轮轴弯曲刚度对轮轨垂向动态载荷影响分析

以国内某型地铁车辆为例,研究轮轴弯曲刚度对轮轨垂向动态载荷和轮对垂向振动的影响。在常规多刚体动力学模型的基础上,结合BM3000轮对和北京地铁轮对两种不同的弹性轮对模型,对比分别采用刚性轮对模型和弹性轮对模型时的轮对垂向振动加速度和轮轨垂向力。结果表明,对BM3000弹性轮对模型来说,由于其弯曲刚度相对较小,随着运行速度的增大,轮对垂向振动加速度和轮轨力与刚性轮对的差距不断加大,而对于轮轴弯曲刚度较大的北京地铁轮对来说,其弹性轮对模型和刚性轮对模型的结果比较接近,在计算的速度下轮对的振动峰值及频率均有明显的降低。因而,通过加大轮轴弯曲刚度可明显改善轮对的垂向振动和轮轨垂向力,实现改善轮轨动态接触状态的目的。     

带集中质量及转动惯量的弹性车轴模型及振动分析

随着列车运行速度不断提高,轮对质量、转动惯量以及轮轴弹性对轮轨系统振动影响越来越明显,在车辆-轨道耦合系统动力学研究中不应再被忽视。利用假设模态法,得到带有集中质量及转动惯量的弹性车轴振型函数,与等直梁的振型函数进行对比,并在此基础上建立考虑轮对弹性振型的车轴模型和车辆系统动力学模型。采用数值计算方法,得到扁疤激励下车辆-轨道耦合系统轮轨力、垂向加速度及其功率谱密度。与传统刚性车轴处理方式相比,所提的方法能更为准确地反映轮轴振动、轮轨力冲击和衰减特性等。     

弹性构架对车辆系统动力学影响研究

以CRH3型动车组构架作为研究对象,基于子结构方法和模态综合法建立柔性构架,利用SIMPACK多体动力学软件建立车辆系统刚柔耦合动力学模型,分析不同速度条件下不同刚度的弹性构架对车辆系统动力学的影响。研究结果表明:构架刚度对车辆运行平稳性影响较小;车辆速度较高时,弹性构架的振动幅度和振动加速度幅值明显地比刚性构架的大;脱轨系数和轮轨垂向力随着构架刚度的减小而减小,因此适当的减小构架刚度能够改善车辆运行稳定性。     

高速列车传动系统动态特性分析

以国内现有高速车型为研究对象,综合考虑驱动系统齿轮传动刚度时变特性,实际列车牵引特性和基本阻力特性,通过建立高速列车三维动车动力学模型开展高速列车传动系统与车辆动力学相互作用的研究。齿轮啮合刚度时变特性使得齿轮传动内部产生激励,在刚度激励和啮入冲击激励作用下轮对垂向振动响应较大,但不影响轮对其它运动形态;由于轮轨接触的负斜率特性,仿真分析了轮对出现失稳振动后传动系统的响应,发现相对轮对旋转振动而言轮对纵向振动对列车驱动系统的影响更大,但这两种振动形态往往通过轮轨切向力耦合在一起。     

重载铁路曲线内外轨摩擦系数的合理匹配研究

基于多体动力学软件(SIMPACK)建立重载货车动力学模型,以轮轨横向力、轮对冲角、脱轨系数、轮重减载率为车辆动力学性能指标,以爱因斯磨耗指数为轮轨磨耗评价指标,分析了内外轨摩擦系数在0.05～0.35变化时对车辆曲线通过性能的影响规律,研究更为合理的轮轨摩擦控制技术。结果表明,通过合理匹配重载铁路内外轨摩擦系数可改善车辆动力学性能,降低轮轨磨耗。     

基于轮轨匹配的车辆横向稳定性分析

为使车辆横向稳定仿真分析更好地体现其特殊的自激振动意义,提出一种基于轮轨匹配的横向稳定性分析新方法.与轮对几何接触相比,自由轮对接触过程(接触几何/力学)可以得到更加精确的匹配计算结果.结合地铁车辆实例,运用临界速度线性分析方法给出车辆临界速度随等效锥度的变化曲线.若轮轨匹配合理,临界速度的线性结果与非线性仿真验证相吻合.临界速度的非线性影响主要取决于轮轨匹配,当轮对蛇行稳定极限环很小时其非线性影响不可忽视.除轮轨匹配外,利用临界速度线性分析方法给出轮对质量、一系悬架纵向和横向刚度、横向减振器阻尼3个参数对临界速度的敏感影响,并提出地铁车辆在既有线路提速的优化方案.     

