省小麦和小麦粉中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇污染水平调查与分析

目的 调查分析黑龙江省小麦和小麦粉中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol, DON)污染状况。方法 样品经乙腈-水(84:16)溶液浸泡提取,净化柱净化后,用液相色谱-串联质谱法对黑龙江省90份收购环节小麦和127份市售小麦粉中DON含量进行检测,并对污染情况进行研究。结果 小麦及小麦粉样品DON平均含量分别为133和417 μg/kg,检出率均为100%。在检测的217份样品中,最大检出值为970 μg/kg,DON含量均低于我国限量标准1000 μg/kg。结论 检测数据表明,小麦和小麦粉易受DON污染;我国东北部产区小麦粉中DON的含量较中部地区低,这可能与中部地区的温湿度条件较东北部地区更有利于真菌生长、产毒有关;小麦粉中DON的含量大于小麦中DON的含量,提示小麦粉的运输及储存过程可能导致其DON含量增加;因此,对市售小麦粉的管理应重点关注其出厂后的运输储存条件。     

Effect of particle size and spectral sub-range within the UV-VIS-NIR range using diffuse reflectance spectra on multivariate models in evaluating the severity of fusariosis in ground wheat

Control (crops grown in natural conditions) and Fusarium head blight (FHB) damaged (crops inoculated with Fusarium culmorum conidia) grain of four wheat cultivars was ground and sieved into three fractions of different particle size. A series of blended samples differing in content of damaged material were prepared within fractions and cultivars, and diffuse reflectance spectra recorded within the 200–2500 nm wavelength range. Partial least-squares (PLS) models for the percentage of damaged material in blended samples were built for each of twelve series within different spectral ranges, and the root-mean-squared error of cross-validation (RMSECV) was used for the assessment of model performance. Errors using the models were lowest for the finest fraction independent of spectral range; however, their values depended on the cultivar. RMSECV for the finest fraction averaged over cultivars ranged from a little below 3.0 (when the ultraviolet light sub-range was used or participated with another one) to 8.1% (when only the near infrared (NIR) sub-range was used). For the medium and coarse fractions, averaged errors showed the same tendency of dependence on the sub-range(s); however, with higher values that increased with an increase in particle size. In conclusion, within the different fractions of particle size and spectral ranges, the most sensitive to the presence of damaged material were models developed for the finest fraction and when the ultraviolet light sub-range was used in modelling.     

隐蔽型脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的研究进展

隐蔽型脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（maskedDON）是由脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）与极性较强的化合物结合而形成。与DON相比有不同的极性及溶解度,因此不能用常规检测方法检测出来。隐蔽型DON在体内会水解为毒素单体,具有潜在危害能力。就隐蔽型DON发现、人工合成和生物转化、污染状况、污染样品中隐蔽型DON的提取、净化、检测进行了综述,并就粮食行业需求提出了建议。