生物质气化焦油生成碳黑的实验研究

生物质气化焦油有还原NO的作用。在小型管流反应器上进行的生物质气化气焦油还原NO的过程中有碳黑产生,对试验产生影响。碳黑对人体健康也极具危害。虽有研究表明碳黑有还原NO的作用,但其效果不如焦油裂解之后的小分子永久气体还原NO的效果好,因此再燃过程中有必要对碳黑生成进行控制。对几种典型的生物质焦油模型化合物（苯、甲苯、苯乙烯）燃烧生成碳黑的重要起始参数进行实验测定,得到不同再燃温度条件下（900～1400℃）,苯、甲苯和苯乙烯燃烧生成碳黑的起始碳氧比。本试验结果将对含焦油的生物质气化气再燃试验起到指导作用。     

含焦油生物质气再燃还原燃煤锅炉NOx的试验研究

搭建了10kW上吸式生物质气化炉和20kW煤粉沉降炉组成的生物质气化再燃试验系统,分析了不同再燃条件下含焦油生物质气再燃还原燃煤锅炉NOx的特性．结果表明：气化过程中产生的焦油在再燃过程中会裂解生成高热值的烃类气体,这些烃类气体还原NOx的效果明显;当过量空气系数较小、再燃温度较高时,NOx的还原效率较高,试验中最高还原效率超过80％;采用生物质气化再燃的方式既可以解决焦油难处理的问题,又可以提高生物质能量的转化效率,同时可高效降低燃煤锅炉NOx的排放量．     

Numerical Study on Biomass Gas Reburning in a 600 MW Supercritical Coal-fired Boiler

利用FLUENT数值软件对某电厂600 MW超临界前后墙对冲旋流燃煤锅炉进行了600℃时玉米秆气化气、稻秆气化气和小麦秆气化气再燃的数值模拟,研究了不同生物质气化气、再燃量对炉内燃烧、炉膛出口烟气温度及NO、CO2、CO生成的影响.结果表明：小麦秆气、玉米秆气、稻秆气的最大脱氮率分别是41%、40%、38%;随着生物质气体再燃量的增加炉膛出口CO2、NO排放浓度降低,温度和CO浓度升高;生物质气体再燃能有效降低NO排放浓度,而且对锅炉的正常运行影响较小;麦秆气、玉米秆气和稻秆气的脱氮率依次降低.     

化学当量比对地下气化煤气再燃脱硝的影响

在某电厂地下气化发电示范工程中,为了揭示地下气化煤气作为再燃燃料还原氮氧化物的影响规律,利用气体反应器实验装置进行了地下气化煤气在再燃过程中降低氮氧化物的机理特性研究.在实验结果表明不同停留时间和不同温度水平下,再燃区的化学当量比是影响NO.还原效率的关键因素;在工程应用中,再燃区的化学当量比推荐为0.85.     

停留时间对微细煤粉再燃还原NO效率的影响

以 4种细度的混煤 (烟煤与褐煤 )微细煤粉作为再燃燃料 ,用N2 、O2 、CO2 和NO配制模拟烟气 ,在 13 0 0℃立式管式携带炉中 ,对停留时间与再燃还原NO效率的关系进行了实验研究 ,分析了停留时间对再燃还原NO效率的影响机制 .在前 0 .8s内随停留时间的增加 ,NO还原率增加幅度较大 ,当停留时间继续增加时 ,NO还原效率增加幅度较小 .使用较细的煤粉可以适当缩短煤粉在再燃区的停留时间 .但是 ,如果低于 0 .6s ,NO的还原效率会大幅度下降 ,煤粉燃尽率也会降低 .这是因为煤粉的热解、挥发分的释放、NO的还原以及煤粉的燃烧需要一定的反应时间 .为使这些反应得以充分进行 ,0 .8s的停留时间是必需的     

