Ginger — chemistry,technology, and quality evaluation: Part 2

Ginger is used in more ways than any other spice. This monograph, published in two parts, comprehensively reviews production, trade, processing, chemistry, and evaluation of quality. Botany, world varieties, agronomy, crop improvement, and potential are reviewed briefly with emphasis on the yield of functional components. Processing for the market, international trade patterns and factors influencing them are discussed. Derived products such as ginger powder, syruped ginger, volatile oil, and oleoresin are discussed in greater detail. The increasing world demand for quality products of added value such as the oleoresin and volatile oil show the prospects for their production in the growing countries. The chemistry of the components which contribute aroma and pungency that characterize ginger is critically reviewed. The second part deals with evaluation of quality. The physicochemical parameters prescribed as a measure of quality for ginger and its products in the existing standards, can assure only hygienic quality and purity, and possibly the source, when new parameters such as GC‐finger prints are included. The importance of sensorily evaluating flavor quality is emphasized to understand the variation in flavor quality required by the industrial and retail markets. Related areas, such as problems in sensory evaluation of intense flavored substances, objective flavor profile analysis, correlation of instrumental and sensory data are discussed, and our recent work in this area is summarized. Areas where more research is needed are indicated. Other areas briefly discussed are functional, physiological, and toxicological properties in use of ginger; biosynthetic aspects of the components stimulating flavor, structure and pungency and chemistry of spices from allied species and genera. A comprehensive bibliography is provided to aid in further study and research.     

Capsicum--production, technology, chemistry, and quality. Part IV. Evaluation of quality

Capsicum fruits are popular worldwide and are used in the cuisines of both the developing and the developed countries. With its different varieties, forms, and uses, the spice capsicum contributes to the entire gamut of sensory experience--color as finely ground paprika powder or extract in sausages, goulash, cheese, and snacks; both pungency and color as the many varieties of chillies used in Mexican, African, Indian, and southeast Asian cuisines; color, aroma, and mild pungency as the fresh green chillies used in many of the growing countries; and appearance, color, aroma, and texture as fresh fruit in salads and as a pickled and canned product. In three earlier parts in this series, the varieties, cultivation, and primary processing; the processed products, world production, and trade; and the chemistry of the color, aroma, and pungency stimuli have been reviewed. In this part, the evaluation of quality through instrumental determination of the causal components and the sensory evaluation of color, aroma, and pungency are discussed. Several methods for quantitative determination of the stimuli and the sensory evaluation of the responses to the stimuli are reviewed. The problems of sensory evaluation of color, aroma, and pungency, the dominant attributes for validation of the instrumentally determined values for carotenoids, volatiles, or particular fractions, and total and individual capsaicinoids are specifically discussed. Summarized details of selected instrumental methods for evaluating the stimuli, which are either validated by correlation to sensorily perceived responses or to adopted standards, are given along with representative data obtained for discussing the adequacy and reliability of the methods. Pungency as a specific gustatory perception and the many methods proposed to evaluate this quality are discussed. A recommended objective procedure for obtaining reproducible values is discussed, and a method for relating different panel results is shown. With such a method, highly significant correlations have been shown between estimated total capsaicinoids and the determined pungency. The estimation of total capsaicinoids by any simple, reliable method is shown to be adequate for quality control of pungency of Capsicum fruits.     

冷冻干燥生姜超临界CO2萃取物组成特性研究

试验研究了超临界CO2萃取姜油树脂过程中生姜的干燥方式对萃取物主要成分的影响.采用真空冷冻干燥方法脱除莱芜生姜中的水分,然后用超临界CO2萃取生姜中的姜油树脂.对所得萃取物进行气相色谱-质谱联用分析.并与常规的常温干燥脱水生姜超临界CO2萃取物的分析结果比较.结果表明冷冻干燥与常温干燥脱水所得姜油树脂主要成分不同,冷冻干燥处理样品提取物中含量最高的物质为姜酮,占提取物总量的20.802％,姜辣素组分占52.410％,挥发油组分占22.740％,姜辣素含量高于挥发油含量;常温干燥样品其中含量最高的为没药烯,占总含量的28.157％,挥发油组分占52.410％,姜辣素组分占26.738％,挥发油含量高于姜辣素含量.物料干燥方式对超临界CO2萃取姜油树脂成分有较大影响,与常温干燥相比冷冻干燥生姜的超临界CO2萃取物中含有更多的姜辣素类成分.     

