基于信道相关统计及有限反馈的多基站协作波束成型

为减少多基站协作波束成形系统中基站间的信息交换量和用户信道信息反馈量,提出一种基站联合利用有限反馈信道参数和信道空间相关矩阵估计信道矢量函数的方法;基于所估计的信道矢量函数,提出一种多基站协作扩展迫零波束成形算法。相比已有的多基站协作波束成形方案,所提算法能在反馈/回程开销和系统性能之间取得更合理的折中,计算仿真验证了所提算法的有效性。     

一种基于灌水原理的多载波CDMA系统子信道分配方案

多载波CDMA因具有带宽利用率高、抗多径衰落性能强和适合高速数据传输等优点而受到广泛关注.本文提出了一种可用于前向链路自适应子信道分配的多载波CDMA系统模型.在该模型中,用户首先估计前向链路中各子信道的衰落幅度,并将所有衰落可接受的子信道的序号反馈给基站.根据反馈的信息,提出了类似于灌水原理的子信道分配方案.理论分析和仿真结果表明:对于随机特征码情况,该方案的整体性能优良.     

OFDM系统中子信道联合预编码技术的信号检测算法研究

正交频分复用技术将多径衰落信道划分为多个相对平坦的子信道,使得接收机在信道估计等恢复技术上复杂度大大降低。OFDM系统采用子信道联合预编码技术能有效解决由于成片子载波衰落引起的数据丢失问题。由于独立信道的线性预编码技术在发送端不需要信道反馈信息,因此降低了发送设备复杂度,减少了系统延时,该编码方案适用于从用户端到基站的数据传输。通过理论分析推导了当系统采用独立信道的线性预编码技术时,接收端不能采用迫零均衡(ZF)的线性检测算法,实验仿真表明,当采用迫零均衡检测算法时,当且仅当预编码矩阵为酉矩阵时系统能达到未经预编码系统的性能。     

Nakagami衰落信道下的蜂窝系统性能分析

文中考虑多小区蜂窝系统中小区边缘用户受到来自其他小区间同信道干扰,分析了在Nakagami-m衰落信道下,用户和基站均为单天线时的多小区蜂窝系统性能,以获得干扰信号衰落参数m和干扰基站发射功率对系统性能的影响。采用概率密度函数（PDF）分析法推导了系统中断概率和平均误符号率（ASER）的闭合表达式,并进一步通过数值仿真来分析同信道干扰对系统性能的影响。仿真结果表明,系统的中断概率和ASER的解析曲线均与仿真结果一致,系统性能随着干扰信号衰落参数m和干扰功率的增加而降低。     

空间相关连续衰落信道下对角酉空时星座的最大似然多符号差分检测算法

空间相关性会造成MIMO系统的性能损失.针对这种空间相关性,大部分酉空时系统利用反馈信道将空间相关信息反馈给发射机,发射机通过有效利用该信息,进一步提高系统的性能.本文针对实际应用的另一种情形,当酉空时系统不存在反馈信道时,提出了空间相关连续衰落信道下,对角酉空时星座的最大似然多符号差分检测算法.与传统的准静态信道模型相比,本算法基于连续衰落假设,是一种更一般的信道模型.计算机仿真结果表明:本算法可以在不明显增加开销的情况下,有效的提高空间相关连续衰落信道下对角酉空时星座的误码率性能.     

多径衰落信道下多载波CDMA信号的频率分集接收

本文研究了多载波码分多址(Multi-Carrier CDMA)扩展频谱系统在多径衰落信道下的频率分集接收技术。文中首先研究了理想载波恢复、频率选择性瑞利衰落信道条件下多载波码分多址系统的性能,然后提出了用时间频率窗平滑来改善载波相位估计的算法,并对该算法在衰落信道下的性能进行了仿真。理论推导和计算机仿真结果说明,多载波码分多址系统的频率分集接收方案与理论上最佳的RAKE分集接收相比,性能略有下降,但接收机结构得到了简化。     

