非对称孔结构载体对DPF及柴油机性能的影响研究

运用GT-Power建立柴油机整机耦合柴油机颗粒捕集器(diesel particle filter,DPF)的模型,研究非对称孔道结构DPF的压降特性及其对柴油机整机性能的影响。研究结果表明:随着进/出口孔道比例增加,碳烟容量增大,DPF压降降低,但过度增大进/出口孔道比例会使出口孔径过小而造成压降升高;柴油机加装洁净DPF时,柴油机各项性能指标随进/出口比例增加而降低,但随着DPF碳烟和灰分沉积量的增加,柴油机各项性能指标随进/出口比例增加均有所改善。DPF进/出口孔道比例为1.3时,柴油机综合性能最佳。     

柴油机DPF流场压降及微粒沉积特性数值模拟

运用AVL-FIRE软件建立柴油机微粒捕集器(DPF)三维模型,模拟柴油机微粒捕集器内部压降和微粒沉积特性.针对DPF不同排气流量、进口温度、微粒沉积量及分布类型,对DPF压降特性进行模拟,并着重研究非对称孔结构(ACT)和灰分沉积量及分布形式对DPF压降和微粒沉积特性的影响.结果表明:随着DPF排气流量、进口温度、微粒沉积量和灰分沉积量的增加,DPF的压降增大,且DPF压降变化与进口温度呈非线性关系;沿DPF轴线方向,微粒沉积量呈先减小后增大趋势;"逐渐减少"型微粒分布形式压降损失较小,且再生速率较快.灰分在壁面上的层状分布对DPF压降和微粒沉积影响较大;非对称孔结构有利于降低DPF压降和提高微粒沉积能力,从而延长DPF寿命.     

正六边形和四边形孔道DPF性能的仿真试验研究

基于AVL-Fire软件建立正六边形和四边形孔道结构柴油机颗粒捕集器(diesel particulate filter,DPF)模型,对不同排气温度、排气质量流量、碳烟负载下2种孔道结构的DPF压降特性、碳烟再生特性进行仿真分析和对比.结果表明:相同排气质量流量下,2种孔道的DPF压降随碳载量和排气温度升高而增大;六...     

非对称孔结构对柴油机颗粒捕集器压降特性的影响

运用AVL Boost软件建立了柴油机颗粒捕集器(DPF)模型,研究不同排气流量、温度及碳烟与灰分沉积量对非对称孔结构DPF压降特性的影响,并着重研究不同比例孔结构压降特性的差异.结果表明:排气质量流量增大,入口温度增大,不同比例孔结构的压降敏感性增大;当DPF内碳烟沉积量较少时,通过DPF的压降随着进/出口孔比例的增加而增大;随着碳烟沉积量的增多,进口较小的DPF结构压降升高率大;灰分在DPF壁面上的层状分布可以有效阻止碳烟深层捕集模式,降低DPF压降;使用非对称孔结构可以有效提高碳烟和灰分容量,降低DPF使用后期压降并延长DPF使用寿命.     

高原环境下增压柴油机耦合DPF的性能仿真

基于GT-Power建立带柴油机颗粒捕集器(DPF)的增压柴油机一维仿真模型,研究了DPF在不同海拔下对增压柴油机动力性、经济性及排放特性的影响,同时研究了不同海拔下DPF的工作特性,并采用3种不同型式的载体进行了仿真对比.结果表明:高原环境对增压柴油机低转速工况性能影响较小;高原环境下,增压柴油机中、高转速的动力性、经济性下降明显;中、高转速工况下,随着海拔升高,增压柴油机碳烟和CO排放均增加,NOx排放降低;不同海拔下,DPF对增压柴油机动力性、经济性影响较小,海拔为0 km与4 km条件下DPF对增压柴油机原始排放均影响较大;DPF压降随海拔上升而增加,高原环境对低转速工况下DPF捕集效率影响较小,中、高转速工况下,DPF捕集效率随海拔上升而增加;不同型式载体的DPF工作特性随海拔变化的表现具有一致性,高目数和非对称结构载体有利于降低DPF压降和增大载体容灰量.     