An impression on current developments in the technology, chemistry, and biological activities of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)

Ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is widely cultivated as a spice for its aromatic and pungent components. The essential oil and oleoresins from ginger are valuable products responsible for the characteristic flavor and pungency. Both are used in several food products such as soft beverages and also in many types of pharmaceutical formulations. More than 100 compounds have been reported from ginger, some of which are isolated and characterized, others are tentatively identified by GC-MS and / or LC-MS. [6]-Gingerol, the major gingerol in ginger rhizomes, has been found to possess many interesting pharmacological and physiological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and cardiotonic effects. Ginger is considered as "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) by Food and Drug Administration (FDA), USA. Due to all these properties, ginger has gained considerable attention in developed countries in recent years, especially for its use in the treatment of inflammatory conditions. The present review is a persuasive presentation of the current information on processing, chemistry, biological activities, and medicinal uses of ginger. Further studies are required for the validation of the beneficial uses. Formulation for novel products and new usages may emerge in the years to come, based on the revealed results of various studies.     

高油酸花生和普通花生对浓香花生油风味及综合品质的影响

以高油酸花生及普通花生作为原料,在相同条件下制取浓香花生油,并采用溶剂辅助蒸发（solvent assisted flavor evaporation,SAFE）、同时蒸馏萃取（simultaneous distillation extraction,SDE）2 种提取方法结合气相色谱-质谱（gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS）联用方法对2 种花生油中挥发性成分的种类及含量进行分析测定,并根据感官评价、脂肪酸组成、氨基酸组成、基础指标、营养成分等多个指标分析比较2 种花生及其花生油的品质差异,同时也对SAFE和SDE这2 种前处理方法对挥发性成分含量检测结果的差异进行对比分析。结果表明,2 种花生在脂肪酸组成和氨基酸组成等方面存在明显差异,SAFE对挥发性成分的提取效果明显优于SDE,利用SAFE结合GC-MS从高油酸花生油和普通花生油中分别检出112 种和127 种挥发性成分,总量分别为33 945.28 μg/kg和46 700.22 μg/kg,2 种花生油在醛类、酚类、呋喃类、吡嗪类等挥发性成分含量上具有明显差异,并且除吡咯类之外其余挥发性成分含量在普通花生油中的含量明显更高。利用偏最小二乘判别分析结合气味活度值确定了18 种导致2 种花生油感官差异的特征挥发性风味成分,这些成分在2 种花生油均有检出且在普通花生油中含量更高。进一步分析后发现对2 种花生油风味影响最大的为呋喃酮,该物质对于花生油的甜味具有重要贡献。此外2,5-二甲基吡嗪、3,5-二乙基-2-甲基吡嗪、2,5-二乙基吡嗪、2-乙基-6-甲基吡嗪、2,3-二乙基-5-甲基吡嗪、2-甲基吡嗪、2,3-二甲基-5-乙基吡嗪、2-乙烯基-5-甲基吡嗪8 种吡嗪类成分均对花生油特有的坚果味或烤香味差异产生重要影响。反-2-辛烯醛、正己醛、正辛醛、庚醛4 种醛类成分则对2 种花生油脂肪味差异具有一定贡献。二甲基三硫、2,3-戊二酮、N-甲基-2-吡咯甲醛、2-正戊基呋喃、正十三烷对2 种花生油的甜味、辛辣味差异具有重要贡献。感官评价结果表明,普通花生油各感官属性明显强于高油酸花生油,这也与挥发性成分的研究结果一致。结果可为浓香花生油生产中风味精准控制提供支持。     

基于雷达图与紫外-可见分光光度法建立鱼汤挥发性风味评价方法及其应用

目的建立感官评价与浓度评价相结合的鱼汤挥发性风味综合评价斱法,幵应用于鱼汤配料配斱研究。方法应用感官评分表、雷达图及紫外-可见分光光度法(ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, UV-Vis)等可视化手段将感官评价与浓度评价结合建立鱼汤挥发性风味评价斱法,其中感官评价从鱼腥味、油脂香、豆腥味、生姜味、大蒜味、清香、综合7个感官剖面开展幵应用雷达图分析,浓度评价以风味萃取物的UV-Vis吸收值考察。结果基于所建立的评价斱法,鱼肉250 g,大豆油、生姜、大蒜添加量为鱼肉重的9%、1.2%、3.5%时,所制作的鱼汤风味最佳。结论本研究建立的斱法直观、快捷、简单,可操作性强,兊服了单一感官或浓度评价的不足,可拓展应用于新产品开发或新工艺的研究。     

