不同药剂对小麦赤霉病DON毒素及田间防效的影响

为了研究小麦赤霉病的防效及毒素残留,选用氰烯菌酯·戊唑醇等8种药剂对试验田块喷施,分析不同药剂、不同施药次数对DON毒素的影响。结果表明,喷施药剂的次数和时间并不影响DON毒素的含量;在毒素测定试验中,氰烯菌酯·戊唑醇能有效降低DON毒素含量,其次是氰烯菌酯,且具有持效性,但随着用药时间的推移,防效逐渐下降;最后推荐使用烯菌酯·戊唑醇在扬花初期及灌浆初期喷施2次用药。     

小麦赤霉病防治药剂研究进展

小麦赤霉病是造成小麦减产、品质下降且极具破坏性的病害之一.本文简要介绍了防治小麦赤霉病的现有药剂,如三唑类、苯并咪唑类、丙烯酸酯类等,并对戊唑醇、氰烯菌酯、多菌灵等常用品种的防效、抗性、对DON毒素防效等以及文献报道的部分活性化合物结构进行综述,为小麦赤霉病的防治工作和新农药研发提供参考.     

防治小麦赤霉病的药剂筛选研究

为了筛选防治小麦赤霉病的高效、经济、安全的药剂,进行不同药剂防治小麦赤霉病试验。结果表明:在小麦扬花期施药,25%氰烯菌酯悬浮剂1500 g/hm2对小麦赤霉病的防治效果最佳,发病率为23.13%,病指防效达78.01%;59.7%咪锰.多菌灵可湿性粉剂450 g/hm2的防效次之,发病率为29.93%,病指防效为70.18%;而对照药剂40%多.酮可湿性粉剂1500 g/hm2的发病率高达46.71%,病指防效仅为54.27%。     

几种新型药剂防控小麦赤霉病田间药效评价

为筛选防治小麦赤霉病的高效、安全药剂,选用7种药剂进行了田间药效试验。结果表明:在小麦扬花初期(扬花率10%)和第1次药后5 d分别用药,48%甲硫·戊唑醇SC 1500 mL/hm~2、25%吡唑醚菌酯SC 900 mL/hm~2、17%唑醚·氟环唑SE 750 mL/hm~2、75%肟菌·戊唑醇WG 225 g/hm~2对小麦赤霉病的防效较高,且促生长、防早衰效果明显。     

小麦赤霉病防治药剂筛选结果初报

对4种药剂进行了防治小麦赤霉病的田间试验。结果表明:小麦初花期用药1次,50%多·酮WP 1050~3150 g/hm2、25%氰烯菌酯SC 1500~3000 mL/hm2及25%戊唑醇EW 1200mL/hm2防效均超过70%,明显高于25%戊唑醇EW其它处理和25%咪鲜胺EC防效;小麦初花期和盛花期各用药1次,防效进一步提高,50%多·酮WP和25%氰烯菌酯SC各处理防效均在88%以上,与25%咪鲜胺EC、25%戊唑醇EW药剂处理间差异极显著。在赤霉病流行年份,50%多·酮WP、25%氰烯菌酯SC是防治小麦赤霉病的有效药剂。     

恶唑禾草灵在小麦及土壤环境中的残留与降解研究

报道了除草剂恶唑禾草灵（骠马）及其代谢产物残留的检测方法,以及在小麦和麦田土壤中的降解规律,在小麦苗期、分蘖末期经后,骠马在麦苗和土壤中降解较快,半衰期（Ｔ１／２）１．５ｄ左右,代谢物的降解却比母体化合物缓慢,麦苗上的Ｔ１／２为３ｄ左右 中为３～５ｄ,土壤中为３～５ｄ。无论是在小麦苗期或分蘖末期施药,收获时,骠主代 物在麦粒中的残留量均≤０．０１ｍｇ／ｋｇ。     