转向架悬挂参数对轮缘磨耗的影响

通过对动车组线路的长期跟踪测试，发现某线路动车组轮缘磨耗异常是该线路动车组轮对报废的主要原因。对3种常用动车组的轮缘磨耗情况进行跟踪实测，并对比分析3种动车组轮缘磨耗规律。为探究对车辆动力学性能影响较大的悬挂参数对车轮轮缘磨耗的影响，采用动力学仿真分析软件SIMPACK建立动车组的动力学仿真模型，计算不同悬挂参数下车辆的动力学性能参数。剖析不同悬挂参数下的动力学性能指标，根据轮轨发生两点接触后的受力状态，分析各个动力学性能参数变化对轮缘磨耗的影响，并验证悬挂参数的改变对车辆直线运行性能的影响。结果表明：轴箱定位刚度对车辆通过小半径曲线时的轮轨冲角和横向力影响较大，是影响轮缘磨耗的主要悬挂参数。     

轮径差对高速列车性能的影响

利用轮轨接触几何算法研究不同轮径差下的静态轮轨几何接触关系,分析轮径差对轮对等效锥度的影响.根据我国某高速列车性能参数建立车辆系统动力学模型,分析高速车辆轮对的轮径差的改变对直线运行稳定性、运行平稳性和曲线通过性能的影响.结果表明,相比转向架轮对轮径差反相分布的情况,转向架轮对轮径差同相分布时车辆的临界速度较低,稳定性、平稳性较差,轮对偏离轨道中心线较大;轮径差反相分布时轮对过曲线时冲角、平均磨耗功和轮轨横向力较大.     

高速动车组轮对质量对车辆动力学性能的影响

为研究高速动车组轮对质量对车辆动力学性能的影响,建立了车辆动力学仿真计算模型,并通过改变其轮对质量在原始值70%~130%范围内变化,得到对应的动力学指标,以揭示轮对质量对车辆动力学性能的影响。计算结果表明:在轮对原始质量附近,随着轮对质量的增加,车辆的临界速度明显降低;车辆的平稳性指标及轮轨垂向力、轮轨磨耗功呈上升趋势;脱轨系数呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势;轮轴横向力和轮重减载率受轮对质量影响不明显。分析结果可以为今后更高性能高速动车组的设计提供一定的理论依据。     

二系空簧横向刚度对高速列车动力学性能的影响

基于动力学软件SIMPACK仿真分析了我国某高速列车二系空簧横向刚度对车辆动力学性能影响,并对二系空簧横向刚度进行了优化分析。仿真结果表明:车辆临界速度随二系空簧横向刚度增加有所增加;车辆横向稳定性、乘坐舒适性随二系空簧横向刚度增加有所恶化,垂向平稳性受其影响不大;轮轴横向力、脱轨系数、磨耗指数随二系空簧横向刚度增加变化不大,轮轨垂向力、轮重减载率随二系空簧横向刚度增加略有下降。该高速列车二系空簧横向刚度可以在0.1~0.2 MN/mm范围内进行选取,此时,车辆动力学性能在最优范围内。     

机车转向架通过曲线的动态过程分析

为了解转向架的曲线通过过程,根据蠕滑理论推导出轮对曲线通过方程,发现制约转向架曲线通过性能提高的主要因素是传统转向架一系定位刚度较大,限制轮对相对于构架的摇头自由度,影响轮对自导向能力的发挥。动力学仿真发现相对于锥形踏面,磨耗型踏面可以提供轮对通过半径为300 m曲线所需的轮径差。传统三轴转向架由于一系定位刚度较大,导向轮对在曲线半径1 100 m以下均发生轮缘接触,而后端轮对具有较好的导向性能,具有较小冲角。径向转向架通过耦合轮对摇头运动保证转向架的稳定性,同时通过径向机构,轮对实现牵引和导向功能的分离。采用较小的定位刚度和反相耦合端轴轮对摇头运动,可以互相促进轮对导向,减小轮对冲角。径向转向架能够实现无轮缘接触通过半径为450 m以上曲线。     

EFFECT OF DISCRETE SUPPORTS OF RAIL ON INITIATION AND EVOLUTION OF RAIL CORRUGATION

The effect of discrete support of rail on the formation and evolution of rail corrugation is primarily investigated with numerical method in the situation of wheelset curving steadily and repeatedly. In the numerical analysis of corrugation it is considered that a combination of Kalker's rolling contact theory with non-Hertzian to be modified, a linear frictional work model and a vertical dynamics model of railway vehicle coupled with a curved track. And the uneven support stiffness of rail in the vertical direction due to discrete sleeper support and the different running speed of the wheelset are taken into consideration. The damage on the running surface of rail, concerning rail corrugation formation, is restricted to wear mechanism of rail material. The numerical results obtained indicate that the discrete supports of rail by sleepers have a great influence on the formation of the corrugation under the condition of non-zero and stable creepages of wheelset and track.     