柴油机DPF孔道气相流场及噪声特性分析

利用数值模拟(CFD)软件建立柴油机微粒捕集器(DPF)孔道三维模型,对孔道内气体流动情况进行计算;通过建立加装DPF的一维整机仿真模型,结合孔道流场分布特性,分析不同转速工况下DPF载体及加载不同碳烟量对其噪声特性的影响.结果表明:各入口流速下,流速分布在DPF进气孔道内呈现从中心径向递减、从始端轴向递减趋势,且后段...     

柴油机微粒捕集器流通性与微粒加载特性数值模拟

使用AVL-Fire软件建立柴油机微粒捕集器(DPF)三维计算模型,模拟DPF内的压降损失、深层微粒沉积、滤饼层微粒沉积和总微粒沉积特性.研究不同的排气流量、排气温度、初始灰分、灰分分布和微粒分布对DPF流通性与微粒加载特性的影响.结果表明:在微粒加载过程中(考虑微粒再生的影响),DPF压降主要由壁面压降损失、微粒深层...     

柴油机DPF非对称孔道压降特性及其影响因素

为了有效降低柴油机微粒捕集器DPF压降,通过建立DPF灰分模型和压降模型,运用数值计算的方法研究了非对称孔道DPF的压降特性及其影响因素.研究结果表明:增大DPF进、出口孔道直径比,进口孔道排气流速减小,孔道壁面前端渗流速度减小,孔道壁面后端渗流速度增大,排气流经出口孔道流速增大;增大DPF进、出口孔道直径比能降低DPF压降;随着碳载量、灰分量以及排气流量的增大,增大DPF进、出口孔道直径比对降低DPF压降效果更加明显;孔密度最优值随进、出口孔道直径比增大而减小.     

灰分对柴油机颗粒捕集器性能影响研究综述

分别从柴油机颗粒捕集器(DPF)灰分的成分、来源及性质,灰分对DPF压降、过滤效率和再生过程的影响,及DPF清灰方法等方面进行了综述。已有研究结果表明:润滑油添加剂是DPF灰分的主要来源;润滑油配方、灰分沉积形态及DPF载体结构不同时,灰分对DPF压降的影响效果会有所不同;灰分在DPF中的沉积一般会提高DPF的过滤效率,但会恶化催化型DPF(CDPF)的被动再生效果,影响DPF主动再生频率和DPF主动再生时的温度;重型柴油车DPF需要定期清灰,压缩空气反吹法是目前使用最广泛的DPF清灰方法。     

载体材料对DPF再生性能影响的试验研究

基于柴油机颗粒捕集器外加热源再生性能测试台架,对比研究了钛酸铝和碳化硅材料对柴油机颗粒捕集器(DPF)和催化型柴油机颗粒捕集器(CDPF)再生性能的影响规律。试验结果表明:随着来流温度的增加,不同材料载体的最高温度和最大温度梯度先缓慢增加后迅速增加,而再生效率逐渐呈线性增大,再生温度的陡增不能直接使再生效率陡增;在炭黑剧烈再生时,钛酸铝材料的最高温度和最大温度梯度远高于碳化硅材料载体;压降随来流温度、炭黑担载量的增加而增大,压降大小与材料孔隙率、孔径及载体本身的结构有关。     

过热器再热器爆漏事故的原因分析及对策

过热器、再热器爆漏事故严重影响了锅炉机组的安全性和经济性,而造成过热器、再热器爆漏事故的主要因素有超温爆管、磨损、高温腐蚀、热疲劳、质量失控等。通过对这些因素的主要原因和爆口特征的分析,提出了一些过热器、再热器爆漏事故的防治措施。     

