直喷汽油机二次喷射改善冷起动性能的研究

通过一台直列4缸汽油机分析了喷油模式对直喷汽油(GDI)发动机冷起动过程及冷态怠速过程的影响.结果表明:通过调整喷油策略可以改变缸内混合气的燃烧过程,在二次喷油比例为0.6∶0.4、喷油定时分别为上止点前300°CA和140°CA、环境温度为-30℃条件下,发动机的燃烧特性最佳,HC排放最低.在车辆冷起动过程中,通过二次喷射可以有效缩短混合气的滞燃期和燃烧持续期,以达到缩短起动时间、提高起动性能的目的.在起动后的怠速阶段,采用二次喷射可以大幅提高发动机的燃烧稳定性,有效消除怠速不稳的问题.在闭环控制阶段,通过二次喷射合理组织缸内混合气分布,可以有效改善减稀混合气造成的车辆抖动问题.此外,缸内混合气燃烧过程的优化可以有效降低冷起动过程的HC和CO排放,但会造成NOx排放的小幅升高.     

喷油影响正丁醇-汽油发动机燃烧特性的模拟

利用计算流体动力学(CFD)软件耦合化学反应动力学的方法建立了单缸发动机的三维数值模型,并在正丁醇-汽油均质充量压缩着火(HCCI)发动机上得到了验证.在此基础上,模拟研究了缸内二次直接喷油策略对低温燃烧正丁醇-汽油发动机燃烧特性的影响.结果表明,不同二次喷油方式对掺混比为48%的正丁醇-汽油(Bu 48)低温燃烧发动机燃烧放热率有控制作用.第二次喷油时刻对Bu 48的放热过程的影响与第二次喷油比例有关,但与第二次喷油比例相比,它的影响较小;随着第二次喷油时刻的推迟或者第二次喷油比例的增加,缸内最大压升率降低,燃烧持续期变长,平均指示压力下降.     

基于并行计算的二次喷射式HCCI汽油机的三维数值模拟

建立了缸内直喷HCCI汽油机带进、排气道的燃烧系统的三维工作过程循环数值模型,实现了HCCI发动机包括进气、压缩、燃烧、膨胀和排气工作过程的三维循环模拟并进行了验证.首先基于并行计算进行了不同当量比(负荷)工况下HCCI发动机缸内过程的对比分析,研究了负荷对HCCI发动机着火、燃烧和排放的影响.进而模拟了缸内直喷二次喷射的HCCI发动机循环工作过程,解析了HCCI发动机着火燃烧和排放过程,揭示了HCCI发动机缸内直喷二次喷射控制着火的规律.计算结果有助于对HCCI燃烧过程的深入理解,为HCCI发动机燃烧过程的优化提供了依据.     

乙醇DI/汽油PFI发动机性能与排放特性

基于一台点燃式发动机,对缸内直喷(DI)乙醇和进气道喷射(PFI)汽油的复合喷射方式进行了研究.与传统喷油模式相比,采用乙醇-汽油复合喷射能够提升发动机动力性.随直喷乙醇比例增加,缸内爆发压力升高;受乙醇燃烧速率和缸内冷却效果的综合影响,着火滞燃期和燃烧持续期先缩短后延长.最佳点火时刻下,单一汽油喷射(PFI和GDI)爆震频次超过10%,,发动机发生轻微爆震,而复合喷射乙醇比例超过20%,可消除爆震;随直喷乙醇比例增加,循环波动系数降低,当量燃油消耗率降低,指示热效率提高,复合喷射相对PFI可提高发动机热效率3.8%,;同时,能够有效降低NOx和HC常规气体排放物.通过采用相对较高的缸内直喷乙醇比例,复合喷射能够提高发动机热效率及抑制爆震并降低常规气体排放物.     