文冬姜化学成分研究

为研究文冬姜的营养价值,本文采用国标方法测定文冬姜中的基本营养成分。用超临界二氧化碳萃取法提取文冬姜和罗平小黄姜的姜油树脂,采用气相色谱-质谱法测定挥发性成分,高效液相色谱法测定姜酚类物质含量。结果表明,与中国食物成分表中罗平小黄姜的营养成分相比,文冬姜中含有较高的脂肪、膳食纤维和铁、锌、硒等微量元素。文冬姜姜油树脂中主要挥发性成分为α-姜烯(17.47%)、β-柏木萜烯(9.68%)和α-法呢烯(7.49%),6-姜酚、8-姜酚和10-姜酚的含量分别为338.08、57.07和84.87 mg/g。文冬姜和罗平小黄姜姜油树脂中的主要挥发性成分均为萜烯类化合物,但文冬姜中6-姜酚、8-姜酚和10-姜酚的含量分别为罗平小黄姜的2.8、1.8、1.0倍。     

基于GC-MS和GC-O的浓香菜籽油特征风味物质分析

采用固相微萃取和气相色谱质谱联用技术(SPME/GC-MS)分析浓香菜籽油挥发性成分,采用气相色谱嗅闻分析(GC-O)方法中的时间-强度法(OSME)确定菜籽油特征风味物质,采用定量描述性分析法(QDA)评价菜籽油的感官特性强度,分析感官属性与GC-O分析特征风味成分的关系,推断其对整体风味的贡献程度。结果表明,GC-MS的分析检测到挥发性风味物质共有68种,包括吡嗪类8种,醇类4种,硫甙降解产物15种,醛类20种,酸类6种,酮类4种,烯类3种,杂环类化合物6种和酯类2种。GC-O分析OSME法鉴定出的菜籽油样品中有16种特征风味物质。感官评价结果表明坚果味、腌菜味以及焦糊味是菜籽油的主体风味,与GC-O特征风味物质分析结果一致。表明GC-MS、GC-O法结合感官评价可以有效综合评价菜籽油的特征风味物质。研究结果对浓香菜籽油解析香气特征、优化产品品质、分析呈香机理、建立质量评价体系具有重要意义。     

山东大（黄）姜精油香气成分的SFE/SD-GC-MS分析

利用气相色谱-质谱联用(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)技术分析经超临界二氧化碳流体萃取(supercritical fluid extraction-CO2,SFE-CO2)及水蒸气蒸馏(steam distillation,SD)提取的山东大(黄)姜精油的挥发性香气成分,结合感官评价对两种方法萃取的精油的香气性能进行对比分析。结果表明:SFE法提取的姜精油辛辣味浓郁饱满,果甜香柔和,具较好的柑橘香,香气性能较优。     

Citrus fruits. Part II. Chemistry,technology, and quality evaluation. C. quality evaluation

In Part II of this review on citrus fruits, the literature on chemistry, technology, and quality evaluation are critically considered. Sweet oranges, mandarin, grapefruit, lemon and lime are generally used for processing. The literature on chemical components of citrus fruits reviewed and discussed in Section A includes the following: sugars, polysaccharides, organic acids, nitrogenous constituents, and lipids; carotenoids which contribute to color; vitamins and minerals, and flavonoids; limonoids, some of which impart bitterness to the juice, and the volatile components which contribute to aroma. Chilled and pasteurized juices, juice concentrates, and beverages are the important products manufactured commercially, and to a limited extent powdered citrus juices, canned segments, and marmalades. The literature on the manufacture of these products as well as new types of juice and oil extractors, TASTE, and other types of evaporators, tank farms to store juice and concentrate in bulk, aseptic filling in bulk containers and retail packs, alternate flexible and rigid containers other than glass and tin and recovery of volatile flavoring constituents during juice processing are some of the important technological developments in the recent past which were discussed in Section B. Bitterness in citrus juices and its control, composition of cloud and its stability, and changes during storage have been reviewed. Essential oils, pectin, frozen and dried juice sacs, dried pulp and molasses, flavonoids, seed oil, and meal are the important by‐products, the manufacture of which is given in essential details. Generally, consumers judge the product on the basis of its sensory attributes. The quality of the finished products is dependent upon the raw materials used and control of processes. In this section, the USDA standards for different products, physico‐chemical and microbiological parameters prescribed as indices of quality of fruit, juice, concentrate, and other products, composition of essential oils, and aroma concentrates are discussed in relation to sensory quality. Analytical methods for compounds affecting quality and methods for detection of adulteration in different citrus products are briefly reviewed. The importance of sensorily evaluating quality of citrus products to select and develop quality control indices is emphasized. Areas where further research is required are indicated. A comprehensive bibliography is provided to aid further study and research.     

