防污涂料中氧化亚铜的渗出速率及降解行为研究

氧化亚铜(Cu2O)作为在目前海洋防污涂料广泛使用的防污剂,研究其渗出速率和在海洋环境中的降解行为具有重要的意义。介绍了ISO15181铜离子渗出速率测试方法,并研究了不同配方的自抛光型防污涂料的铜离子渗出速率,最后研究了氧化亚铜在海洋环境中的降解行为。结果表明:铜离子渗出速率可通过涂料配方进行调整,氧化亚铜在海洋环境中的最终降解产物是碱式碳酸铜。     

环境友好型无铜自抛光防污涂料的制备与性能研究

以自制丙烯酸锌树脂为主要成膜物,加入吡啶硫酮锌(Zn PT)和吡啶三苯基硼烷(PK)这2种有机防污剂及填料等配制成无铜自抛光防污涂料。分析了有机防污剂含量对涂料基本性能的影响;通过防污涂料浅海浸泡实验考察涂料在实际海洋环境中的防污性能。结果表明:当Zn PT与PK的质量比为6∶4时,无铜丙烯酸锌基防污涂料具有良好的防污性能。     

船舶防污涂料的研究现状及进展

随着对海洋环境的日益重视和环保意识的逐渐增强,传统的防污涂料将逐步被新型高效无毒防污涂料替代.文章综述了各类低毒防污剂、防污涂料的研究现状,介绍了防污技术的最新研究进展,并指出新型防污涂料的发展趋势.     

水性聚氨酯防污涂料的研究

采用丙烯酸/苯乙烯共聚物乳液为基体树脂,通过添加聚氨酯分散体提高了涂膜的耐磨性、柔韧性、抗开裂性,筛选不同防污剂和助剂等,制备了养殖渔网防污损的水性防污涂料,对涂层的防污性、附着力等性能进行了评价,并对涂层进行微观表征和毒性测试,制备的水性防污涂料具有6个月的防污期效,满足水产养殖业对渔网防污涂料的要求,同时由于是水性的,对海洋环境无污染,在生产和使用过程中对大气环境和人员身体无影响,符合环保要求。     

海洋防污涂料的今天和明天

采用有机锡做防污剂的海洋防污涂料曾经风光一时，然而由于它对海洋环境的污染已被明令禁用。为寻找低污染和对环境友好的海洋防污涂料，人们作了种种不懈努力，在此略述一下这些努力的结果。     

透明防污涂料的研制

研制出一种透明防污涂料用树脂和一种透明防污涂料,通过浅海浸泡试验、现场试验对防污性能进行了评价。结果表明:该透明涂料对海洋环境友好,不影响透光性;施工方便,可涂装于特殊底材表面。     

新型船舶防污涂料的研究及其发展动向

随着对海洋环境的日益重视和环保法规的加强,传统的防污涂料将逐步被新型的高效无毒防污涂料替代,新型船舶防污涂料的发展和应用成为必然。文章简要介绍了新型船舶防污涂料中的无锡自抛光船舶防污涂料、低表面能船舶防污涂料、含生物活性物质船舶防污涂料和电解船舶防污涂料的发展现状,并对国内外新型船舶防污涂料的发展动向进行了分析。     

新型船舶防污涂料的研究及其发展动向

随着对海洋环境的日益重视和环保法规的加强,传统的防污涂料将逐步被新型的高效无毒防污涂料替代,新型船舶防污涂料的发展和应用成为必然。本文简要介绍了无锡自抛光船舶防污涂料、低表面能船舶防污涂料、含生物活性物质船舶防污涂料和电解船舶防污涂料的发展现状,并对国内外新型船舶防污涂料的发展动向进行了分析。     

防污剂及防污涂料性能评价方法研究进展

防污剂是防污涂料起到防污作用的关键组分,而实验室加速评价方法是防污涂料成功研发的基本保障。简单介绍了常用防污剂的种类以及它们对环境的影响。详细阐述了近几年来研发的新型防污剂,如芦竹碱、二硫代酰胺化合物的作用机理。针对不同类型的防污涂料,列举了几种快速评价方法,简单介绍了实验室目前所用评价方法。并对防污涂料的发展作了展望。     