缸内直喷汽油机燃烧控制策略及实现

本介绍了基于两次燃油喷射的缸内直喷汽油机的开发，着重介绍其中的喷油电控系统。两次燃油喷射技术被用来控制混合气形成和燃烧，以降低燃烧系统设计的复杂程度。设计开发了控制两次喷油的时间及喷油量的电控系统，可以精确控制高压旋流喷嘴的喷雾。进行了改变喷油参数对发动机性能影响的试验，结果表明：第二次喷油时刻及一、二次喷油量分配比例对发动机性能影响较为显；在空燃比接近18时，发动机燃油经济性较好。     

柴油/天然气双燃料发动机数值优化

利用CONVERGE搭建了柴油/天然气双燃料发动机三维数值模拟平台,在大负荷工况下研究了压缩比和不同喷油策略对发动机燃烧性能的影响．研究结果表明,相同条件下,降低压缩比到14.8能够有效降低最大压升率,从而有助于进一步增大天然气的替代比例．采用单次喷射策略时,通过提高喷射压力并提前柴油直喷时刻,在最大压升率限值内,能在85%天然气替代比例的同时获得48.1%的热效率．采用两次喷射策略时,随着预喷油量的增加,缸内着火时刻提前．并且预喷时刻提前能够有效降低最大压升率．对比发现,与单次喷射策略相比,两次喷射策略能够实现更为灵活的缸内燃烧控制,获得90%的天然气替代比例．最终,两次喷油策略实现了48.4%的最高热效率．     

喷油策略对直喷发动机燃烧影响的可视化研究

在一台中置多孔喷油器的光学单缸发动机上,通过高压直喷供油系统和时序控制单元控制喷油压力、喷油时刻(SOI)来研究燃油喷射控制策略对缸内喷雾发展形态和燃烧特性的影响,研究结果表明,SOI影响缸内混合气的形成,合适的SOI可以避免喷雾撞击缸套或活塞;SOI对燃烧特性有显著的影响,通过调整SOI,可以改善燃烧稳定性,减小燃烧过程中碳烟生成的明亮区域;缸内直喷发动机中,喷油压力直接影响喷雾的宏观形态,随着喷油压力的增加,有利于燃油的破碎和雾化,有利于缸内混合气的形成,进而保证稳定的预混合燃烧过程。     

可变涡流对稀燃二次喷油火花点燃式发动机性能影响的研究

主要研究了火花点燃式发动机采用二次喷油技术实现稀薄燃烧时，可变涡流对燃油经济性的影响情况。研究结果表明，在负荷和涡流比较大时，采用较小的二次喷油比例可获得较好的燃油经济性。而在缸内不存在涡流运动时，则须采用较大的二次喷油比例才能获得较好的燃油经济性。在缸内气体存在一定强度的涡流运动时，发动机的比油耗随二次喷油正时的变化呈波动状变化；当涡流比为0时，喷油正时对发动机油耗率的影响则与有涡流运动存在时的情况明显不同。这说明涡流运动对二次喷油在缸内的分布存在明显的影响。     

基于光学发动机的柴油/聚甲氧基二甲醚引燃乙醇对比研究北大核心CSCD

为了改善内燃机燃烧与排放,探究反应活性控制压燃(reactivity controlled compression ignition,RCCI)燃烧规律,在一台轻型光学发动机上对比了缸内分别直喷柴油和聚甲氧基二甲醚(polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers,PODE)引燃进气道喷射乙醇的燃烧特性。通过调节缸内直喷的喷油时刻和喷油比例,对燃烧过程进行了可视化试验分析。结果表明:随喷油时刻不断推迟,缸内燃烧压力与放热率呈现先增后减的趋势,喷油时刻在上止点前20°时燃烧效果最好。随着缸内直喷燃油比例的增加,每循环燃烧压力峰值和放热率峰值不断增加,燃烧相位提前,燃烧更充分。利用高速成像技术获得的图片结果显示:两种引燃模式下火焰均发生于近壁区域并向四周扩散。火焰亮度最高和面积最大的时刻出现在燃烧始点附近。PODE引燃乙醇时火焰场中无曝光区域而柴油引燃乙醇时存在较多曝光区。PODE/乙醇燃料组合相对于柴油/乙醇燃料组合的缸压和放热率峰值更高,滞燃期和燃烧持续期更短,燃烧效率更高,碳烟生成量更少。     

喷油时刻对汽油/乙醇发动机性能的影响

通过一台Yamaha YBR250发动机原机,进行乙醇直喷(EDI)与汽油进气道喷射(GPI)的改装,研究了EDI喷油时刻对发动机缸内混合气形成、燃烧和排放的影响,同时建立了EDI结合GPI发动机的三维计算模型,对试验工况进行了数值模拟.分别对喷雾模型和燃烧模型进行了试验标定,结果表明:通过改变EDI喷油时刻,进气涡流与喷雾带动气流的运动共同作用于缸内燃料的蒸发雾化,可以在火花塞附近形成不同程度的燃料浓区;延迟EDI喷油时刻至100°CA BTDC,能够有效地协同壁面传热以及乙醇蒸发作用,降低点火时刻缸内温度,从而降低最大爆发压力和缸内燃烧温度;相对于早喷工况,EDI喷油时刻为100°CA BTDC的工况能够有效降低缸内HC及NO排放.     

