碳纤维编织复合材料损伤变形与破坏实验研究

通过对碳纤维编织复合材料的拉伸实验,利用声发射技术(Acoustic Emission,简称"AE")和数字图像相关(Digital Image Correlation,简称"DIC")方法研究碳纤维复合材料的损伤演化规律。通过采集试件在拉伸过程中的声发射信号、损伤变形与应变场信息,分析碳纤维编织复合材料的力学加载、变形场和声发射特征参数的关系。结果表明复合材料的位移场、应变场信息以及AE信号特征参数能良好地描述复合材料在拉伸状态下的损伤累积和破坏过程。在加载前期,以40~60 dB低幅度信号为主;随着载荷增加,撞击累计数急剧升高,高幅度、高持续时间信号增多。通过DIC测得的位移场和应变场信息,发现对于相同的载荷增量,加载方向的位移和最大拉应变呈先增加后减小的趋势。     

复合材料损伤过程声发射信号聚类分析与压缩变形测量

利用声发射(Acoustic Emission,简称"AE")和数字图像相关(Digital Image Correlation,简称"DIC")互补技术,实时监测单向玻璃纤维增强复合材料压缩试验,研究复合材料屈曲过程中的变形损伤与演化规律。选取AE信号的峰值幅度、峰值频率、质心频率和RA值四个特征参数,结合主成分分析法(Principal Component Analysis,简称"PCA")与k-means聚类算法对其进行聚类分析。结果表明:复合材料压缩损伤过程的AE信号大致可以分为三类,其特征频率变化范围分别为0~60 kHz、100 kHz~150 kHz和200 kHz~450 kHz,对应基体开裂、纤维脱粘与纤维断裂等三种损伤模式;表面位移场变化信息反映了复合材料试件变形与损伤的破坏特征。AE和DIC方法相结合能够有效监测复合材料压缩过程的损伤演化,可以为复合材料结构的健康监测提供参考。     

循环加载下复合材料胶接面变形与破坏实验研究

复合材料胶接结构损伤变形和演化行为的实时表征对其服役的安全性和可靠性评估具有重要的意义。结合数字图像相关(Digital Image Correlation,简称"DIC")和声发射(Acoustic Emission,简称"AE")技术,研究循环拉伸加载条件下复合材料单搭接界面的损伤变形与破坏行为。依据单向拉伸失效载荷均值,取准静态破坏载荷的70%和80%分别进行循环拉伸加载实验。通过不同阶段复合材料胶接界面的损伤变形场、应变场信息及演化过程中获取的AE信号,分析循环加载下复合材料单搭接界面损伤破坏的力学机制与实时变形和AE特征信号的对应关系。结果表明,复合材料单搭接试件损伤破坏的实时微位移场特征和AE相对能量、撞击累积数及幅度谱等反映了胶接界面微裂纹的萌生及扩展行为。随应力水平的升高,复合材料单搭接试件破坏前的循环次数呈递减趋势。     

碳纤维编织复合材料拉伸变形测量及声发射监测

采用声发射和数字图像相关互补技术,结合破坏断口微结构特征,研究碳纤维编织复合材料的损伤变形与失效机理。在复合材料试件拉伸加载的同时,实时获取变形特征和损伤声发射信号,分析复合材料力学响应与位移场、声发射特征的关系。结果表明,复合材料试件实时拉伸位移场、损伤破坏过程的声发射相对能量、撞击累积数及幅度等特征参数反映了复合材料表面变形与内部损伤演化过程。复合材料试件断裂时出现较多高持续时间、高幅度、高相对能量的声发射信号,宏观断口平齐,表现为脆性断裂。     

压缩载荷下复合材料分层损伤演化声发射监测及应变分析

通过单向玻璃纤维/环氧复合材料试件的单轴向压缩实验,结合声发射及应变电测技术,研究含直径分别为5mm和10mm两种圆形分层复合材料损伤演化特性,并探讨了试件的压缩损伤破坏过程。结果表明,在压缩载荷作用下,两类分层直径试件的破坏路径基本一致,层间破坏机理相同。分层缺陷面积的大小对试件的承载能力有较大影响,分层缺陷面积越大,试件的承载能力降低,试件的破坏程度加剧。载荷-纵向应变曲线由线性变化到近似线性变化再到非线性变化的过程与声发射信号分析结果较吻合。     