具有智能化特征的安全稳定分析与控制决策技术

安全稳定预警与控制辅助决策是智能电网调度技术支持系统不可缺少的应用类功能。在分析安全稳定分析与控制决策计算工作特点的基础上,提出安全稳定分析与控制决策支持智能化的主要特征：自动化和自适应性。介绍了自动化的安全稳定分析计算技术,包括输入数据准备、任务执行和输出结果的自动化处理;阐述了自适应电网运行工况、外部环境和硬件运行状态的安全稳定分析技术,包括调整应用功能的输入数据和妥善处理安全稳定性交互影响,以及根据分析计算任务要求动态优化调度计算资源。这些技术已用于安全稳定综合防御系统,提高了分析结果的适应性和分析计算的效率,在电网运行规划、计划安全校核、超短期安全态势预测、调度操作安全校核和在线分析与控制等电网调度运行管理中发挥作用。     

Hydrophilic and hydrophobic materials and their applications

Wettability of a material’s surface plays a significant role in how fluids interact with such surfaces. Wetting behavior is universal but can vary depending on the chemical nature of the solid and liquid phases. Plants and animals adapt to their environment by having evolved special properties. These properties are such as hydrophilic and hydrophobic. Hydrophilic surface has a strong affinity to water and spreading of water on such surface is preferred. The degree of hydrophilicity of the substance can be measured by measuring the contact angle between the liquid and solid phases. Hydrophobic materials are known as non-polar materials with a low affinity to water, which makes them water repelling. A contact angle of less than 90° indicates hydrophilic interaction where as an angle greater than 90° indicates a hydrophobic interaction. More recently, superwetting such as superhydrophilicity has been receiving an increased focus in the literature due to its potential significance. Superhydrophilic surface has a contact angle of less than 5°.

The fabrication of hydrophilic materials can be carried out in two main ways: depositing molecules on surfaces or modification of surface chemistry. Both methods have been successful historically in achieving their intended purposes. Hydrophobic and superhydrophobic materials can be produced with many fabrication methods such as layer-by-layer assembly, laser process, the solution-immersion method, sol-gen techniques, chemical etching, and Hummer’s method.

The applications of such an important property are significant. For example, hydrophilic surfaces can be used in anti-fogging applications, biomedical, filtration, heat pipes, and many others. Hydrophobic and superhydrophobic materials have been successfully applied in many sectors, such as: (I) the removal of petroleum from aqueous solutions, (II) applied to plastic, ceramics, and mesh to contribute to the oil removal from aqueous solutions, (III) hydrophobic layers have a strong self-cleaning effect on plastics, heat pipes, metals, textiles, glass, paints, and electronics, (IV) hydrophobic layers improve the anti-freezing behavior of heat pipes which prevents unwanted build-up and (V) they function as a water and dust protecting coat on electronics.

The presence of this property is historic but there is still a huge potential for development for its applications in many sectors such as water treatment, heat transfer applications, biomedical devices, and many more.     

Defect and impurity diagnostics and process monitoring

The review focuses on four areas of defect and impurity diagnostics: (i) the determination of parasitic resistances, (ii) quantum efficiency analysis including light-beam-induced current measurement systems which use spectrally resolved currents to determine local recombination in solar cells, (iii) methods to determine the recombination properties in solar cell precursors and (iv) techniques suitable for the recognition of the type of impurity or defect, which is responsible for increased recombination. In general, emphasis is on those methods, which are capable of delivering spatially resolved information. The use of the specific metastability features of a defect for its identification is exemplified. In addition, carrier lifetime spectroscopy methods utilising the temperature or the injection dependence of defect recombination are outlined.     