Experimental investigations on the effect of fuel injection parameters on diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel blend in diesel with hydrogen enrichment

Fuel injection pressure and injection timing are two extensive injection parameters that affect engine performance, combustion, and emissions. This study aims to improve the performance, combustion, and emissions characteristics of a diesel engine by using karanja biodiesel with a flow rate of 10 L per minute (lpm) of enriched hydrogen. In addition, the research mainly focused on the use of biodiesel with hydrogen as an alternative to diesel fuel, which is in rapidly declining demand. The experiments were carried out at a constant speed of 1500 rpm on a single-cylinder, four-stroke, direct injection diesel engine. The experiments are carried out with variable fuel injection pressure of 220, 240, and 260 bar, and injection timings of 21, 23, and 25 °CA before top dead center (bTDC). Results show that karanja biodiesel with enriched hydrogen (KB20H10) increases BTE by 4% than diesel fuel at 240 bar injection pressure and 23° CA bTDC injection timing. For blend KB20H10, the emissions of UHC, CO, and smoke opacity are 33%, 16%, and 28.7% lower than for diesel. On the other hand NOx emissions, rises by 10.3%. The optimal injection parameters for blend KB20H10 were found to be 240 bar injection pressure and 23 °CA bTDC injection timing based on the significant improvement in performance, combustion, and reduction in exhaust emissions.     

The effects of hydrogen addition on engine power and emission in DME premixed charge compression ignition engine

Premixed-charge compression-ignition (PCCI) combustion of dimethyl-ether (DME) with double injection strategy was investigated in a single-cylinder compression-ignition engine. DME main-injection was replaced by hydrogen to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. To study the effect of hydrogen, the injected amount of hydrogen was increased. Engine performance and emission of DME PCCI combustion were compared to those of hydrogen–DME PCCI combustion. In the DME PCCI engine operation, DME was injected directly into the cylinder at −120 crank angle degrees (°CA) after top dead center (aTDC) to simulate homogeneous charge at first, and then DME was injected secondly with varied second injection timing. In this case, DME injection timing in the second stage affected the engine performance and emissions. Delayed combustion phase showed a higher indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), while it increased NO_x emission when DME second injection is retarded. In the hydrogen–DME PCCI, hydrogen was injected at intake port with fixed injection timing. DME injection timing in hydrogen–DME PCCI combustion was also varied from −120 °CA to TDC, as in the DME PCCI engine operation. The total supplied heating value was fixed at 400 J for all cases. DME injection timing determined the start of combustion for the hydrogen–DME PCCI. With increasing the amount of hydrogen, exhaust emissions were reduced. Hydrogen–DME PCCI engine was operated with minimum amount of DME via the hydrogen addition and DME injection timing control. The optimized DME injection timing, −30 °CA aTDC, resulted in a lower exhaust emission-operation, while maintaining a higher IMEP.     

增压直喷汽油机燃油喷射特性对排放影响的试验研究

基于某1.5L涡轮增压直喷汽油机,搭建试验测试系统,采用试验匹配测试方法研究了喷油模式、喷油时刻、喷油比例、喷油压力等决定燃油喷射特性的关键参数对碳烟排放的影响。试验结果表明:单次喷油模式下在部分负荷时,喷油越提前,碳烟排放越多;在全负荷时,喷油越推迟,碳烟排放越多。在多次喷油模式下,随第一次喷油的推迟碳烟排放降低,随第二、三次喷油的推迟碳烟排放增加。提高喷油压力对部分负荷工况燃烧及排放改善不明显,但外特性工况碳烟排放显著下降,碳氢化合物排放总量也大幅度降低,缸内燃烧速度加快,燃烧稳定性提高,有效燃油消耗率降低约2%。     