Orange juice quality with an emphasis on flavor components

This review studies the chemistry of the flavor of citrus juices with emphasis on the components of the flavor of orange juice and their origin in the different parts of the orange fruit. Citrus processing and the nature of the various products as they affect flavor are discussed. The composition of peel oil, aroma oil, orange juice, orange essence, and orange essence oil is presented. The relationship between flavor and color are discussed and the role of lipid components as they affect flavor stability and off‐flavors are described. Spoilage resulting from microbes is briefly treated. The nutritional value of orange juice is cited.     

姜汁对太平洋牡蛎（Crassostrea gigas）酶解液风味改善的研究

通过感官评价、顶空固相微萃取与气相色谱-质谱联用技术（solid phase micro-extraction gas chromatographmassspectrometer,SPME-GC/MS）以及计算相对气味活度值（ralative odour active value,ROAV）的方法分析太平洋牡蛎（Crassostrea gigas）酶解前后挥发性成分的变化情况,探讨姜汁对牡蛎脂质氧化的抑制作用和改善牡蛎酶解产物风味的效果。结果表明：与新鲜牡蛎相比,酶解液中脂质氧化产物,如异戊醛、壬醛、2-壬烯醛和3,5-辛二烯酮含量分别增加至5.09%、1.6%、1.3%、0.5%,使牡蛎酶解液呈现出较重的腥味与哈喇味,说明牡蛎风味的劣变与酶解过程中发生的脂质氧化有关。牡蛎酶解过程中添加姜汁,脂肪氧化产生的不愉快成分如（E）-2-戊烯醛、（Z）-4-庚烯醛、壬醛、2,3-辛二酮等未被检测到;异戊醛、己醛、（E）-2-己烯醛等物质的相对含量分别减少了81.02%、33.28%、54.39%。姜汁中挥发性成分如香叶醇、香茅醇、对伞花烃和芳樟醇等成为其新的主体呈味成分,并贡献出花香、柠檬香等愉快气味。因此,姜汁对改善牡蛎酶解液的风味有显著效果。     

Citrus fruits--varieties, chemistry, technology, and quality evaluation. Part II. Chemistry, technology, and quality evaluation. A. Chemistry

In Part 2 of this review on citrus fruits, the literature on chemistry, technology, and quality evaluation are critically considered. Sweet oranges, mandarin, grapefruit, lemon, and lime are generally used for processing. The literature on chemical components of citrus fruit which include sugars, polysaccharides, oraganic acids, nitrogenous constituents and lipids; carotenoids which contribute to color; vitamins and minerals, and flavonoids; limonoids, some of which impart bitterness to the juice; and the volatile components which contribute to aroma have been reviewed. Chilled and pasteurized juices, juice concentrates, and beverages are the important products manufactured commercially, and to a limited extent powdered citrus juices, canned segments, and marmalades. The literature on the manufacture of these products also as new types of juice and oil extractors; TASTE and other types of evaporators; tank farms to store juice and concentrate in bulk; aseptic filling in bulk containers and retail packs; alternate flexible and rigid containers other than glass and tin; and recovery of volatile flavoring constituents during juice processing are some of the important technological developments in the recent past and have been discussed. Bitterness in citrus juices and its control, composition of cloud, and its stability and changes during storage have been reviewed. Essential oils, pectin, frozen and dried juice sacs, dried pulp and molasses, flavonoids, seed oil, and meal are the important byproducts, the manufacture of which is given in essential details. Generally, consumers judge the product on the basis of its sensory attributes. The quality of finished product is dependent upon the raw materials used and control of processes. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) standards for different products, physicochemical and microbiological parameters prescribed as indices of quality of fruit, juice, concentrate, and other products; composition of essential oils; and aroma concentrates are discussed in relation to sensory quality. Analytical methods for compounds affecting quality, and methods for detection of adulteration in different citrus products are briefly reviewed. The importance of sensorily evaluating quality of citrus products to select and develop quality control indices is emphasized. Areas where further research are required are indicated. A comprehensive bibliography is provided to aid further study and research.     

