表面纳米化对高温Ti合金与TiAl合金的扩散连接工艺及力学性能影响

目的研究表面纳米化Ti合金与Ti Al合金异质扩散连接的界面反应、力学性能和工艺条件。方法利用高能喷丸技术对钛合金的表面进行纳米化处理,然后在高温压力真空炉内进行扩散连接实验。结果 Ti合金/Ti Al扩散连接的结合强度与中间层厚度密切相关,当中间层厚度为1.7~2.0μm时,剪切强度最大。结论表面纳米化可以促进原子扩散、增加接头厚度、缩短扩散连接所需的时间。对于扩散界面存在缝隙接头,在无压热处理条下表面纳米化样品可以快速提高焊合率,改善连接质量。     

镁合金/钢异种材料激光熔钎焊接头组织及成形调控

采用激光熔钎焊技术对AZ31B镁合金与Q235钢进行异种金属搭接实验。添加Ni中间层协调镁合金与钢的冶金连接,通过外加纵向交变磁场调控接头成形及组织,以期提高接头的力学性能。结果表明：添加Ni中间层后接头类熔焊区IMC层为树枝状或连续纳米级层状AlNi相,实现冶金连接。外加交变磁场后Fe-Ni固溶体厚度减小且延伸进镁侧焊缝中,沟壑状的Fe-Ni固溶体增加了界面的结合面积。通过测量发现接头实际界面连接长度与拉剪线载荷有很大的联系。外加交变磁场后激光熔钎接头实际界面连接长度与拉剪线载荷随着磁场强度的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势。当激光功率P=1250 W,焊接速度v=20 mm·s^-1,磁场强度B=10 mT,磁场频率f=35 Hz时,添加Ni中间层协调镁合金与钢的冶金连接,外加纵向交变磁场优化接头焊缝成形,接头拉剪线载荷最高,达到163 N/mm。     

高熵合金应用于异种金属焊接的研究现状及发展趋势

近年来,基于国内外对降低能耗的需求,"轻量化"在制造工业中受到广泛的重视.异种金属焊接可以综合发挥不同材料的性能优势,成为实现"轻量化"的有效途径.然而,在多数异种金属连接接头处会形成硬而脆的金属间化合物(IMC),严重降低焊接接头的强度和韧性.高熵合金兼具高熵效应与迟滞扩散效应,使其具有作为中间层材料或者钎料应用于异种金属连接以改善IMC带来的问题的巨大潜力.本文综述了近年来将高熵合金作为异种金属焊接中间层材料/钎料的相关探索性研究,重点关注高熵合金对焊接界面IMC的产生、微观组织和焊接接头力学性能的影响.综合分析相关研究,结合分析作为金属基复合材料增强体以及与铝合金、钢和钛合金等传统材料的异种金属焊接时所产生的高熵合金/传统金属界面组织特征,指出高熵合金确有作为中间层材料/钎料应用于不同类型异种金属焊接的潜力.为了推进高熵合金在这一方向上的应用,需要开展更加系统和深入的机理性研究以揭示高熵合金改善界面组织的机理,并针对不同异种金属体系优化出高熵合金中间层材料/钎料成分;此外,有必要开展"放大"研究以模拟实际工况下的作用效果.     

铝基复合材料(Al2O3p/6061Al)过渡液相扩散连接

研究了Al-Si合金中间层Al2O3p/6061Al复合材料过渡液相扩散连接接头的显微结构和连接工艺参数对接头剪切强度的影响。连接区主要由Al-Si合金组成，无Al2O3颗粒，接头裂纹起源于Al-Si合金与Al2O3颗粒界面处，并主要在连接区Al-Si合金中扩展，连接工艺参数对接头剪切强度影响程度依次为Al-Si合金中间层厚度、连接温度、保温时间。选择合适的连接工艺参数，接头剪切强度可达70－80MPa。     