山地地铁浮置板轨道支撑结构钢轨波磨机制研究

基于轮轨系统摩擦自激振动的观点,研究山地地铁线路长大坡道圆曲线段处出现的典型钢轨波磨现象。利用SIMPACK建立山地地铁车辆-轨道动力学模型,验证了列车通过长大坡道圆曲线段外侧轮轨间的蠕滑力处于饱和状态;建立相应区段上由导向轮对-钢轨-道床所组成的轮轨系统有限元模型,采用复特征值分析法从频域角度研究轮轨系统的稳定性;采用控制变量法研究浮置板结构中隔振器的垂向刚度和垂向阻尼、扣件的垂向刚度和垂向阻尼对轮轨系统摩擦自激振动的影响规律。结果表明：在长大坡道圆曲线段上,外侧轮轨间饱和蠕滑力引起的轮轨摩擦自激振动是导致该区段外轨处钢轨波磨产生的主要原因,诱导频率为459.63 Hz。参数化分析表明,轮轨系统摩擦自激振动随隔振器的垂向阻尼和垂向刚度的增大呈增大趋势,随扣件的垂向阻尼的增大呈降低趋势,而随扣件垂向刚度的增加呈先减小后增大的趋势;当扣件的垂向支撑刚度为40 MN/m时,钢轨波磨最不容易发生。     

单侧钢轨波磨对两侧轮轨瞬态响应的影响分析

基于我国某地铁钢轨波磨的调研,采用显式有限元法建立了考虑车轮、车轴和钢轨连续体振动以及车辆、轨道高频结构振动的全轮对三维瞬态轮轨滚动接触模型,在时域内数值再现了轮对通过单侧钢轨波磨轨道段时的滚动接触行为,系统分析了单侧钢轨波磨对两侧轮轨瞬态响应的影响。相比于作者之前开发的半轮对滚动接触模型,该模型可将轮轨横向蠕滑和大自旋考虑在内。结果表明：地铁运行速度越高,波磨侧的不均匀磨损现象越严重;计算的五个速度中,波磨造成的瞬态激励在30和120 km/h时更易传递至无波磨侧,进而促进无波磨侧钢轨萌生波磨;轮对越是向波磨侧横移,波磨侧不均匀磨损越严重,但无波磨侧不均匀磨损逐渐降低,即相较于直线段,横移更大的曲线段上的外侧钢轨波磨更不易引发另一侧钢轨的波磨。     

Investigation of the influence of rail pad stiffness on rail corrugation on a transit system

This paper presents a study on the influence of rail pad stiffness on rail corrugation in an underground line. The paper includes a theoretical analysis justifying the rationale behind the modification of the pad stiffness to reduce corrugation levels, as well as a set of corrugation measurement results took on a test curve section during a period 19 months. The aim of the work is to demonstrate clearly that this treatment, studied by other authors like Ilias [H. Ilias, The influence of railpad stiffness on wheelset/track interaction and corrugation growth, J. Sound Vib. 227 (1999) 935-948], works on a metro system. In this study, the conventional rail pads on a test curve were substituted by softer pads. In order to examine the influence of new rail pads on corrugation, the rail profile was measured before and after the track modifications, during the same period of time. For both situations, wavelengths and amplitudes were analyzed and compared. It was found that soft pads reduce corrugation growth and eliminate one of the wavelengths developed when using stiff pads. The theoretical results were obtained from a model developed by Tassilly and Vincent [E. Tassilly, N. Vincent, Rail corrugations: analytical model and field tests, Wear 144 (1991), 153-161; E. Tassilly, N. Vincent, A linear model for corrugation of rails, J. Sound Vib. 150 (1991) 25-45]. This linear model for the corrugation of rails was used to predict the frequency bands in which corrugations are likely to appear. The track and the wheelset dynamics were studied both experimentally and theoretically. Quasi-static wheel/rail forces and creepages have been obtained with a multibody model of a metro unit. The methodology followed to compare the theoretical and experimental results is based on the work carried out by Grassie and Elkins [S.L. Grassie, J.A. Elkins, Rail corrugation on north american transit systems, Vehicle System Dyn. 28 (1998) 5-17]. The correlation between simulated and experimentally measured corrugation wavelengths appearing in the inner rails of curves is analyzed, and the corrugation mechanism is explained.     