防治小麦赤霉病的药剂筛选

以小麦赤霉病为靶标,研究比较了9种原药的室内活性和9种制剂的田间防效,为选择田间用药提供科学依据。室内活性采用菌丝生长速率法,田间防效采用喷雾法。室内生物活性结果表明:9种原药对小麦赤霉病的EC50为0.041 1~0.586 3 mg/L,其中咪鲜胺铜盐活性最高,多菌灵活性最低。田间药效结果表明:50%多菌灵WP 750.0~1 125.0 g/hm2(有效成分用量,下同)防效为76.11%~90.78%,25%氰烯菌酯SC 375.0~750.0 g/hm2防效为85.49%~97.37%,450g/L咪鲜胺EW 168.8~236.3 g/hm2防效为75.43%~88.57%,80%戊唑醇WP 75.0~125.0 g/hm2防效为76.11%~89.59%。复配剂20%氰烯·己唑醇SC 240.0~420.0 g/hm2防效为93.22%~98.62%,48%氰烯·戊唑醇SC 240.0~420.0 g/hm2防效为91.57%~99.67%,40%戊唑·多菌灵SC 300.0~420.0 g/hm2防效为66.89%~86.52%,40%戊唑·咪鲜胺SC 150.0~210.0 g/hm2防效为74.91%~87.37%,48%甲硫·戊唑醇SC 216.0~432.0 g/hm2防效为71.67%~85.32%,5个复配剂防效均优于或相当于相应单剂的防效,且优于多菌灵。防治小麦赤霉病,单剂优选戊唑醇、咪鲜胺、氰烯菌酯,复配剂优选48%氰烯·戊唑醇SC、40%戊唑·咪鲜胺SC等。     

不同杀菌剂防治小麦赤霉病的田间筛选试验

为筛选防治小麦赤霉病的高效药剂,对25%氰烯菌酯SC、42%咪鲜·甲硫灵WP、50%咪鲜胺WP、400 g/L戊唑·咪鲜胺EW和25%多·酮WP进行筛选试验。试验证明:25%氰烯菌酯SC、42%咪鲜·甲硫灵WP和25%多·酮WP对小麦赤霉病的防治效果较好,其用药适期为小麦齐穗扬花期,最佳用药量为25%氰烯菌酯SC 1500 mL/hm2、42%咪鲜·甲硫灵WP 1200 g/hm2和25%多·酮WP 1800 g/hm2,最终防治效果均在85%以上。     

宿州市小麦赤霉病发生特点及防控对策探讨

近年来宿州市小麦赤霉病由偶发病害上升为常发病害,对粮食生产安全造成严重威胁。为摸清小麦赤霉病的发生特点,本文结合安徽省宿州市小麦生产实际,从小麦品种、防治时期及次数、茬口等方面进行了调查和分析,剖析重发原因,提出防控对策。     

小麦穗期主要使用药剂农药残留超标风险探析

为了解小麦穗期主要施用农药残留超标的风险,选取了50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂、25%氰烯菌酯悬浮剂、40%戊唑·多菌灵悬浮剂、50%多菌灵悬浮剂、30%戊唑·福美双可湿性粉剂在小麦穗期用药1~3次,考察其最终残留量。试样验结果表明,施用多菌灵的处理,不同的用药次数、用药剂量,小麦籽粒中均能检测出多菌灵残留,而氰烯菌酯、戊唑醇、福美双均为未检出。     

Nicotinamide Effectively Suppresses Fusarium Head Blight in Wheat Plants

Pyridine nucleotides such as a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) are known as plant defense activators. We previously reported that nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) enhanced disease resistance against fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum in barley and Arabidopsis. In this study, we reveal that the pretreatment of nicotinamide (NIM), which does not contain nucleotides, effectively suppresses disease development of Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) in wheat plants. Correspondingly, deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxin accumulation was also significantly decreased by NIM pretreatment. A metabolome analysis showed that several antioxidant and antifungal compounds such as trigonelline were significantly accumulated in the NIM-pretreated spikes after inoculation of F. graminearum. In addition, some metabolites involved in the DNA hypomethylation were accumulated in the NIM-pretreated spikes. On the other hand, fungal metabolites DON and ergosterol peroxide were significantly reduced by the NIM pretreatment. Since NIM is relative stable and inexpensive compared with NMN and NAD, it may be more useful for the control of symptoms of FHB and DON accumulation in wheat and other crops.     