温度对超细煤焦再燃还原NO效率的影响

以超细煤粉制作的煤焦作为再燃燃料,用N2、O2、CO2、NO配制模拟烟气,在立式管式携带炉中,研究了温度对再燃降低NO效率的影响。结果表明,在实验温度范围内,随着再燃区温度的增加,再燃还原NO效率增大,化学动力学是控制超细煤粉再燃还原NO化学反应速率的重要因素;提高再燃区温度可以适当缩短停留时间,但不能低于0.6 s,否则NO还原效率会大幅度下降,同时燃尽率也会下降;在煤粉再燃过程中,煤焦再燃还原NO占有重要地位。     

生物质炭再燃脱硝特性的试验研究

以木片炭和木屑混合物(WCC)、稻秆(RS)、桑树枝炭(MBC)和竹炭(BMC)为原料,利用携带流再燃脱硝试验装置,在NO初始体积分数为1×10-4～3×10-4条件下,研究了生物质炭再燃脱硝特性,分析了再燃燃料种类、再燃燃料粒径、再燃区反应温度t2、停留时间τ等因素对再燃脱硝效率的影响.结果表明:对于4种试验用生物质,WCC再燃脱硝效果最好,其脱硝效率为63.4%,RS和BMC次之,MBC没有脱硝效果;随着再燃燃料粒径的减小,再燃脱硝效果趋好;随着NO初始体积分数的减小,再燃脱硝效率降低,当NO初始体积分数低于1×10-4时,RS再燃脱硝效率反而升高;当t2=950～1 250℃时,WCC再燃脱硝效率随再燃区温度的升高而提高;在τ=0.4～0.8s时,随着τ的缩短,生物质再燃脱硝效率下降,当τ=0.4s时,再燃脱硝效率小于10%.为了保证一定的再燃脱硝效率,建议WCC再燃区反应温度和停留时间分别保持在1 150℃和0.8s.     

停留时间对微细化煤焦再燃还原NO效率的影响

以4种细度的混煤(烟煤与褐煤)煤焦作为再燃燃料,用N_2、O_2、CO_2和NO配制模拟烟气,在1300℃的立式管式携带炉中,对停留时间与再燃还原NO效率的关系进行了实验研究,分析了停留时间对再燃还原NO效率的影响机制。结果表明,随着再燃停留时间的延长,NO还原效率增大;煤焦再燃还原NO的适宜停留时间约为0.8～1.0s.     

采用微细煤焦再燃还原NO的反应机理

以3种细度的混煤煤焦作为再燃燃料,用N2、O2、CO2和NO配制模拟烟气,在1200℃、1300℃和1400℃立管式携带炉中进行了再燃还原NO的实验研究,对其化学反应机理进行了分析.结果表明:微细化煤焦再燃还原NO的反应速率受扩散-反应动力学的联合控制.因此,提高再燃区温度水平、使用反应活性高的煤焦或提高再燃煤焦的细度,均能明显提高再燃还原NO的化学反应速率.     

生物质气流床气化制取合成气的试验研究

利用一套小型生物质层流气流床气化系统,研究了稻壳、红松、水曲柳和樟木松4种生物质在不同反应温度、氧气/生物质比率(O/B)、水蒸汽/生物质比率(S/B)以及停留时间下对合成气成分、碳转化率、H2/CO以及CO/CO2比率的影响.研究表明4种生物质在常压气流床气化生成合成气最佳O/B范围为0.2～0.3(气化温度.1300℃),高温气化时合成气中CH4含量很低,停留时间为1.6s时其气化反应基本完毕.加大水蒸汽含量可增加H2/CO比率,在S/B为0.8时H2/CO比率都在1以上,但水蒸汽的过多引入会影响煤气产率.气化温度是生物质气流床气化最重要的影响因素之一.     