预喷正时对柴油机燃烧与排放影响的试验研究

通过台架试验,分析对比柴油机各参数随预喷正时的变化,研究多次喷射预喷正时对柴油机燃烧和排放性能的影响。试验表明,预喷正时决定缸内燃烧的放热始点和放热率,影响缸内的燃烧温度、爆发压力、NOx排放和碳烟的生成,预喷正时为20°时,爆发压力最大;预喷正时为35°时,热效率最高,油耗率和烟度最低;预喷正时为45°时,NOx排放最小。综合分析选择预喷正时40°作为折中优化方案,降低发动机油耗和NOx、碳烟排放,同时提高发动机的热效率。     

Emission and performance estimation in hydrogen injection strategies on diesel engines

Recently, the increasing demand for energy requires the use of alternative fuels, especially in fossil fueled power systems. As a promising alternative fuel for next-generation diesel engines that utilize fossil fuel, hydrogen fuel is one step ahead due to its positive properties. In this study, the effects of hydrogen on the performance of a diesel engine have been numerically investigated with respect to different injection ratios and timings. The numerical results of the study for 25% load conditions on a single-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine have been validated against experimental data taken from literature and good agreement has been observed for pressure results. Emission parameters such as NO_x, CO and performance parameters such as cylinder temperature, pressure, power, thermal efficiency and IMEP are presented comparatively.The results of numerical analyses show that the maximum pressure, temperature and heat release rate are observed with injection ratio of H15 and early injection timing (20° CA BTDC). Besides that, engine power, thermal efficiency and IMEP are greatly improved with increasing injection ratio and early injection timing. Although combustion chamber performance parameters improve with rising the hydrogen injection ratio, higher NO_x emissions have also been detected as a negative side effect. Furthermore, while early injection timing increases diesel engine performance, it also causes an increase in NO_x emissions. Therefore, precise determination of injection timing together with the optimum amount of hydrogen has revealed that it brings crucial improvement in engine performance and emissions.     

Numerical investigation of water injection quantity and water injection timing on the thermodynamics,combustion and emissions in a hydrogen enriched lean-burn natural gas SI engine

Water direct injection into the cylinder is one of effective ways to suppress the combustion rate and knocking combustion in turbocharged SI engine. In this study, a detailed one-dimensional model coupled with the water direct injection was built by using the GT-Power according to the real tested hydrogen-enriched lean-burn natural gas (NG) SI engine, and validated against the experimental data. Then, a series of cases with various water injection quantity and injection timing were comprehensively investigated on the thermodynamics, combustion and emissions characteristics of the NGSI engine. The impact of the thermo-physical of the water were discussed in detailed by sweeping various water injection quantity and water injection timing. The results indicated that peak combustion pressure and peak heat release rate decreased with the increasing the water injection quantity. In addition, the 50% combustion location and peak combustion pressure location were retarded with the increasing the water injection quantity. As for the water injection timing, the peak combustion pressure and peak combustion temperature were slightly decreased with retarding the water injection timing. Apart from that, the indicated thermal efficiency decreased 4.03% and the equivalent fuel consumption increased 3.56% with injecting 60 mg water into the cylinder compared the case without water injection. Furthermore, the indicated thermal efficiency decreased 4.68% and the equivalent fuel consumption increased 4.66% by sweeping the water injection timing from the 150 CA to 50 CA before top dead center. However, the volumetric efficiency slightly ascended with increasing the water injection quantity and retarding the water injection timing. Finally, the NOx emissions declined with increasing the water injection quantity and retarding the water injection timing. However, CO emission and unburned HC emissions increased with increasing the water injection quantity and retarding the water injection timing. The main aim of this paper is expected to provide a comprehensively assessment of the thermo-physical of water on the thermodynamics, combustion, and emissions of the hydrogen enriched NGSI engine.     

不同喷射时刻下缸内直喷天然气发动机的燃烧特性

开展了天然气高压缸内直喷发动机不同喷射时刻时的燃烧特性研究。研究结果表明：燃料喷射时刻对发动机性能及排放有较大影响,喷射太迟会导致天然气和空气混合时间短,混合效果差,燃烧持续期长,放热速率慢。喷射过早会导致充量系数下降,燃料容易进入燃烧室狭缝间隙处,造成较高的HC排放。对于给定转速,发动机存在一个最佳燃料喷射提前角,此时缸内最高压力值最大,最大压力升高率和最大放热率最大,放热速率快,燃烧过程等容度好,火焰发展期、快速燃烧期和燃烧持续期短,发动机热效率高,HC、CO排放也维持较低水平。     