铁道机车车辆轮轨的摩擦磨损与节能降耗

阐述了铁道机车车辆轮轨摩擦磨损的现状;研究了内燃机车车轮、闸瓦和钢轨的消耗数量及相应的维修费用;指出了采用适当的新技术之后,在节能降耗方面会产生显著的经济效益。     

Hydrogen and electricity from water and light

Four self-driven photoelectrochemical hydrogen producers: n-TiO₂/p-CdTe, n-TiO₂/p-GaP, n-SrTiO₃/p-CdTe and n-SrTiO₃/p-GaP were constructed and examined in 1 M NaOH. the current-potential curves of the individual electrodes and the current-cell voltage relationships were measured. Cell current-density measurements versus time demonstrated that the output of each cell is stable for at least 12 h. the n-SrTiO₃/p-GaP cell under xenon light irradiation was the most efficient at 0·7 per cent. the n-TiO₂/p-GaP cell was estimated as the most efficient under solar light at 0·1 per cent. the stability of p-CdTe and its energy gap of 1·5 eV make it a prospect for use as a photocathode in future photoelectrochemical hydrogen producers.     

能源的开发利用与节能

在节能与环保问题成为当今全球性重要研究课题的情况下,笔者对中国能源的现状、新能源开发问题和在用车辆的环保节能问题进行了研究探讨。认为我国应加大开发可再生能源、核能源的力度,开发城市生活垃圾的新能源,找出在用柴油车实现环保节能的一些新措施。     

国内外能耗监测控制管理理论与实践

能耗监测是能源管理中的重要环节,国外不少国家在这方面都进行了积极的努力,制定了一些相关政策,并取得了一部分研究成果.我国于上世纪90年代初就出台了关于能耗监测的有关规定,2007年颁布的《单位GDP能耗监测体系实施方案》规定了能耗监测的主体、主要内容和指标.工业、交通运输和建筑是我国三大“耗能大户”,因此能耗监测研究和管理实践也主要集中在这三个领域.信息技术的发展为工业企业的能耗监测提供了基础平台,运用计算机信息技术对能耗实行现代化管理,成为企业实现信息化管理、降低成本的一种重要手段.道路交通约占我国交通运输业能耗的75％,因而对道路交通能耗的监测是交通运输业能耗监测的主要任务,而对机车能耗的监测是铁路运输能耗监测的主要内容之一.建筑能耗监测主要针对大型公共建筑,通过信息化手段进行信息采集及能耗监测.目前有关能耗监测的研究还处于起步阶段,尚未全面展开,能耗监测技术还不成熟,监测设备也不齐全.今后除了要继续探索能耗监测技术以外,还应重点加强对主要行业能耗监测控制管理体系的研究.     

The roles of science and technology in energy and environment research and development

Countries are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of science and technology in relation to national development and the necessity of formulating a concise science and technology policy. The need to strengthen and orient the scientific and technological infrastructure in line with national development goals, through more effective use of an available qualified work force and the higher education system, is becoming widely recognized. Consequently, appropriate methods of assessing the impact of science and technology on national development are needed so that efforts are concentrated on areas potentially having substantial impacts. Numerous planning studies have been undertaken to this end, particularly by international organizations such as UNESCO, UNIDO, OECD and IEA. This study examines the inter‐relationships of the disciplines of science and technology with energy and environment research and development (R&D) activities, particularly for developing countries. The connections between these topics are discussed along with some basic methods that can be used to exploit the relations. Some illustrative examples are presented. It is anticipated that the present study will serve as a preliminary step for more comprehensive work by providing an example of the utilization of formal methods in formulating science and technology policy for energy and environment R&D. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

火电厂TSI安装调试及常见故障诊断和处理

火电机组TSI探头的安装与调试是一个较为复杂和精细的工作.是火电厂热控安装不可或缺的最重要的组成部分.文章对各种测量探头的原理进行了分析,理论结合实际,将原理图和现场安装图进行对照,通俗易懂.对这些TSI探头在实际安装时应注意的细节问题做了详尽的阐述,同时对试车过程中出现的问题进行了分析并提出了处理措施.对火电机组汽轮机本体热工仪表安装工作有一定的指导意义.