新型船舶防污涂料现状及市场前景分析

随着对海洋环境的日益重视和环保法规的加强,新型船舶防污涂料的发展和应用成为必然。本文简单介绍了新型防污涂料的现状和最新产品,并对新型船舶防污涂料市场前景进行了分析。     

Risks of using antifouling biocides in aquaculture

Biocides are chemical substances that can deter or kill the microorganisms responsible for biofouling. The rapid expansion of the aquaculture industry is having a significant impact on the marine ecosystems. As the industry expands, it requires the use of more drugs, disinfectants and antifoulant compounds (biocides) to eliminate the microorganisms in the aquaculture facilities. The use of biocides in the aquatic environment, however, has proved to be harmful as it has toxic effects on the marine environment. Organic booster biocides were recently introduced as alternatives to the organotin compounds found in antifouling products after restrictions were imposed on the use of tributyltin (TBT). The replacement products are generally based on copper metal oxides and organic biocides. The biocides that are most commonly used in antifouling paints include chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid, DCOIT (4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, Sea-nine 211^®), Diuron, Irgarol 1051, TCMS pyridine (2,3,3,6-tetrachloro-4-methylsulfonyl pyridine), zinc pyrithione and Zineb. There are two types of risks associated with the use of biocides in aquaculture: (i) predators and humans may ingest the fish and shellfish that have accumulated in these contaminants and (ii) the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. This paper provides an overview of the effects of antifouling (AF) biocides on aquatic organisms. It also provides some insights into the effects and risks of these compounds on non-target organisms.     

海洋船舶无毒、低毒防污涂料的研究进展

介绍了现代海洋船舶防污涂料的研究和应用情况,分别阐述了电化学防污涂料、化学活性物质释放型防污涂料和非化学活性物质释放型防污涂料的原理及其应用进展,并着重介绍了无毒低毒防污剂及防污涂料,指出长效、无毒的防污涂料将是未来涂料的发展方向。     

Application of marine biotechnology in the production of natural biocides for testing on environmentally innocuous antifouling coatings

The widely recognized biofouling phenomenon has many negative consequences for artificial structures that are in contact with seawater in the form of structural defects and additional expenses for maritime companies due to cleaning and prevention processes. After having analyzed the serious environmental problems caused by an indiscriminate use of highly toxic biocides coming from organic derivatives of tin compounds and the uncontrolled emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) to the atmosphere, the evolving technology of antifouling paintings (further mandated by current environmental standards) aims to develop environmentally innocuous water-based coverings in which extracts of the very same marine world are used as biocide compounds. Water-based coatings are being developed that use low-toxic elements and natural biocides, where bacteria is isolated from surfaces immersed in the marine environment, creating a promising source of natural antifouling compounds. The result is a new environmentally friendly antifouling coating that is able to mitigate the problem of biofouling without affecting the surrounding medium, and which may be applied on any artificial structure in contact with seawater. An erratum to this article can be found at     

新型海洋防污涂料用防污剂及树脂的研究进展

防污剂和树脂是决定海洋防污涂料性能的关键成分。本文综述了近年来用于新型海洋防污涂料的天然产物防污剂和人工合成防污剂的研究进展;进一步从防污机理出发,总结了用于新型海洋防污涂料的基体树脂的种类,介绍了无锡自抛光树脂、生物可降解树脂、含杀菌官能团树脂、低表面能树脂和具有微相分离结构的树脂。此外,还展望了新型海洋防污涂料的未来发展方向,即环境友好的同时注重方式友好。     

Polymer brush coatings for combating marine biofouling

A variety of functional polymer brushes and coatings have been developed for combating marine biofouling and biocorrosion with much less environmental impact than traditional biocides. This review summarizes recent developments in marine antifouling polymer brushes and coatings that are tethered to material surfaces and do not actively release biocides. Polymer brush coatings have been designed to inhibit molecular fouling, microfouling and macrofouling through incorporation or inclusion of multiple functionalities. Hydrophilic polymers, such as poly(ethylene glycol), hydrogels, zwitterionic polymers and polysaccharides, resist attachment of marine organisms effectively due to extensive hydration. Fouling release polymer coatings, based on fluoropolymers and poly(dimethylsiloxane) elastomers, minimize adhesion between marine organisms and material surfaces, leading to easy removal of biofoulants. Polycationic coatings are effective in reducing marine biofouling partly because of their good bactericidal properties. Recent advances in controlled radical polymerization and click chemistry have also allowed better molecular design and engineering of multifunctional brush coatings for improved antifouling efficacies.     