Experimental study of stratified lean burn characteristics on a dual injection gasoline engine

Due to increasingly stringent fuel consumption and emission regulation, improving thermal efficiency and reducing particulate matter emissions are two main issues for next generation gasoline engine. Lean burn mode could greatly reduce pumping loss and decrease the fuel consumption of gasoline engines, although the burning rate is decreased by higher diluted intake air. In this study, dual injection stratified combustion mode is used to accelerate the burning rate of lean burn by increasing the fuel concentration near the spark plug. The effects of engine control parameters such as the excess air coefficient (Lambda), direct injection (DI) ratio, spark interval with DI, and DI timing on combustion, fuel consumption, gaseous emissions, and particulate emissions of a dual injection gasoline engine are studied. It is shown that the lean burn limit can be extended to Lambda= 1.8 with a low compression ratio of 10, while the fuel consumption can be obviously improved at Lambda= 1.4. There exists a spark window for dual injection stratified lean burn mode, in which the spark timing has a weak effect on combustion. With optimization of the control parameters, the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) decreases 9.05% more than that of original stoichiometric combustion with DI as 2 bar brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) at a 2000 r/min engine speed. The NO_x emissions before three-way catalyst (TWC) are 71.31% lower than that of the original engine while the particle number (PN) is 81.45% lower than the original engine. The dual injection stratified lean burn has a wide range of applications which can effectively reduce fuel consumption and particulate emissions. The BSFC reduction rate is higher than 5% and the PN reduction rate is more than 50% with the speed lower than 2400 r/min and the load lower than 5 bar.     

汽油/乙醇双燃料复合喷射对发动机排放性能的影响

通过在一台汽油气道喷射(GPI)的单缸、四冲程发动机上增加一套乙醇缸内直喷(EDI)系统,将其改装成为双喷射发动机,研究了汽油/乙醇复合喷射对发动机排放性能的影响,并建立了发动机计算流体动力学(CFD)模型,详细分析了缸内各区域的温度和组分分布特点.结果表明:加入乙醇直喷可以有效降低CO、NOx和soot排放,提高乙醇能量占比后,CO、HC和soot排放又有所增加;点火时刻提前,缸内整体温度和压力逐渐增加,NOx排放显著上升,soot排放有所下降,由于局部混合气质量变差,燃料不完全燃烧导致CO和HC排放有所增加,同时受过冷壁面淬熄效应的影响,作为未燃碳氢(UHC)排出的燃料也会提高HC排放;乙醇喷射时刻提前,燃料有更充分的时间进行蒸发混合,缸内燃烧状况得到优化,CO和soot排放减少,NOx排放呈上升趋势,间隙效应和壁面油膜吸附作用的增强导致HC排放呈上升趋势.     

The effects of fuel-injection timing at medium injection pressure on the engine characteristics and emissions of a CNG-DI engine fueled by a small amount of hydrogen in CNG

The experiments to determine the effect of fuel-injection timings on engine characteristics and emissions of a DI engine fueled with NG-hydrogen blends (0%, 3%, 5% and 8%) at various engine speeds were conducted. Three injection timings namely 120°, 180° and 300° CA BTDC with a wide open throttle at relative air-fuel ratio, λ = 1.0 were selected. The ignition advance angle was fixed at 30° CA BTDC, while the injection pressure was fixed at 1.4 MPa for all the cases. The tests were firstly performed at low engine speed of 2000 rpm to determine the engine characteristics and emissions. The results showed that the engine performance (e.g. Brake Torque, Brake Power and BMEP), the cylinder pressure and the heat release have the highest values at the injection timing of 180° CA BTDC, followed by the 300° CA BTDC and the 120° CA BTDC. The NO_x emission was found to be highest at the injection timing of 180° CA BTDC. The THC and CO emissions were found to decrease while the CO₂ emission increased with the advancement in the injection timing. The addition of a small amount of hydrogen to the natural gas was found to increase the engine performance, enhance combustion and reduce emissions for any selected injection timings. Secondly, the tests were carried out at variable engine speeds (i.e. 2000 rpm-4000 rpm) in order to further investigate the engine performance. The injection timings of 180° and 300° CA BTDC with CNG-H₂ blends were only selected for comparisons. The injection timing of the 300° CA BTDC was discovered to yield better engine performance as compared to the 180° CA BTDC injection timing after a cutoff engine speed of approximately 2500 rpm.