Prediction of boundary shear stress distribution in straight open channels using velocity distribution

Conventional methods for measuring local shear stress on the wetted perimeter of open channels are related to the measurement of the very low velocity close to the boundary.Measuring near-zero velocity values with high fluctuations has always been a difficult task for fluid flow near solid boundaries.To solve the observation problems,a new model was developed to estimate the distribution of boundary shear stress from the velocity distribution in open channels with different cross-sectional shapes.To estimate the shear stress at a point on the wetted perimeter by the model,the velocity must be measured at a point with a known normal distance to the boundary.The experimental work of some other researchers on channels with various cross-sectional shapes,including rectangular,trapezoidal,partially full circular,and compound shapes,was used to evaluate the performance of the proposed model.Optimized exponent coefficients for the model were found using the multivariate Newton method with the minimum of the mean absolute percentage error(MAPE) between the model and experimental data as the objective function.Subsequently,the calculated shear stress distributions along the wetted perimeter were compared with the experimental data.The most important advantage of the proposed model is its inherent simplicity.The mean MAPE value for the seven selected cross-sections was 6.9%.The best results were found in the cross-sections with less discontinuity of the wetted perimeter,including the compound,trapezoidal,and partially full circular pipes.In contrast,for the rectangular cross-section with an angle between the bed and walls of 90°,MAPE increased due to the large discontinuities.     

矩形断面明渠流速分布的研究及应用

通过对矩形断面明渠流速分布的理论分析与试验研究，建立了明渠沿垂线流速的分布公式和沿横向流速的乘幂函数分布公式以及相关系数的确定方法。经不同水槽、渠道流速资料的验证，表明提出的明渠流速分布律与实际分布特点一致，测点流速相对误差比较小，可以很好满足明渠流量测量的精度要求。在此基础上提出了对明渠渠道进行流速、流量连续测量的计算方法，对简化明渠测流工作量、提高明渠测流精度具有实际应用价值。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF STRESS-INDUCED SECONDARY FLOWS WITH HYBRID FINITE ANALYTIC METHOD

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细颗粒原状土起动流速试验研究

为了得到更为客观科学的泥沙基本活动规律,利用有压矩形管进行了细颗粒泥沙起动试验。试验结果表明,管内水压力对细颗粒泥沙的起动有重要影响,水压力越大,管中泥沙起动断面平均流速和起动切应力越大。根据有压矩形管的水流分布特性和水压特点,将矩形管中水流转换为普通明渠水流,转换得到的明渠中泥沙起动垂线平均流速与试验矩形管中泥沙起动断面平均流速基本相同,验证了利用有压矩形管进行细颗粒泥沙起动流速试验的可行性和代表性。在试验矩形管与实际明渠的泥沙起动流速转换过程中,并未考虑不同水柱高度下曼宁糙率系数的变化,这方面还有待进一步研究。     

FLOW STRUCTURE IN PARTIALLY VEGETATED RECTANGULAR CHANNELS

This article discusses the transverse distributions of the depth averaged velocity and the Reynolds stress in a steady uniform flow in partially vegetated rectangular channels. The momentum equation is expressed in dimensionless form and solved to obtain the depth averaged velocity. The analytical solution of the velocity in dimensionless form shows that the depth-averaged velocity is determined by gravity and its distribution is mainly determined by the frictions due to water or vegetations. The analytical solution of the Reynolds stress is also obtained. A relationship between the second flow and the inertia is established and it is assumed that the former is proportional to the square of the depth averaged velocity. The Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (Micro ADV) was used to measure the steady uniform flow with emergent artificial rigid vegetation. Comparisons between the measured data and the computed results show that our method does well in predicting the transverse distributions of the stream-wise velocity and the Reynolds stress in rectangular channels with partially vegetations.     

3D CFD validation of invert trap efficiency for sewer solid management using VOF model

Earlier investigators have numerically carried out performance analysis of the invert trap fitted in an open channel using the stochastic discrete phase model(DPM) by assuming the open channel flow to be closed conduit flow under pressure and assuming zero shear stress at the top wall.This is known as the fixed lid model.By assuming the top wall to be a shear free wall,they have been able to show that the velocity distribution looks similar to that of an open channel flow with zero velocity at the bottom and maximum velocity at the top,representing the free water surface,but no information has been provided for the pressure at the free water surface.Because of this assumption,the validation of the model in predicting the trap efficiency has performed significantly poorly.In addition,the free water surface subject to zero gauge pressure cannot be modeled using the fixed lid model because there is no provision of extra space in the form of air space for the fluctuating part of the water surface profile.It can.however,be modeled using the volume of fluid(VOF) model because the VOF model is the appropriate model for open channel or free surface flow.Therefore,in the present study,three-dimensional(3D) computational fluid dynamics(CFD) modeling with the VOF model,which considers open channel flow with a free water surface,along with the stochastic DPM.was used to model the trap efficiency of an invert trap fitted in an open rectangular channel.The governing mathematical flow equations of the VOF model were solved using the ANSYS Fluent 14.0 software,reproducing the experimental conditions exactly.The results show that the 3D CFD predictions using the VOF model closely fit the experimental data for glass bead particles.     