Specific Mycoparasite-Fusarium Graminearum Molecular Signatures in Germinating Seeds Disabled Fusarium Head Blight Pathogen’s Infection

Advances in Infrared (IR) spectroscopies have entered a new era of research with applications in phytobiome, plant microbiome and health. Fusarium graminearum 3-ADON is the most aggressive mycotoxigenic chemotype causing Fusarium head blight (FHB) in cereals; while Sphaerodes mycoparasitica is the specific Fusarium mycoparasite with biotrophic lifestyle discovered in cereal seeds and roots. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses depicted shifts in the spectral peaks related to mycoparasitism mainly within the region of proteins, lipids, also indicating a link between carbohydrates and protein regions, involving potential phenolic compounds. Especially, S. mycoparasitica contributes to significant changes in lipid region 3050–2800 cm⁻¹, while in the protein region, an increasing trend was observed for the peaks 1655–1638 cm⁻¹ (amide I) and 1549–1548 cm⁻¹ (amide II) with changes in indicative protein secondary structures. Besides, the peak extending on the region 1520–1500 cm⁻¹ insinuates a presence of aromatic compounds in presence of mycoparasite on the F. graminearum root sample. Monitoring shift in improved seed germination, fungus-fungus interface through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and FTIR molecular signatures combined with principal component analysis (PCA) proved useful tools to detect an early mycoparasitism as a vital asset of the preventive biocontrol strategy against plant pathogens.     

Linking Multi-Omics to Wheat Resistance Types to Fusarium Head Blight to Reveal the Underlying Mechanisms

Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium graminearum is a worldwide disease which has destructive effects on wheat production, resulting in severe yield reduction and quality deterioration, while FHB-infected wheat grains are toxic to people and animals due to accumulation of fungal toxins. Although impressive progress towards understanding host resistance has been achieved, our knowledge of the mechanism underlying host resistance is still quite limited due to the complexity of wheat–pathogen interactions. In recent years, disease epidemics, the resistance germplasms and components, the genetic mechanism of FHB, and disease management and control, etc., have been well reviewed. However, the resistance mechanism of FHB is quite complex with Type I, II to V resistances. In this review, we focus on the potential resistance mechanisms by linking different resistance types to multi-omics and emphasize the pathways or genes that may play significant roles in the different types of resistance. Deciphering the complicated mechanism of FHB resistance types in wheat at the integral levels based on multi-omics may help discover the genes or pathways that are critical for different FHB resistance, which could then be utilized and manipulated to improve FHB resistance in wheat breeding programs by using transgenic approaches, gene editing, or marker assisted selection strategies.     

三唑磷在水中消解和残留动态研究

研究了三唑磷在水中的残留测定方法及三唑磷在pH 5、pH 7、pH 9水中的消解动态。样品以正己烷提取,经无水硫酸钠干燥后用气相色谱(带FPD检测器)测定,0.1~20 g/ml的平均回收率为81.39%~ 95.38%。三唑磷在水中的降解率与水的pH有关,三唑磷在碱性水中降解较快(84.99%),在酸性水中降解较慢(61.43%);其在pH 5、pH 7、pH 9水中的半衰期分别为20.8、13.7、10.7d。     

Major Facilitator Superfamily Transporter Gene FgMFS1 Is Essential for Fusarium graminearum to Deal with Salicylic Acid Stress and for Its Pathogenicity towards Wheat

Wheat is a major staple food crop worldwide, due to its total yield and unique processing quality. Its grain yield and quality are threatened by Fusarium head blight (FHB), which is mainly caused by Fusarium graminearum. Salicylic acid (SA) has a strong and toxic effect on F. graminearum and is a hopeful target for sustainable control of FHB. F. graminearum is capable of efficientdealing with SA stress. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we characterized FgMFS1 (FGSG_03725), a major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter gene in F. graminearum. FgMFS1 was highly expressed during infection and was upregulated by SA. The predicted three-dimensional structure of the FgMFS1 protein was consistent with the schematic for the antiporter. The subcellular localization experiment indicated that FgMFS1 was usually expressed in the vacuole of hyphae, but was alternatively distributed in the cell membrane under SA treatment, indicating an element of F. graminearum in response to SA. ΔFgMFS1 (loss of function mutant of FgMFS1) showed enhanced sensitivity to SA, less pathogenicity towards wheat, and reduced DON production under SA stress. Re-introduction of a functional FgMFS1 gene into ∆FgMFS1 recovered the mutant phenotypes. Wheat spikes inoculated with ΔFgMFS1 accumulated more SA when compared to those inoculated with the wild-type strain. Ecotopic expression of FgMFS1 in yeast enhanced its tolerance to SA as expected, further demonstrating that FgMFS1 functions as an SA exporter. In conclusion, FgMFS1 encodes an SA exporter in F. graminearum, which is critical for its response to wheat endogenous SA and pathogenicity towards wheat.     