Adsorption of antifouling booster biocides on metal oxide nanoparticles: Effect of different metal oxides and solvents

Controlling the release rate of biocides (antifouling agents) from a paint coating is a key issue for the development of multi-season antifouling marine coatings. One promising approach is the use of nanoparticles onto which biocides are adsorbed to prevent premature depletion of the biocide. Adsorption of one novel (Medetomidine) and six commercially available and widely used antifouling biocides (Chlorothalonile, Dichlofluanid, Diuron, Irgarol, Seanine, Tolylfluanid) onto oxide nanoparticles (Al₂O₃, CuO, MgO, SiO₂, TiO₂, ZnO) was investigated by HPLC and NMR in different organic solvents. Large differences in adsorption strength depending on the type of nanoparticle and solvent employed were observed. It was shown that nanoparticles coordinate preferentially with the imidazole moiety of Medetomidine. Independent of the type of particle this interaction was considerably stronger in comparison to the other biocides. However, the interaction strength was strongly dependant on the type of solvent, where the largest strongest interaction was achieved in o-xylene. In addition field tests were performed where a considerable decrease in release rate was displayed from coatings containing Medetomidine adsorbed to nanoparticles compared to coatings containing Medetomidine as single additive.     

Analytical method for the release of isothiazolones from microtubules in artificial seawater

With restrictions on the use of metallic biocides in aquatic antifouling coatings, it is important to develop new methods to both contain and deliver these alternative compounds from marine coatings systems. Utilization of microencapsulation is one approach to the delivery of biocides that has not been utilized in the mainstream of antifouling paint formulations. When formulating next generation paints that utilize hydrophobic nonmetallic biocides, it is necessary to develop an understanding of the release kinetics of the compounds from model polymeric coatings in order to better develop methods for providing long-term efficacy. The biocide 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one is a nonmetallic and nonenvironmentally persistent biocide that has been registered in several countries for use as an antifouling agent and has gained approval by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The release characteristics of this biocide from copper microtubules as well as polymeric films were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Center for Biomolecular Science & Engineering, Code 6930, Washington, D.C. 20375-5348.     

Bioactive materials for antifouling coatings

Marine fouling is the result of the settling and subsequent growth of marine organisms on surfaces immersed in seawater. The most successful principle in use today for the protection of ship's hulls against this unwanted growth is the release of bioactive materials from antifouling coatings.

Antifouling coatings containing a mixture of cuprous oxide and triorganotin compounds in combination with sophisticated release mechanisms are considered to be today's most efficient systems. However, ever since the first biologically active materials were introduced into antifouling coatings, a search for alternatives has been continuing. Until the mid-1970s this research mainly involved the development of biocides which could simply prolong existing drydocking intervals, i.e. prolong the period in which the ship was fouling free. During the last decade, however, environmental aspects have become a top priority in the development of new biocides for antifouling coatings.     

几种天然产物在海洋防污涂料中的应用研究

将天然产物齐墩果酸、蛇床子素和鱼藤酮作为防污剂,分别制备海洋防污涂料,在厦门海域检验其海区防污效能,并与已报道在厦门海域具防污效能的天然产物喜树碱进行比较,发现蛇床子素和鱼藤酮在海区挂板2个月内显示出一定的防污效能,齐墩果酸没有呈现出防污效能,而喜树碱的海区防污效能明显优于上述3种天然产物。另外,将喜树碱与鱼藤酮进行1∶1复配,并将这2种天然产物与氧化亚铜、N-(2,4,6-三氯苯基)马来酰亚胺(TCPM)和吡啶硫铜锌(ZPT)这3种防污(助)剂分别进行1∶1复配,共获得7种复配防污剂,制备相应的海洋防污涂料以检测其防污效能,发现喜树碱-TCPM、喜树碱-ZPT以及喜树碱-鱼藤酮这3种复配防污剂具良好的防污效能。进一步在上述涂料中选取了防污效能最优的含喜树碱涂料,在福建东山海域和海南陵水海域分别进行了海区挂板试验,结果表明含喜树碱涂料在这2个海域均显示出稳定、优异的防污效能,且期效可达13个月以上。文中研究为推进天然防污产物在海洋防污涂料中的应用进程提供了重要资料。