油菜籽品种对浓香菜籽油风味及综合品质的影响

分别以双低油菜籽及传统油菜籽为原料,在相同条件下制取浓香菜籽油,采用溶剂辅助蒸发装置结合气相色谱-质谱联用仪对两种菜籽油中挥发性成分的种类和含量进行测定,并利用偏最小二乘判别分析（partial least squares discriminant analysis,PLS-DA）、气味活度值（odor activity value,OAV）对挥发性成分进行数据分析,确定导致两种菜籽油感官风味差异的关键挥发性风味成分,同时结合感官评价、脂肪酸组成、氨基酸组成、营养成分等指标分析比较两种菜籽油综合品质的差异。结果显示,双低菜籽油及传统菜籽油中分别检出12 类82 种和11 类90 种挥发性成分,总量分别为22 377.88、157 512.98 μg/kg,其中硫苷降解产物总量分别为3 311.07、146 492.82 μg/kg,酚类物质总量分别为12 125.47、4 613.03 μg/kg。利用PLS-DA结合OAV最终确定了13 种最重要的特征风味物质,分别为6-甲基硫基己腈、5-甲硫基戊腈、苯代丙腈、3-丁烯基异硫氰酸酯、苯乙腈、反-2-癸烯醛、正己醇、芳樟醇、乙基苯、苯乙醇、椰子醛、4-乙烯基-2,6-二甲氧基苯酚、3-甲基巴豆腈,其中6-甲基硫基己腈、苯乙腈、芳樟醇、5-甲硫基戊腈、苯代丙腈、3-丁烯基异硫氰酸酯6 种成分均对菜籽油独特的辛辣味具有贡献,且苯乙腈、芳樟醇仅在传统菜籽油中检出;正己醇、苯乙醇、椰子醛则在双低菜籽油中含量更高,对菜籽油的甜味具有重要影响;感官评价表明双低菜籽油的甜味优于传统菜籽油,而传统菜籽油辛辣味更强。双低菜籽油中未检出芥酸,而传统菜籽油中芥酸含量高达30.25%;双低菜籽油中VE和甾醇总含量均高于传统菜籽油。研究结果为不同香型浓香菜籽油的生产提供了原料选择和气味标识的支持。     

Citrus fruits. Part II. Chemistry, technology, and quality evaluation. B. Technology

In Part II of this review on citrus fruits, the literature on chemistry, technology, and quality evaluation are critically considered. Sweet oranges, mandarin, grapefruit, lemon, and lime are generally used for processing. The literature on chemical components of citrus fruit which include sugars, polysaccharides, organic acids, nitrogenous constituents and lipids; carotenoids which contribute to color; vitamins and minerals and flavonoids; limonoids, some of which impart bitterness to the juice; and the volatile components which contribute to aroma were reviewed in section A. Chilled and pasteurized juices, juice concentrates, and beverages are the important products manufactured commercially, and to a limited extent powdered citrus juices, canned segments, and marmalades. The literature on the manufacture of these products also as new types of juice and oil extractors; TASTE and other types of evaporators; tank farms to store juice and concentrate in bulk; aseptic filling in bulk containers and retail packs; alternate flexible and rigid containers other than glass and tin; and recovery of volatile flavoring constituents during juice processing are some of the important technological developments in the recent past and have been discussed in this section. Bitterness in citrus juices and its control, composition of cloud, and its stability and changes during storage have been reviewed. Essential oils, pectin, frozen and dried juice sacs, dried pulp and molasses, flavonoids, seed oil, and meal are the important byproducts, the manufacture of which is given in essential details. Generally, consumers judge the product on the basis of its sensory attributes. The quality of finished product is dependent upon the raw materials used and control of processes. In section C, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) standards for different products, physicochemical and microbiological parameters prescribed as indices of quality of fruit, juice, concentrate, and other products; composition of essential oils; and aroma concentrates are discussed in relation to sensory quality. Analytical methods for compounds affecting quality, and methods for detection of adulteration in different citrus products are briefly reviewed. The importance of sensorily evaluating quality of citrus products to select and develop quality control indices is emphasized. Areas where further research are required are indicated. A comprehensive bibliography is provided to aid further study and research.     

