双层周边孔护壁爆破在软弱破碎围岩的应用研究

软弱破碎围岩在传统光面爆破施工中,容易出现超欠挖量难以控制、围岩损伤程度严重、半孔保存率低等一系列问题.以贵州小白岩隧道爆破施工为工程背景,研究了双层周边孔护壁爆破设计在软弱破碎围岩爆破工程中的应用.研究从分析超欠挖现象的形成原因出发,在周边孔炮孔布置、装药结构以及爆破顺序等方面进行了优化,将最外层的辅助孔装药结构调整...     

空气间隔装药技术周边孔间距对爆破效果的研究

隧道掘进中,控制围岩的超欠挖,即控制光面爆破效果是决定隧道掘进成败的主要考量指标.隧道掘进控制光面爆破效果的参数有周边孔间距、装药量、装药结构等,其中周边孔间距是保证光面爆破质量的最重要参数.通过理论分析LS-DYNA数值模拟平台,建立空气间隔装药双孔爆破模型,计算了周边孔间距在30 cm、40 cm、50 cm和60...     

裂隙围岩隧道爆破开挖断面轮廓控制研究与应用

为解决裂隙围岩隧道爆破掘进施工过程中断面轮廓控制不足、超欠挖严重的问题，以某隧道为例，通过分析掌子面爆破开挖过程中导致轮廓控制不足的主要因素，对炮孔装药结构、装药密度和光爆层厚度等进行了优化。现场爆破效果表明：采用优化后的爆破参数进行开挖，可有效控制爆破开挖断面轮廓，抑制拱顶岩体大面积离层，避免掌子面底部“根底”现象；隧道平均线性超挖量大幅降低80%,平均炮孔利用率提高至93.2%,有效降低了裂隙围岩隧道爆破开挖对围岩的损伤，改善了爆破效果。     

戴峪岭隧道Ⅱ级围岩光面爆破技术探讨

结合工程实际介绍了戴峪岭隧道掘进在采用光面爆破技术过程中,通过分析优化周边眼间距、最小抵抗线、炮眼密集系数、不耦合系数、装药集中度q、装药结构及起爆方式等爆破参数,得出了适合本隧道围岩的掏槽方式和钻爆参数.通过采用新的爆破参数,取得了光爆后的岩石表面按设计轮廓线成型、表面较平顺、超欠挖很小的理想效果.     

小断面岩石巷道掏槽爆破参数优化实验

针对小断面岩石巷道掏槽爆破效率低下的技术难题,依据掏槽爆破形成槽腔为后续炮孔提供自由面。通过分析施工过程中掏槽爆破存在的问题及其影响因素,采取了控制单一变量的方法,制定9组实验方案,同时配合规范的施工方法对掏槽爆破参数进行优化,从而获得最优的掏槽爆破参数组合。通过对实验数据的比较分析,优化的掏槽爆破参数使巷道掘进的炮孔利用率提高了20%,掘进综合成本节省了27%。     

小断面岩石巷道掏槽爆破参数优化实验

针对小断面岩石巷道掏槽爆破效率低下的技术难题,依据掏槽爆破形成槽腔为后续炮孔提供自由面。通过分析施工过程中掏槽爆破存在的问题及其影响因素,采取了控制单一变量的方法,制定9组实验方案,同时配合规范的施工方法对掏槽爆破参数进行优化,从而获得最优的掏槽爆破参数组合。通过对实验数据的比较分析,优化的掏槽爆破参数使巷道掘进的炮孔利用率提高了20%,掘进综合成本节省了27%。     

硬岩巷道中深孔爆破掘进复楔形掏槽试验研究

为提高硬岩巷道爆破掘进速度,在分析其中所存在问题的基础上,根据爆破理论与经验公式计算,结合试验工作面的具体情况,介绍了硬岩巷道条件下合理掏槽方式、炮孔深度以及掏槽孔布置参数的选取;设计并现场试验了二级、加辅助掏槽孔、加装药中心孔三种复楔形掏槽爆破方案;比较分析了各种掏槽方案的爆破效果及有关技术问题.结果表明:采用加装药中心孔的复楔形掏槽方案,对硬岩掏槽爆破效果改善明显.     

全断面光面爆破技术在坚硬岩巷掘进中的应用

为了保证在矿山巷道开挖过程中,最大限度地减少对围岩的破坏,提高爆破效率,采用全断面光面爆破技术。针对巷道断面面积较大且岩层坚硬等情况,对爆破方案、复合掏槽方式和单螺旋形掏槽方式、爆破参数和炮孔布置等进行了精心的设计。掏槽形式为单螺旋形掏槽方式,平均孔深2 m,炮孔数72个。结果表明,平均循环进尺达到1.7 m,炮孔利用率大于85%,提高了巷道的掘进速度和成巷质量。现场应用取得了良好的爆破效果,确保了会理县兴隆矿业矿山巷道全断面开挖的成功。     