Effect of design and operating parameters on the gasification process of biomass in a downdraft fixed bed: An experimental study

The main objective of this paper is to study the effect of design and operating parameters, mainly reactor geometry, equivalence ratio and biomass feeding rate, on the performance of the gasification process of biomass in a three air stage continuous fixed bed downdraft reactor. The gasification of corn straw was carried out in the gasifier under atmospheric pressure, using air as gasifying agent. The results demonstrated that due to the three stage of air supply, a high and uniform temperature was achieved in the oxidation and reduction zones for better tar cracking. The designing of both the air supply system and rotating grate avoided bridging and channeling. The gas composition and tar yield were affected by the parameters including equivalence ratio (ER) and biomass feeding rate. When biomass feeding rate was 7.5 kg/h and ER was 0.25–0.27, the product gas of the gasifier attained a good condition with lower heating value (LHV) about 5400 kJ/m³ and cold gas efficiency about 65%. An increase in equivalence ratio led to higher temperature which in turn resulted in lower tar yield which was only 0.52 g/Nm³ at ER = 0.32. Increasing biomass feeding rate led to higher biomass consumption rate and process temperature. However, excessively high feeding rate was unbeneficial for biomass gasification cracking and reforming reactions, which led to a decrease in H₂ and CO concentrations and an increase in tar yield. When ER was 0.27, with an increase of biomass feeding rate from 5.8 kg/h to 9.3 kg/h, the lower heating value decreased from 5455.5 kJ/Nm³ to 5253.2 kJ/Nm³ and tar yield increased from 0.82 g/Nm³ to 2.78 g/Nm³.     

生物质热燃气多孔介质直燃机理与脱焦特性研究

为研究含焦油的生物质热燃气在多孔介质中的燃烧机理与焦油燃烧脱除特性,采用固相实体颗粒堆积法模拟多孔介质,通过分析燃烧过程中反应器内温度、热流密度以及反应动力学速率等参数场的分布特征,揭示了当量比对生物质热燃气多孔介质燃烧过程的显著影响作用.研究表明,焦油燃烧脱除过程中直接氧化反应速率高是决定焦油出口浓度小、转化率高的关...     

稻壳连续热解特性研究

在自行研制的生物质连续热解反应装置上进行稻壳连续热解和二次裂解实验研究。随着稻壳热解温度的提高,炭产率降低,气体产率增加,液体产率先增加后减少;随着滞留时间的减少,炭产率、液体产率增加,气体产率减少。稻壳热解气以CO2和CO为主,且二者为竞争关系,热解温度提高,CO2产量降低,CH4、H2、C2H4、C2H6产量增加,CO的产率变化不大;滞留时间对热解气组分影响不大。二次裂解温度提高,裂解气中的H2、CH4、C2H4含量明显增加,二次裂解温度为800℃时,H2产率达到12%。稻壳500℃热解挥发物600℃二次裂解木醋液中醋酸含量高达49.44%,焦油中检测到的物质主要为丙酮和异丙醇。     

水合肼净化烟气NOx过程的影响因素分析

采用反应动力学和计算流体力学软件对水合肼还原高温烟气中NOx过程进行了模拟计算。根据模拟结果分析了烟气温度、N2H4／NO摩尔比、烟气中氧含量、停留时间、烟气中NO初始浓度以及水合肼溶液的浓度对NO净化效率的影响。分析结果发现：N2H4／NO摩尔比取0．8,使用质量分数为5％浓度的水合肼溶液喷加到1023K的烟气中并且保证停留时间尽量长,可以取得最好的NO净化效果。分析结果可以为实际操作提供指导。     

Comparative analysis of biomass and coal based co-gasification processes with and without CO2 capture for HT-PEMFCs

With the seasonal availability and low energy density of biomass and the high environmental impact of coal, the co-gasification of biomass and coal is an alternative approach facilitating a trade-off between renewable and non-renewable resources. The aim of this study was to investigate hydrogen production from the co-gasification of biomass and coal integrated by means of the sorption-enhanced water gas shift reactor (G-SEWGS) for a high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC). The effects of the gasifier temperature, the steam to fuel ratio (S/F ratio), and the equivalence ratio (ER) on the hydrogen production performance and environmental impact of the G-SEWGS were theoretically analysed and compared with the conventional gasifier integrated with the water gas shift reactor (G-WGS) and the sorption-enhanced gasifier integrated with the water gas shift reactor (SEG-WGS). As compared to the conventional water gas shift reactor, the addition of a CaO sorbent in the modified water gas shift reactor not only reduces the amount of the CO₂ emission but also leads to an increase in the hydrogen concentration and hydrogen content. The G-SEWGS provides better performance in terms of its fuel processor efficiency and CO₂ emission than the G-WGS and the SEG-WGS. Also, the problem of sulphur compound in the hydrogen-rich gas can be reduced by using of the sorption-enhanced water gas shift reactor (SEWGS). The best system exergy efficiency, which was around 22% for the power generation, was determined from the HT-PEMFC integrated with the G-SEWGS. The main exergy destruction of around 70% of the total loss was caused by hydrogen production processes.     