矩形明渠三维紊流的数值模拟

在明渠三维流动中，紊流产生的二次流起关键作用，它对主流流场分布，壁面应力及污染物的扩散有很大影响，有时还影响床面的稳定，Ｋ－ε紊流模型及类似的双方程模型不能计算这种二次流动。本文将非线性Ｋ－ε紊流模型用于明渠三维紊流的计算，模型用张量形式推出，比代数应力模型更易推广到复杂边界流动，应用这一模型及另两种代数应力模型对矩形明渠流动进行计算，所得结果，尤其是表述紊流特征的量，与实测资料进行了详细比较，并     

明渠岸边横向取水口的三维数值计算

本文是在明渠岸边横向取水口的试验研究基础上的配套数值模拟。采用雷诺平均的N—S方程，以各向异性的雷诺应力模型(RSM)封闭方程组，用SIMPLEC算法对压力—速度场求解。计算结果与试验实测结果吻合较好，反映了此项模拟的可信性，可籍以扩大、分析一些运动规律。数值计算结果启示了横向取水口水流的复杂三维流动特性，据之对取水口附近水流各区的划分、水流的分离和反向流动、螺旋流以及床面剪应力的分布等复杂水力和泥沙输移物理现象有了进一步认识。     

黏性原状土起动流速试验研究

针对黏性原状土难以被水流起动、冲刷的特点,设计了专门的封闭矩形管道,使水流的平均流速完全满足黏性原状土起动、冲刷的要求。在水槽满足起动冲刷要求的前提下,采用粒子测速系统（PIV）对管道断面流速分布进行了测量,分析论证了管道的阻力规律,并比较了有压管道与开敞水槽试验结果。分析结果认为,在水流流速不是太大时,有压管道的阻力规律符合对数律。在通过试验取得垂线流速分布的情况下,可以利用对数流速分布公式计算摩阻流速,进而计算边界水流切应力,再根据谢才公式,可将起应力换算成相应河道的起动冲刷切应力。     

矩形明渠均匀流水深和底宽的算子分裂算法式

   应用算子分裂思想将矩形明渠均匀流方程分裂为两个简单算式，通过耦合方法建立了整个定义域内的统一近似算式，该算式结构简明，计算方便，精度可达10-5。     

等宽明渠交汇口流速分布特性数值模拟

明渠水流的交汇现象在涉水工程中十分常见,其中交汇口流速的分布特性复杂,对渠道的设计与维护有着直接的影响。针对明渠交汇流的流速分布特性,基于雷诺方程模型（RSM）与体积函数法（VOF）建立等宽明渠交汇流三维数值模型,结合物理试验数据进行模型验证,对不同交汇角与流量比组合工况进行模拟研究,对交汇口水流流速的分布特性进行分析。计算结果表明,交汇口流速存在分区特征,交汇口内流线弯曲流速偏转,下游会出现回流结构与断面环流现象。当交汇角增大时,水流的偏转幅度更大,回流结构与环流现象增强,分区特征更明显,渠道边壁受到的水体冲击更大;当流量比增大时,主渠水体受到的挤压效应减弱,流速分区特征受到抑制,水流交汇更平顺,边壁受到的冲刷更少。     

布袋莲对渠槽曼宁系数之影响

当河道布满布袋莲时，大雨来临会使得布袋莲阻塞桥墩间流水空隙，造成排水不良而危及桥梁安全及造成区域之淹水。本研究利用渠槽试验求得渠槽内覆盖布袋莲之曼宁系数，并利用HEC-RAS模式分析本试验渠槽内覆盖布袋莲对渠槽上游水位抬升之情况。本试验所求得覆盖布袋莲之渠槽曼宁系数随着流速改变，流速范围在0.76～11.65cm/s时其曼宁系数为0.026～0.416，而平均值为0.098。以渠槽试验为基准，当流量为1.91×104cm³/s及布袋莲根系长度13cm时，两者上游水位抬升约差6.46%。由研究得知布袋莲根系愈密集渠道试验与数值模拟所得结果愈接近，而且河道满布袋莲时会致使上游水位抬升。     

明渠挟沙水流的两相流模式

本文从两相流基本方程出发对明渠挟水流含沙量、流速垂线分布及近底层平均流动特性进行了理论研究，建立了一个新的泥沙扩散方程，并用大量资料进行了验证。结果表明：现有含沙量公式和流速垂线分布公式只是本文理论模式在低含沙量条件下的简化形式。当含沙量增加时，固相泥沙对流动结构的影响亦趋显著而不可忽略。精确模拟水沙流动，需要发展高级的两相湍流模式。     