多径衰落信道的典型特征分析及仿真研究

分析了多径衰落信道的时间选择性和频率选择性,并讨论比较了多径效应和多普勒效应对信道产生的影响,从时域和频域的角度进行了仿真分析,仿真数据表明时不变多径衰落信道和时变多径衰落信道分别随着时域扩展和频域扩展的增加而使信号衰落加剧。     

MIMO系统在慢衰落信道中的实用反馈方案

提出了一种可变码长编码方式,其应用于慢衰落信道中的基于有限反馈迫零预编码的多用户MIMO系统.该方案利用了慢衰落信道中每个配置单天线的用户连续两次从码本中选择的量化信道矢量的相关性来对码本进行有效编码,从而减少了需反馈的统计平均比特数,节省了信道带宽.在满足一定条件的慢衰落信道中,在需要反馈的比特数相同的情况下,新方案比应用基于量化的天线合并算法每用户多天线的多用户MIMO系统在信道总容量方面具有更好的性能,且该编码对应于二叉树形结构的叶子,故基站可自动识别其编码,可用于实际的通信系统之中.     

多小区OFDMA系统的分布式资源分配方案

该文研究了多小区OFDMA系统中下行链路的资源分配问题,主要考虑同信道干扰和频率选择性衰落对资源分配的影响,提出一种基于基站的分布式分配方案,同时考虑用户的服务质量要求(QoS)及公平性,完成子载波和功率的联合分配。算法只要求基站间简单的子载波使用计数的信息交换,不会给系统带来很大的信令负载。仿真表明,通过调整参数,该算法可以取得不同性能间的折衷。     

一种分布式MIMO信号的发射与检测方法

在 V-BLAST结构的分布式多输入多输出(MIMO)系统中,针对发射天线地域分布所引起的发射符号异步到达接收天线的问题,给出了一种分布式 MIMO 系统的信号发射与检测方法。在慢衰落信道中,该方法利用接收端反馈的信道状态信息,采用几何平均分解(GMD)构建等对角的上三角矩阵,消除子信道间增益的不平衡。在莱斯衰落信道下的计算机仿真表明,与已有 QR分解的分层算法相比,该检测方法能够显著提升系统的误码性能。     

Phase precoding for frequency-selective Rayleigh and Rician slowlyfading channels

This paper presents a novel phase precoding (pre-equalization) technique to equalize frequency-selective Rayleigh and Rician slowly fading channels for personal communication systems using phase modulation. In order to achieve intersymbol interference (ISI)-free transmission, the precoding technique pre-distorts the signal transmitted from a base station to a portable unit. The novelty of the technique lies in using a spiral curve design: (1) to ensure the stability of the precoder even in equalizing a non-minimum-phase channel; (2) to obtain an ISI-free received signal; and (3) to keep a constant transmitted signal amplitude. Using the precoder can improve the bit-error-rate (BER) transmission performance without increasing the complexity of the portable unit receiver. The BER performance of coherent quadrature phase-shift-keying (QPSK) with the channel pre-equalization is analyzed theoretically for both Rayleigh and Rician fading channels. Analytical and simulation results demonstrate that coherent QPSK using the proposed channel precoder has a significantly lower BER than that using a conventional decision-feedback equalizer (DFE) because the precoder does not suffer from error propagation     

Interference mitigation using transmitter filters in CDMA systems

We consider the use of transmitter filters as pre-equalizers at the base station to mitigate the interference in code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems over a multipath fading channel. It is shown that the interference at the receiver of the mobile station can be mitigated by the transmitter filters and, thereby, the capacity of downlink channel can be improved. The minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) beamforming technique in antenna arrays has been utilized to find the coefficients of the interference mitigation (IM) transmitter filters. To design IM transmitter filters, we assume that the channel information is available. This can be true in the time-division duplexing (TDD) mode because of the channel reciprocity. In the frequency-division duplexing mode, the downlink channel impulse responses (CIRs) shall be be transmitted to the base station. To transmit the CIRs, we consider an encoding method. In addition, to compensate inherent feedback delay, the channel prediction is also utilized     

A simple gradient sign algorithm for transmit antenna weight adaptation with feedback