基于CT纤维增强复合材料三维变形场的测量与分析

利用工业计算机层析技术(Computed Tomography,简称"CT")和自制的加载装置,实现了玻璃纤维增强复合材料试件三点弯曲加载过程的原位扫描,获取了不同加载阶段的CT图像。采用数字体图像相关法(Digital Volume Correlation,简称"DVC")测量分析了试件内部三维位移场和应变场,揭示了试件内部的应变演化特征及破坏机理。纤维增强复合材料内部细观结构特征可以作为变形信息的载体,实验中测量精度为0.063体素(2.8μm)。DVC获取的位移场及应变场分布能直观反映试件内部的结构特征,由横向切应变的分布显示出在试件破坏前已产生了剪切带,最终导致试件在该区域产生层间开裂。此外,由横截面位移分布验证了因横向切应力而导致截面产生翘曲的现象。结果表明,DVC法与工业CT结合所得测量结果能够直观地反映出复合材料内部结构的变形特征,为研究材料内部变形破坏及验证理论模型提供了新方法。     

风电叶片复合材料在三点弯曲过程中的声发射研究

为研究风电叶片复合材料损伤破坏的声发射特性以及复合材料的力学性能,对含有纤维预断试件和无纤维预断的完好试件分别进行了三点弯曲力学性能试验,并在加载过程中采用声发射检测仪实时监测整个损伤破坏过程。对采集到的声发射信号处理分析,便可获得风电叶片复合材料的弯曲力学性能和损伤破坏的声发射特性。试验结果表明:玻璃纤维复合材料在弯曲载荷作用下出现典型的破坏特征包括纤维断裂、纤维/基体脱胶和纤维分层。纤维预断试件的声发射信号波形最高幅度达到2.5 V,频带分布在20~300 k Hz范围;无纤维预断试件的声发射信号波形最高幅度为0.07 V,频带分布在10~180 k Hz之间。     

金属/复合材料柱壳胶接头扭转声发射行为

采用声发射技术对扭转加载作用下金属/玻璃纤维复合材料柱壳试件的破坏损伤全过程进行实时监测,通过实验方法与数值分析共同研究螺栓以及壳体尺寸对柱壳试件胶接接头损伤破坏的扭转特性及其声发射响应特征的影响。结果表明,柱壳试件的扭转加载曲线基本表现为线性,主要的失效模式为内聚破坏且伴随着纤维断裂和基体开裂。增大螺栓直径,能有效增强金属/玻璃纤维复合材料柱壳的抗扭性能。柱壳试件的损伤破坏与其声发射信号的相关参数相对应,较大螺栓直径的柱壳试件损伤破坏对应着较高的声发射幅度、相对能量、持续时间和较多的撞击累计数。因此,可将声发射信号的动态变化特征作为风电叶片叶根结构安全评估的重要依据。     

复合材料胶接头Ⅱ型加载损伤破坏声发射监测

利用声发射技术实时监测复合材料胶接头Ⅱ型加载损伤破坏的全过程,研究了不同胶接长度的复合材料胶接头破坏的力学性能以及声发射信号响应特征。结果表明,界面破坏是复合材料胶接头的主要破坏模式,胶层边缘的应力集中导致整个胶层的破坏。缺胶缺陷降低了复合材料胶接头的承载能力。声发射信号的相对能量、幅度和撞击累计数与试件损伤破坏的过程相对应,因此,声发射信号的动态特征可为风电叶片胶接头的无损检测和健康监测提供依据。     

四点弯曲载荷作用下复合材料分层演化行为探索

为探索玻璃纤维增强复合材料在四点弯曲载荷作用下分层演变行为及分层缺陷对复合材料承受负荷能力和服役期限的影响,经过设置相异位置的人为分层缺陷,在万能试验机上对试样实施四点弯曲试验,由声发射记录全过程,并通过试样的撞击累积-时间-幅度历程图、载荷-时间-相对能量历程图、声发射撞击信号定位图等判断复合材料分层损伤的破坏程度。结果表明,接近试件表面的分层缺陷加快了材料破坏扩展进程,分层缺陷所在的位置很大程度地改变了复合材料的弯曲性能,分层缺陷越靠近试件表面,对试件损害力度越大,试件服役能力越差。     