矩形明渠边界平均剪切应力变化规律研究

针对棱柱型矩形明渠的特点 ,在分析均匀流运动机理的基础上 ,认为水流可以分为河床作用部分和岸壁作用部分 ,各部分分别作均匀流运动。在分析水体能量消耗的物理模式的基础上 ,提出了面积分割的补充关系。对于河床和岸壁糙率相同的情况 ,利用静力平衡条件和水流连续方程 ,可推得水流槽底、岸壁剪应力的计算关系式。对关系式的讨论表明 ,公式结构合理 ,能反映明渠水流的特点。对已有水槽试验资料进行的分析表明本文提出的计算关系式较好地描述水流的实际情况 ,比已有的公式更简便可靠。     

二维矩形突起物绕流流动结构的实验研究

流场中旋涡的生成、演化与二维矩形突起物上游的流动分离有着密切的关系,该文利用PIV技术,对在均匀来流条件下无压流流道内底壁矩形突起物流动的二维瞬时流速场进行了测量,得到了湍流情况下,不同台阶比（h1/h）为2和4时流场中旋涡的生成发展与演化的一般规律。文中分析了两种工况下流场中的旋涡结构的特点和突起物上、下游及顶部旋涡的运动特性和细部特征。     

论河渠边界和水流阻力的计算

本文分析了水力半径分割法的合理性及存在问题，提出了符合实质的分割原则，导出边界切应力分布公式和三维流速的分布及阻力公式，分析表明：影响边界阻力等因素有断面形状参数，糙率分布及水流运动强度，研究中包含了这些影响因素，所得公式适应性强，并经试验资料验证。     

Experimental study on influence of boundary on location of maximum velocity in open channel flows

The velocity dip phenomenon may occur in a part of or in the whole flow field of open channel flows due to the secondary flow effect.Based on rectangular flume experiments and the laser Doppler velocimetry,the influence of the distance to the sidewall and the aspect ratio on the velocity dip is investigated.Through application of statistical methods to the experimental results,it is proposed that the flow field may be divided into two regions,the relatively strong sidewall region and the relatively weak sid...     

Numerical simulation of flow and bed morphology in the case of dam break floods with vegetation effect

The purpose of this study is to establish a depth-averaged 2-D hydrodynamic and sediment transport model for the dambreak flows with vegetation effect. The generalized shallow water equations are solved using an explicit finite volume method with unstructured quadtree rectangular grid, and in the hydrodynamic model, a Harten-Lax-Van Leer(HLL) approximate Riemann solver is used to calculate the intercell flux for capturing the dry-to-wet moving boundary. The sediment transport and bed variation equations in a coupled fashion are calculated by including the bed variation and the variable flow density in the flow continuity and momentum equations. The drag force of vegetation is modeled as the sink terms in the momentum equations. The developed model is tested against lab experiments of the dam-break flows over a fix bed and a movable bed in vegetated and non-vegetated channels. The results are compared with experimental data, and good agreement is obtained. It is shown that the reduced velocity under vegetated conditions leads to a decrease of the peak discharge and a rise of the water level of rivers and also an enhancement of the sediment deposition.     

VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT-LADEN FLOWS IN OPEN CHANNELS

This paper presents an analysis on the velocity distributions of steady,uniform suspended sediment-laden flows in open channels.The sediment particle-particle interactions and the buoyancy effects due to density stratification are taken into account respectively through the water-sediment mixture's constitutive relationship and an adapted Monin-Obukhov lengthscale to validate the theory for a wider spectrum of sediment concentrations.The developed model,with the same yon Karman coefficient as that of a single phase flow,is shown to be in excellent agreement with measurements of controlled experiments with both low and heavy sediment concentrations.     

Karst地区明渠伏流交替河道水动力学模型及应用

基于圣维南方程组,根据测压管水头在明渠、承压水流中具有相同的表达形式,实现了自由水面水流、承压水流的统一描述。提出采用三角形子断面法描述伏流非规则封闭断面,进而建立了适用于真实Karst地区明渠伏流交替河道的统一型混合流模型。采用半隐方法离散压力梯度项,使用欧拉-拉格朗日法求解对流项,并使用预测-校正法实现了枝状、环状河网各支汊的耦合求解。以夹岩水库工程为背景,采用2000年水文过程对模型进行了测试,结果表明流量计算误差在1.6%以内。进一步研究了明渠伏流交替河道纵向沿程的流速变化规律以及伏流河段前布置人工隧洞的分流规律。在入流洪峰流量、坝前正常蓄水位的水流条件下,明渠段流速一般在0.25 m/s以下,相比之下,伏流段流速可达1.0~3.0 m/s,有利于伏流过流通道的保持。通过1971—1990年水文过程的模拟,得出大中天桥伏流前的人工隧洞的分流比为40.3%~42.8%,小天桥伏流前的人工隧洞的分流比为76.8%~78.6%。研究成果可为工程建设提供设计依据和技术支撑,具有重要的工程应用价值。