In this paper, a simple algorithm for adaptation of the complex baseband weights of a transmit antenna array using feedback from the receiver is proposed and analyzed. The system utilizes stochastic gradient adaptation to maximize the power delivered to the receiver for a constrained transmission power, which provides both fading diversity and beam steering gain. Dual perturbed transmission weight vectors are time multiplexed onto the pilot signal, and the receiver generates feedback selecting the perturbed weight vector which delivers greater power. This feedback is used to provide weight adaptation at the transmitter, and this adaptation is shown to be an update by a coarse estimate of the gradient of the delivered power. The performance of the algorithm is analyzed in terms of convergence and tracking of an AR1 fading channel, with simulations confirming the analysis. Bit error rate (BER) simulations in a dynamic fading channel show that the algorithm outperforms previously proposed vector selection feedback, and in slower fading, the algorithm substantially outperforms diversity space time coding.     

Data-aided linear prediction receiver for coherent DPSK and CPMtransmitted over Rayleigh flat-fading channels

In this paper, a new data-aided linear prediction receiver for coherent differentially encoded phase-shift keying (DPSK) and coherent continuous phase modulation (CPM) over Rayleigh flat-fading channels is presented, This receiver uses the previously detected symbols to estimate the carrier-phase reference and predict the channel gain continuously and therefore makes the optimal coherent detection of DPSK and CPM. The receiver has a simple structure and can be implemented easily. This is due partly to the fact that the linear predictors used for channel estimation do not depend on the autocorrelation function of the fading process. Simulation results on the bit error performance of QDPSK and minimum-shift keying (MSK) with the new receiver are given for both the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and the Rayleigh flat-fading channels. The results show that the proposed receiver provides almost the same bit error rate (BER) performance as the ideal coherent receiver in an AWGN channel, is very robust against large carrier frequency offset between transmitter and receiver, and can provide a reasonably good BER performance in a fast Rayleigh fading channel. Finally, a multisample receiver is discussed and its error rate performance is evaluated by means of computer simulations. The results show that the multisample receiver provides good BER performance for higher fading rate     

Exact BER analysis for M-QAM modulation with transmit beamforming under channel prediction errors

Significant throughput improvements can be obtained in multiple-inputmultiple-output (MIMO) fading channels by merging beamforming at the transmitter and maximal ratio combining (MRC) at the receiver. In general, accurate channel state information (CSI) is required to achieve these performance gains. In this paper, we analyze the impact of channel prediction error on the bit error rate (BER) of combined beamforming and MRC in slow Rayleigh fading channels. Exact closed-form BER expressions are obtained in terms of elementary functions. Numerical results show that imperfect CSI causes little BER degradation using channel prediction of moderate complexity.     

Multiuser–Multipath Detection in IDMA Based HetNet: An Adaptive Cyclic Interleaving Approach

In this paper, we introduce a method of user loading for interleave division multiple access (IDMA) based two-tier Heterogeneous network (HetNet) to achieve improved performance in terms of lower bit-error rate (BER) for active micro-cell users present in the coverage area of a macro-cell base station (BS). Based on the fading scenario, the proposed method adjusts the load distribution among the macro-cell BS and the participating micro-cell BSs in the HetNet structure to guarantee relatively low BER to the mobile users. In this study, we propose a HetNet employing an adaptive cyclic interleaving technique at the IDMA transmitter and a multiuser–multipath (MUMP) detector at the receiver to support load distribution. With the aid of cyclic interleaving, MUMP detector resolves each received multipath component through multipath detection rather than conventional single path detection. Then, via theoretical study and extensive simulations, first, we demonstrate how the cyclic interleaving mechanism introduced in IDMA transmitter exploits the diversity property of the maximal-length sequence (m-sequence). Next, the superiority of the MUMP detector over single path detectors in multipath Rayleigh fading channel is shown and also the effect of equal-gain combining (EGC) and maximal-ratio combining (MRC) schemes in system performance is analysed for different BS load distribution in IDMA based HetNet.     