Capsicum--production, technology, chemistry, and quality. Part III. Chemistry of the color, aroma, and pungency stimuli

The spice capsicum, the fruits of the genus Capsicum (Family Solanaceae), is a very popular food additive in many parts of the world, valued for the important sensory attributes of color, pungency, and aroma. A large number of varieties are widely cultivated and traded. The characteristic carotenoids of the bright red paprika and cayenne-type chillies, the high character impact aroma stimuli, the methoxy pyrazine of green bell capsicum, the esters of ripe tabasco and the highly potent pungency stimuli, and the capsaicinoids of African and other Asian varieties of chillies, have been of great interest to chemists and biochemists. Research workers in other disciplines such as genetics and breeding, agriculture, and technology have been interested in this spice to develop new varieties with combinations of different optimal levels of the stimuli for the sensory attributes and to maximize production of storable products for specific end uses. Physiologists have been intensely studying the action of the highly potent pungency stimuli and social psychologists the curious aspect of growing acceptance and preference for the initially unacceptable pungency sensation. In the sequential review of all these aspects of the fruit spice Capsicum, the earlier two parts covered history, botany, cultivation and primary processing, and processed products, standards, world production, and trade. In Part III, the chemistry, the compositional variations, synthesis and biosynthesis of the functional components, the carotenoids, the volatiles, and the capsaicinoids are comprehensively reviewed.     

花椒籽油与花椒油风味及综合品质对比分析

以新鲜花椒籽为原料,分别采用压榨法和浸出法得花椒籽毛油,对毛油进行精炼得花椒籽精炼油,检测花椒籽油中挥发性风味成分、酸价、过氧化值、酰胺类化合物含量及感官评价,并与8 个市售花椒油的品质进行对比。结果表明：新鲜花椒籽压榨和浸出毛油酸价（以KOH计）分别为5.94、7.37 mg/g,过氧化值分别为1.13、0.59 mmol/kg,明显优于贮存不当的花椒籽所制取的毛油,精炼花椒籽油的酸价和过氧化值均达到GB/T 22479—2008《花椒籽油》中一级油指标要求;花椒籽油中酰胺类化合物含量为7.82～9.80 mg/g,达到并明显优于DBS 51/008—2019《花椒油》中对应指标大于等于2.0 mg/g的要求,也在8 个市售花椒油酰胺类化合物含量7.92～19.11 mg/g范围之内;花椒籽油和花椒油中挥发性风味成分含量最高的均为烯烃类化合物,其次为醇类;2 种油脂的感官评价均呈现明显的麻味和辛辣味。新鲜压榨花椒籽油与作为风味油或调味油的商品花椒油相比,无论是在反映花椒油特征的酰胺类化合物含量和挥发性风味成分含量方面,还是感官评价方面均具有高度相似性和一致性。新鲜花椒籽压榨油香味浓郁、麻味强烈,可以作为优良的花椒籽风味油开发应用,这对实现花椒籽高值化加工利用有重要意义。     

Cardamom — production,technology, chemistry,and quality

Cardamom, Eleltaria cardamomum Maton var. Miniscula Burkill (Fam. Zingiberaceae) known as true or lesser cardamom is the widely cultivated variety and important in the world trade. It occupies a high second or third place in world trade, being a high priced spice. It belongs to the sweet spices group and is used predominantly to flavor sweets, baked goods, and coffee, particularly in the Arab countries. This monograph critically reviews the post‐harvest handling and processing and the chemistry of the volatiles. The components contributing to the characteristic aroma for which the spice is valued are specifically considered. Gas chromatographic analysis for quality control and attempts at evaluating the aroma quality by sensory profile are discussed in relation to regional varieties, and processing variables. The areas in which further research is required are indicated. The botanical and cultivation aspects and production and trade of the different growing and consuming regions are briefly considered. Available information on other “cardamoms” from related species and genera are summarized.     

超临界CO2萃取食用姜油的研究

用超临界CO2(SFE-CO2)流体从干姜中萃取(小试、中试)出姜油,对姜油进行GC-MS分析.实验结果表明,姜油含有49种成分,其中姜的特征成分姜辣素高达22.9%.SFE-CO2法萃取姜油能保持生姜特有的风味和辣味,油质量显著提高,该油是食品工业的优质原料.     

水产品香气研究进展

香气是水产品新鲜度和风味的重要评价指标,对产品品质评级及消费者消费导向均有重要影响.研究表明:挥发性化合物的种类和含量是造成水产品香气差异的主要原因,不同水产种类、新鲜程度和加工方式等均会影响其最终香气;水产品香气成分复杂,对挥发性风味物质的准确分析是研究其特征香气的关键.概述了水产品香气分析的感官品评和仪器分析技术,...