地铁线路上一种钢轨波磨现象的成因分析

针对地铁线路直缓点附近区间上的一种特殊钢轨波磨现象,根据现场条件建立车辆-轨道系统数值模型,并对模型的有效性进行了验证;运用数值模型分析上述线路区间的轮轨界面黏滑特性,解释了该类钢轨波磨的形成原因;结合轮轨系统动力响应特性,分析促使钢轨波磨生成和发展的波长固定属性的成立条件。结果表明：在线路直缓点附近区间,导向轮对和从动轮对内外侧轮轨界面均会发生横向黏滑运动,而轮轨界面发生纵向黏滑运动的概率较低,且黏滑运动的交替发生,导致了钢轨表面初始波磨的形成;当导向轮对和从动轮对内外侧车轮经过线路直缓点时,外侧轮轨接触表现为轮缘-轨距角接触,且接触形式的改变造成了轮轨系统法向力的波动,说明直缓点的存在赋予了轮轨横向黏滑运动的相位同步特征,能够保持钢轨波磨的波长固定属性,因此,钢轨波磨最终形成并不断发展,而且内轨表现为轨面波磨,外轨表现为侧面波磨,这与实测区间波磨现象一致。     

轮缘润滑对列车曲线通过动态响应影响分析*

为研究轮缘润滑对重载列车曲线通过性能的影响,建立重载列车-轨道三维耦合动力学模型,该模型主要包含重载列车系统模型、有砟轨道系统模型和考虑多点接触和复杂接触状态的轮轨滚动接触模型。利用该模型对比分析惰行工况和驱动工况下,轮缘润滑对重载列车曲线通过时轮轨动态相互作用的影响。研究结果表明：轮缘润滑对机车曲线通过时的轮轨动力相互作用影响显著,在机车轮对通过小半径圆曲线过程中,当存在轮缘润滑时,外侧轮缘位置处的轮轨纵向蠕滑力明显较无轮缘润滑时明显降低,轮对导向能力削弱;在惰行和牵引工况下通过圆曲线时,存在轮缘润滑的轮对冲角均明显增大;轮缘润滑对重载列车钩缓系统响应影响不大。     

Design and analysis of an active steering bogie for urban trains

The conventional railway vehicle was designed to ensure running stability using high stiffness elements for primary suspensions. Curving performance of the railway vehicle is relatively low because the natural steering motion of a wheelset is constrained by the high stiffness suspensions. High running stability has always been in conflict with good curving performance in conventional design processes. This conflict problem can be solved with an active steering bogie since active elements properly control the wheelset motions according to track conditions such as straight or curved lines. In this paper, an active steering mechanism for railway vehicle is introduced, and the curving performance of the proposed active steering bogie is investigated through simulation and experiments. According to the results, the proposed active steering bogie is highly effective for curve negotiation.     

Characteristics of Vibration and Sound Radiation of Metro Resilient Wheel

Resilient wheels are extensively used in urban rail transit, especially for tramway systems, owing to its advantages in noise reduction. A new type of resilient wheel for a metro is designed, and its characteristics of vibration and sound radiation, including the rolling noise of a resilient single wheel coupled with a track, are studied in this paper. A two-step research is presented. Firstly, laboratory experiments were conducted to obtain the vibration response of the designed resilient wheel under the radial excitation on its tread. Secondly, the rolling noise model of the resilient wheel coupled with a slab track used in a metro line is developed. The wheel model is based on the 3 D finite elementand boundary element methods and verified by using the experimental results obtained from the laboratory. The track vibration model is based on the wavenumber finite element method, and the track sound radiation is calculatedby using an e cient frequency-domain Rayleigh method. The interaction of the resilient wheel and the slab track is analyzed considering the measured wheel/rail roughness of the metro. The contribution of the resilient wheel to the reduction of wheel/rail system noise is analyzed. The results show that the resilient wheel can e ectively reduce the wheel/rail rolling noise by approximately 2 dB(A) to 3 dB(A), mainly because the radiated noise by the rail is reduced. In addition, the elastic modulus of the rubber has an important influence on the noise reduction of resilient wheels.