Hydrogen-rich gas production from biomass steam gasification in an updraft fixed-bed gasifier combined with a porous ceramic reformer

This paper investigates the hydrogen-rich gas produced from biomass employing an updraft gasifier with a continuous biomass feeder. A porous ceramic reformer was combined with the gasifier for producer gas reforming. The effects of gasifier temperature, equivalence ratio (ER), steam to biomass ratio (S/B), and porous ceramic reforming on the gas characteristic parameters (composition, density, yield, low heating value, and residence time, etc.) were investigated. The results show that hydrogen-rich syngas with a high calorific value was produced, in the range of 8.10–13.40 MJ/Nm³, and the hydrogen yield was in the range of 45.05–135.40 g H₂/kg biomass. A higher temperature favors the hydrogen production. With the increasing gasifier temperature varying from 800 to 950 °C, the hydrogen yield increased from 74.84 to 135.4 g H₂/kg biomass. The low heating values first increased and then decreased with the increased ER from 0 to 0.3. A steam/biomass ratio of 2.05 was found as the optimum in the all steam gasification runs. The effect of porous ceramic reforming showed the water-soluble tar produced in the porous ceramic reforming, the conversion ratio of total organic carbon (TOC) contents is between 22.61% and 50.23%, and the hydrogen concentration obviously higher than that without porous ceramic reforming.     

煤粉再燃过程对煤焦异相还原NO的影响

利用高温携带流反应装置,研究了煤种(包括褐煤、烟煤和贫煤)、再燃区内反应温度、煤粉粒径、一次燃烧区空气过量系数SR1和再燃区空气过量系数SR2对煤焦异相还原NO作用的影响,探讨了煤焦异相还原NO的机理.结果表明:随着SR2和煤粉粒径的减小以及再燃区反应温度的提高,煤粉NO还原效率增加;在相同的SR2下,随着煤中挥发分含量的提高,煤粉粒径的增加和再燃区反应温度的降低,煤焦异相还原NO贡献上升;对于相同再燃燃料份额:SR1=1.0和SR1=1.2时煤焦异相还原NO的贡献均大于SR1=1.1时的异相还原NO的贡献.     

Syngas production by non-catalytic reforming of biogas with steam addition under filtration combustion mode

Biogas conversion to syngas (mainly H₂ and CO) is considered an upgrade method that yields a fuel with a higher energy density. Studies on syngas production were conducted on an inert porous media reactor under a filtration combustion mode of biogas with steam addition, as a non-catalytic method for biogas valorization. The reactor was operated under a constant filtration velocity of 34.4 cm/s, equivalence ratio of 2.0, and biogas concentration of 60 vol% Natural Gas/40 vol% CO₂, while the steam to carbon ratio (S/C) was varied between 0.0 and 2.0. Total volumetric flow remained constant at 7 L/min. Combustion wave temperature and propagation rate, product gas composition, reactants conversion as well as H₂ and CO selectivity were measured as a function of S/C ratio. Chromatographic parameters, method validation and measurement uncertainty were developed and optimized. It was observed that S/C ratio of 2.0 gave optimal results under studied conditions for biogas conversion, leading to maximum concentrations of 10.34 vol% H₂, 9.98 vol% CO and highest thermal efficiency of 64.2% associated with a modified EROI of 46.3%, which considered energy consumption for steam supply. Conclusions indicated that the increment of the steam co-fed with the reactants favored the non-catalytic conversion of biogas and thus resulted in an effective fuel upgrading.