Damage law identification of a quasi brittle ceramic from a bending test using Digital Image Correlation

Although ceramics are generally considered to be elastic brittle solids, some of them are quasi brittle. These ceramics show a non-linear mechanical behaviour resulting most of the time in a difference between their tensile and compressive stress–strain laws. The characterization of their fracture strengths might be biased if linear elastic formulae are used to analyze classical tests like bending tests. Based on Digital Image Correlation (DIC), an efficient technique to measure full field displacements, a methodology is proposed to characterize and model materials with dissymmetric behaviours between tension and compression. Applying specific basis functions for DIC displacement decompositions for bending, compressive and tensile tests, a stress–strain model and its damage law are identified and then validated for aluminium titanate, a damageable micro-cracked ceramic at room temperature. This identification method using DIC can obviously be applied to other quasi brittle materials.     

Effect of off-axis angle on mesoscale deformation and failure behavior of plain-woven C/SiC composites with digital image correlation

In this study, the deformation response and failure behavior of a plain-woven C/SiC composite were investigated under on-axis and off-axis tensile loading. Digital image correlation (DIC) was utilized to characterize the full-field deformation and mesoscale strain distribution. The test results indicate a strong influence of the woven architecture on the mechanical properties and strain distribution, and the materials exhibit failure modes dependent on the loading directions or off-axis angles: the fracture positions of different layers are the same under off-axial load, while for on-axil loading, the fracture positions of different layers do not affect each other. SEM results provide direct evidence that the width of the off-axis specimen has a great influence on the mechanical properties. The reduction of the modulus and strength of off-axis specimen, is not only due to the off-axis loading, but also due to the reduction of effective bearing area or effective bearing fiber.     

Prediction of mechanical behaviour of adhesively bonded CFRP scarf jointed specimen under tensile loading using localised DIC and CZM

The present study focuses on the mechanical behaviour of both single and double tapered scarf adhesively bonded joint of Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminate as adherend subjected to tensile loading. The layup sequence of the CFRP adherend having unidirectional (UD) [0⁰]₁₆ and quasi [+45/−45/0/90]_2S are studied. The adhesive used here is Araldite 2015 supplied by Huntsman which is a two part epoxy system of intermediate toughness grade. Here, 2D digital image correlation (DIC) technique is used for capturing the whole field longitudinal, peel and shear strain distribution over the adhesive bond line of the CFRP specimen. Further, a localised DIC measurement is also carried out using microscopic tube lens for precisely capturing strain field over concentrated zones where damage initiation occurs. The evolution of whole field strain distribution with increasing load is captured to predict the mechanical behaviour and failure mechanism of a tapered scarf joint specimen. In addition, 2-D finite element analysis (FEA) of scarf joint model is carried out for validating the DIC results. In the finite element model cohesive zone elements are used for the modelling of both adhesive layer and inter/intra laminar interface of the composite laminate. Initially, to verify the proposed numerical model, joint's initial stiffness, failure load and corresponding displacement obtained from FEA are compared against the experimental load – displacement results. Later, qualitative and quantitative comparison of longitudinal, peel and shear strain values obtained over the adhesive layer by DIC and FEA is carried out to confirm the accuracy of the DIC results. A decent correlation is found to exist between the DIC predictions and numerical results thereby confirming the accuracy of the DIC technique. Analytical solutions are also derived for the same problem based on mechanics of material and further it is compared with both FEA and DIC predictions for completeness.     

Assessment of local strain field in adhesive layer of an unsymmetrically repaired CFRP panel using digital image correlation

The present study focuses on experimental investigation of through the thickness displacement and strain field in thin adhesive layer in single sided (unsymmetrical) patch repaired CFRP (carbon fiber reinforced polymer) panel under tensile load. Digital image correlation (DIC) technique is employed to acquire the displacement and strain (longitudinal, peel and shear) field. Experimental determination of shear transfer length based on shear strain field obtained from DIC is introduced to estimate the optimum overlap length which is an essential parameter in patch design for the repair of CFRP structures. Further, DIC experiment with magnified optics is performed to get an insight into complex and localized strain field over thin adhesive layer especially at critical zones leading to damage initiation. The failure mechanism, load displacement behavior, damage initiation and propagation are closely monitored using DIC. The influence of patch edge tapering on strain distribution in adhesive layer is also investigated. The DIC successfully captures the global and localized strain field at critical zones over thin adhesive layer and further helps in monitoring the damage based on strain anomalies. Strains are found to have maximum magnitude at the patch overlap edge and the shear strain level in adhesive layer is higher than the peel strain. Normal tapering increases the peel strain and has negligible influence on shear strain level in adhesive layer. The recommended overlap length is found to be consistent with the recommendation in the literature. Whole field strain pattern and the overlap length obtained from experiment are further compared with the finite element analysis results and they appear to be in good coherence.     