Multiple antenna MMSE based downlink precoding with quantized feedback or channel mismatch

In this paper, we consider the downlink of a multiuser wireless communication system with multiple antennas at the base station and users each with a single receive antenna. It is known that when channel state information (CSI) is available at the transmitter a large performance gain can be achieved. In a system employing time-division duplexing (TDD), CSI can be obtained at the base station if there is reciprocity between the forward and reverse channels. CSI can also be conveyed from the users to the base station via a limited-rate feedback channel in a frequency-division duplexing (FDD) system. In any case, channel estimation errors are inevitable due to the presence of background noise in the estimated signal and due to the finite number of feedback bits used in a limited-rate feedback system model. In this paper, we first consider the general case when partial CSI is available at the transmitter. We derive an MMSE based precoding technique that considers channel estimation errors as an integral part of the system design. Using rate-distortion theory and the generalized Lloyd vector quantization algorithm, we then specialize our results for the more practical limited-rate feedback system model. Compared to previously proposed precoding techniques such as channel inversion and regularized channel inversion, it is shown that the proposed precoding technique significantly improves the average bit error rate (BER) in the system. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed technique is investigated in the high signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) regime, and similar to [1], [2], it is shown that the proposed technique suffers from a ceiling effect that asymptotically limits the system performance.     

A transmit MIMO scheme with frequency domain pre-equalization for wireless frequency selective channels

In this paper, we introduce a transmit multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) scheme with frequency domain pre-equalization for a multipath or frequency selective channel. In this scheme, MIMO processing in the frequency domain is performed at the transmitter or base station so that the receiver or mobile station only requires limited processing. This scheme provides high data rates and also inherits from the frequency domain equalization the property of relatively low complexity in severe multipath environments. The MIMO transmit processing is derived by minimizing the minimum mean square errors (MMSE), and expressions for the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio and error probability based on the Gaussian approximation of the interference term are provided. Some important associated issues, such as channel errors and computational complexity, are also investigated. Numerical simulations are also provided and these demonstrate the improved performance of our proposed scheme compared to other transmit MIMO schemes. In particular, they show that the proposed system can attain multipath or frequency diversity of the channel.     

A pre-BLAST-DFE technique for the downlink of frequency-selective fading MIMO channels

In this paper, we propose a pre-Bell Laboratories layered space-time (BLAST)-decision-feedback equalization technique for the downlink of frequency-selective fading multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels to combat multiple-access interference (MAI) and intersymbol interference (ISI). In our technique, we perform MIMO pre-equalization and prelayered space-time processing at the transmitter or base station, with a simplified receiver at the mobile station that requires only limited signal processing. An important application is in the downlink, so that a simplified mobile station can be constructed. An expression for the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and error probability based on the Gaussian approximation of the output noise term is derived. Performance is investigated by analysis and simulation results. In particular, it is demonstrated that the diversity order of this technique is higher than that of the MIMO orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) with vertical (V)-BLAST and MIMO OFDM with linear transmit preprocessing. It is also noticed that this technique performs better at high SNR values.     

Channel estimation for MC-CDMA uplink transmissions with combined equalization

Combined equalization has recently been proposed to enhance the error rate performance of conventional multicarrier code-division multiple-access (MC-CDMA) systems. This technique applies pre-equalization at the transmitter in conjunction with post-equalization at the receiver, thereby splitting the overall equalization process into two separate parts. In this way, efficient power allocation over the available subcarriers is possible at the transmitter, while leaving the interference cancellation task at the receiver. In this paper, we consider the uplink of an MC-CDMA system employing combined equalization. As the users transmit from different locations, the uplink signals arrive at the base station after passing through different multipath channels and the goal is to estimate the pre-equalized channel frequency response of each user. This is pursued following two different approaches. The first operates in the frequency-domain and treats the channel gains over adjacent subcarriers as independent unknown parameters. The second operates in the time-domain and achieves better performance by reducing the number of unknown parameters. Both schemes are based on maximum-likelihood reasoning and require knowledge of the transmitted symbols. Numerical examples are given to highlight the effectiveness of the proposed methods.