煤矿硬岩巷道掘进大直径炮孔爆破试验研究

增大药卷直径可提高炸药爆速,配以较大直径炮孔爆破能够增强岩石的破裂和破碎。为了提高煤矿硬岩巷道掘进爆破效率,在液压凿岩台车施工巷道首次进行大直径炮孔和大直径药卷中深孔爆破试验研究,同时对各段雷管起爆延期时间进行优化,其中第2段雷管的延期时间由原先的25 ms增加至50 ms,目的是使掏槽爆破后岩石有足够的时间破碎、运动和抛掷出槽腔,形成新的自由面。并配用底部集能装药掏槽爆破技术和水垫层周边光爆装药结构,爆破试验取得了良好的效果。     

基于岩石爆破损伤的炮孔布置优化研究

为改善焦家金矿巷道掘进爆破效果,采用数值模拟方法对爆破方案中的炮孔布置进行优化。利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA建立2组掏槽及光面爆破数值模型并进行计算,获得了爆破过程中岩石产生的损伤,通过损伤因子D对爆破效果进行评价。结果表明:空孔有利于掏槽孔间岩石的破碎,使各个掏槽孔产生的空腔连成片;比较外圈掏槽孔间距为90 cm、100 cm及110 cm时的掏槽效果,当间距为100 cm时所形成的掏槽空腔范围大且相互连通;分析光爆孔间距为50 cm、60 cm及70 cm时的爆破效果,发现随着孔间距增大,炮孔连线间的损伤程度减小,连线间的损伤区由贯通变为不贯通,最后确定光爆孔间距为60 cm。将优化后的爆破方案用于现场试验,取得了较好的效果,说明根据岩石损伤演化规律对炮孔布置进行优化是可行的。     

Gender differences in publication productivity in psychology in India

An analysis of gender differences in psychology in India provides quantitative and qualitative assessment of R&D output contributed by psychologists with the indication of the trend of growth, skewness, relatedness, co-authorship pattern of productivity.     

Metrology in Chemistry in Germany

The system for Metrology in Chemistry in Germany is described. At the national standards level, a network of high-level chemistry institutes coordinated by the national metrology institute, PTB, provides the primary references for chemical measurements. A dissemination mechanism employs chemical calibration laboratories accredited within the framework of the German Calibration Service (DKD). They act as “multipliers” between the national standards level and the user level by providing the user with calibration means which are traceable to the SI via national standards. Traceability structures in clinical chemistry, electrochemistry, elemental analysis and gas analysis are described     

Natural radioactivity in drinking water in private wells in Finland

Natural radioactivity in drinking water was determined in population-based random study of 472 private wells. The mean concentrations of (222)Rn, (226)Ra, (234)U, (238)U, (210)Pb and (210)Po in drilled wells were 460, 0.05, 0.35, 0.26, 0.04 and 0.05 Bq l(-1), and in wells dug in the soil were 50, 0.016, 0.02, 0.015, 0.013 and 0.007 Bq l(-1), respectively. Approximately 10% of the drilled wells exceeded a radon concentration of 1000 Bq l(-1) and 18% a uranium concentration of 15 microg l(-1). The mean annual effective dose from natural radionuclides for a drilled well user was 0.4 mSv and 0.05 mSv for a user of a well dug in the soil. The effective dose arising from (222)Rn was 75% of the total of all natural radionuclides for drilled well users. As regards long-lived radionuclides, (210)Po and (210)Pb caused the largest portion of the effective dose. The dose arising from (238)U, (234)U and (226)Ra was only 8% of the total of all natural radionuclides.     

Natural radioactivity in drinking water in private wells in Finland

Radiation Protection Dosimetry     

Radioactivity in building materials in Iraq

Activity concentrations of (226)Ra, (232)Th and (40)K in 45 samples of different building materials used in Iraq were measured using gamma-spectroscopy system based on high-purity germanium detector with an efficiency of 40 %. Radium equivalent activity, air-absorbed dose rate, annual effective dose, external and internal hazard indices and alpha index due to radon inhalation originating from building materials were measured to assess the potential radiological hazard associated with these building materials. The activity concentrations of the natural radionuclides (226)Ra, (232)Th and 40K were found to range from below detection limit (BDL) to 223.7 ± 9, BDL to 93.0 ± 3 and BDL to 343.1 ± 12, respectively. Values of average radium equivalent activity, air-absorbed dose rate, indoor and outdoor annual effective doses, external and internal hazard indices and alpha index ranged from 6.5 to 124.9, 16.2 to 89.5 (nGy h(-1)), 0.08 to 0.44 mSv, 0.02-0.11 mSv, 0.09 to 0.53, 0.13 to 0.69 and 0.03 to 0.62, respectively. These values indicate a low dose. Therefore, the building materials used in the current study are quite safe to be used as building materials.     

Optische in situ Schichtdickenmessung in Bedampfungsanlagen. Optical in situ film thickness monitoring in coating systems

Optical film thickness monitoring is more precise than crystal monitoring. The optical measurement makes use of the fact that the intensity of a monochromatic light beam which is reflected on a film will change periodically with increasing film thickness. The measurement is performed at an exchangeable test glass that is positioned beside the substrates and is therefore coated in the same way as the substrates. The accuracy of cut‐off is achieved by a “fit” of a theoretical curve shape to the measured values. Order filters are used to ensure that, at a certain wavelength, higher deflection orders do not influence the measurement when a monochromator grating is used.