Mechanical response and damage mechanism of C/SiC composites impacted by high-velocity water jet

Rain erosion is a potential hazard for supersonic vehicles, with severe damage to materials that may be impacted by raindrops. In this paper, a series of impact tests of 413–572 m/s are carried out on a 3 mm-thick 2D C/SiC composite specimen using a single impact waterjet apparatus. The typical morphology of C/SiC specimen is obtained by single jet impact test. Under the multi-drop impact, the stress wave interaction is enhanced, and the internal damage of the specimen is severe, showing a funnel-shaped damage. Moreover, the C/SiC specimen is penetrated after 5 drops of impact. Quasi-static tensile tests were employed to quantify the post-impact strength of the specimen, during which the digital image correlation (DIC) method was used to obtain the strain value, at the same time acoustic emission (AE) signal was detected and processed by the K-Means to reveal the damage evolution.     

基于声发射检测技术的FRP复合材料损伤试验研究

用声发射技术研究了FRP复合材料的拉伸损伤与断裂行为,宽带传感器记录了不同纤维铺向的复合材料在拉伸破坏过程中的声发射信号.运用三维参数法,分析了FRP复合材料拉伸损伤的声发射特性,并对复合材料声发射信号的幅度进行统计分析,宏观上揭示了不同角度FRP复合材料拉伸损伤的发展、演化过程和规律.     

Characterising the behaviour of composite single lap bonded joints using digital image correlation

Three-dimensional and two-dimensional Digital Image Correlation (DIC) have been used to evaluate the evolution of deformation and strain in composite single lap bonded joints prior to failure. In general, composite components are increasingly being joined using structural adhesives for aerospace and other safety critical applications. Reliable design requires that the mechanical behaviour of composite bonded joints is well understood. In this respect, experimental tests are crucial to (a) characterise the deformation and strains induced under load and (b) develop and validate realistic numerical models. Although modern numerical models contain many degrees of freedom, only a few degrees of freedom are typically measured using conventional instrumentation such as strain gauges and extensometers. However, 3D DIC provides an opportunity to measure full-field deformations and surface strains. In the current study, 3D DIC was successfully used to measure full-field in-plane surface strains and out-of-plane surface deformations for composite single lap bonded joints (adherends manufactured from both fibre preimpregnated resin (pre-preg) and resin infused non-crimp-fabric (NCF)). Moreover, strategically located strain gauges were used to validate the strains measured by 3D DIC. Finally, 3D DIC measurements may be useful in detecting subcritical damage as shown in the case of the pre-preg joint. The specific location and magnitude of the maximum principal strain in the adhesive fillet region were determined using high magnification 2D DIC.     

A New Experimental Approach for In Situ Damage Assessment in Fibrous Ceramic Matrix Composites at High Temperature

High‐temperature applications of ceramic matrix composites necessitate a rigorous understanding of the fracture and damage mechanisms that occur under thermomechanical loading, requiring the development of advanced small‐scale characterization approaches. In this work, fiber‐reinforced SiC/SiC tensile specimens were loaded in a scanning electron microscope at 800°C, and full‐field deformation maps at the constituent length scale were generated using digital image correlation (DIC). A colloidal system containing mechanically milled titanium nanopowder, bicine, and water was developed for use as a DIC tracking pattern that is stable at 795°C. The resultant full‐field strain maps provide a constituent level characterization of damage evolution from crack initiation through final fracture. An analysis of strain along fiber lengths indicated that fiber mean strain and standard deviation reached a minimum at fiber fracture. In addition, multiple matrix cracks in the process zone ahead of a notch/crack tip were apparent and could falsely appear as a continuous region of high strain in DIC fields. Relatively large displacement (strain) error was attributed to noise and bias at these small length scales and small strain values, and approaches for mitigating this error are discussed.