春雷霉素在水稻上的残留与消解动态研究

为了评价春雷霉素在水稻上使用的安全性,建立其使用规范,2010-2011年在河南、黑龙江和江苏3地进行了10%春雷霉素可湿性粉剂在水稻上的消解动态和最终残留试验。消解动态试验结果表明:春雷霉素在水稻田水和植株中的半衰期分别为0.97².70 d和1.002.70 d和1.00².18 d。最终残留试验表明:10%春雷霉素可湿性粉剂按推荐剂量(40 g/hm2)和1.5倍推荐剂量(60 g/hm2)在病害发生期施药32.18 d。最终残留试验表明:10%春雷霉素可湿性粉剂按推荐剂量(40 g/hm2)和1.5倍推荐剂量(60 g/hm2)在病害发生期施药3⁴次,末次施药后14,21,28 d,春雷霉素在糙米中残留量≤0.022 mg/kg,稻壳中≤0.269 mg/kg,植株中≤0.159 mg/kg,土壤中≤0.005 mg/kg。     

乙酰甲胺磷残留光降解的动力学研究

对水中的乙酰甲胺磷残留在不同光强和pH条件下的降解及动力学情况进行了研究.结果表明,乙酰甲胺磷在水中的降解与光强和水的pH关系密切,太阳光条件下比水中的降解明显加快;碱性水中乙酰甲胺磷降解较快,酸性水中降解相对较慢;室温下,在pH为4.0、7.0、9.0水中乙酰甲胺磷避光条件下降解速率常数分别为5.4×10-3、 2.24×10-2、 6.49×10-2d-1,半衰期分别为128.36d、 30.94d、 10.68d;太阳光下在pH为4.0、7.0、9.0水中降解速率常数分别为3.92×10-2, 4.0910-2, 6.14×10-2h-1,半衰期分别为17.68h、 16.95h、 11.29h.     

Development and Molecular Cytogenetic Identification of Two Wheat-Aegilops geniculata Roth 7Mg Chromosome Substitution Lines with Resistance to Fusarium Head Blight,Powdery Mildew and Stripe Rust

Fusarium head blight (Fhb), powdery mildew, and stripe rust are major wheat diseases globally. Aegilops geniculata Roth (U^gU^gM^gM^g, 2n = 4x = 28), a wild relative of common wheat, is valuable germplasm of disease resistance for wheat improvement and breeding. Here, we report the development and characterization of two substitution accessions with high resistance to powdery mildew, stripe rust and Fhb (W623 and W637) derived from hybrid progenies between Ae. geniculata and hexaploid wheat Chinese Spring (CS). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), Genomic in situ hybridizations (GISH), and sequential FISH-GISH studies indicated that the two substitution lines possess 40 wheat chromosomes and 2 Ae. geniculata chromosomes. Furthermore, compared that the wheat addition line parent W166, the 2 alien chromosomes from W623 and W637 belong to the 7M^g chromosomes of Ae. geniculata via sequential FISH-GISH and molecular marker analysis. Nullisomic-tetrasomic analysis for homoeologous group-7 of wheat and FISH revealed that the common wheat chromosomes 7A and 7B were replaced in W623 and W637, respectively. Consequently, lines W623, in which wheat chromosomes 7A were replaced by a pair of Ae. geniculata 7M^g chromosomes, and W637, which chromosomes 7B were substituted by chromosomes 7M^g, with resistance to Fhb, powdery mildew, and stripe rust. This study has determined that the chromosome 7M^g from Ae. geniculata exists genes resistant to Fhb and powdery mildew.     

吡虫啉在蔬菜上的残留及动态研究

概述了吡虫啉（ｉｍｉｄａｃｌａｐｒｉｄ）在蔬菜上残留量的测定方法。样品以二氯甲烷为提取剂,氧化铝柱净化,反相高效液相色谱法测定。空白样品添加０．００３￣０．００９ｍｇ的平均回收率为８９．３０％￣９５．６７％。最终残留量均低于０．０１ｍｋ／ｋｇ。降解半衰期２．１￣２．９天。     

过碳酸钠对菊酯类农药降解作用的研究

通过高效液相色谱法分析了过碳酸钠对甲氰菊酯和高效氯氟氰菊酯降解效率的影响因素。结果表明,随着过碳酸钠量的增加和温度的升高,农药的降解率增大;在碱性条件和酸性条件下,农药的降解率比在中性条件下大。通过对菊酯农药在酸性、中性、碱性条件下动力学的研究,证明菊酯农药降解的动力学方程都基本能满足一级动力学方程,且降解速率常数由小到大依次为k中性〈k酸性〈k碱性。