二维碳/碳化硅复合材料与铌合金的连接

实现了二维C/SiC与Nb合金NbHf10-1M的可靠连接. 连接时将Ti-Cu核心中间层与Cu辅助中间层构成的叠层结构置于C/SiC与Nb合金之间, 并采用了固相扩散连接与瞬间液相扩散连接(Transient liquid phase-diffusion bonding, TLP-DB)相结合的连接方法. 结果表明: 辅助中间层厚度>0.72mm时, 可以有效缓解接头热应力. 核心中间层在TLP-DB过程中形成的液相对C/SiC具有良好浸润性, 可渗入C/SiC基体, 并包裹位于核心中间层与C/SiC界面区域的C纤维. 接头剪切强度最高为14.1MPa.     

中间层厚度对LAS玻璃陶瓷与C/C复合材料连接强度的影响

采用不同厚度的MgO-Al2O3-SiO2(MAS)玻璃作为中间层,对表面改性炭/炭(C/C)复合材料与Li2CO3-Al2O3-SiO2(LAS)玻璃陶瓷进行热压连接,重点研究了中间层厚度对接头强度的影响,并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对连接界面及剪切断口的微观组织和形貌进行了分析.结果表明:没有添加中间层时,接头强度仅为10MPa;采用MAS玻璃作为中间层时,接头室温剪切强度随着中间层厚度的增加先增大后减小,当中间层厚度为80μm时,获得的接头剪切强度最大,为26.61MPa.     

钛/钢异种金属焊接技术的研究进展

钛和钢广泛应用于船舶领域,其中,钢材主要用于船体,钛合金则大量用于海水管路等部位,由于钛与钢的物理化学性能差异,焊接界面常形成大量脆性金属间化合物,无法获得优质的焊接接头,因此产生了钛/钢连接问题。本研究在分析钛/钢异种金属的焊接性基础上,综述了钛/钢异种金属间的钎焊、压力焊、熔焊等研究现状,并对钛/钢异种金属焊接的发展前景进行了展望。     

TiAl/40Cr钢扩散连接界面组织结构对接头强度的影响

扩散连接界面组织结构是影响连接性能的关键因素，不同的界面组织结构及生成相所决定的接合强度不同．本文研究了TiAl/40Cr钢的扩散连接，结果显示：连接温度过高及连接时间过长时，由于界面处形成了过多的TiC脆性层及Ti3Al FeAl FeAl2的金属间化合物混合层，接头拉伸强度低；当连接温度较低及连接时间较短时，界面紧密接触与元素扩散不充分，接头拉伸强度也较低．脆性TiC层的生成导致TiAl与40Cr钢之间的扩散连接性能较差，接头均破断于TiC层或TiC层与Ti3Al FeAl FeAl2的金属间化合物混合层之间．     

Mg/Zn/Al瞬间液相过冷连接界面的组织与性能研究

采用瞬间液相过冷连接方法对AZ31镁合金/锌中间层/5083铝合金进行连接,利用SEM、XRD、拉伸实验机和微观硬度计对结合界面的微观组织、力学性能进行了表征。结果表明,以锌作中间层,采用瞬间液相过冷连接可以实现AZ31镁合金与5083铝合金的有效连接,接头的最高抗拉强度可以达到38.5MPa,随着低温扩散保温时间的延长,扩散层厚度随之增加,接头的抗拉强度也随之升高;接头的拉伸断口属于脆性断裂,结合界面形成了MgZn2和少量的Mg17Al12金属间化合物;结合界面的微观硬度最高达170。     

CeO2掺杂MAS中间层对C/C-LAS接头性能的影响

采用稀土CeO2改性镁铝硅玻璃(MAS)作为中间层,对碳/碳(C/C)复合材料和锂铝硅玻璃陶瓷(LAS)进行热压连接,研究了稀土氧化物CeO2的掺杂对连接接头性能的影响。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)对稀土改性的MAS中间层、连接界面的形貌及成分进行分析,利用万能试验机测试C/C-LAS连接接头的剪切强度。研究结果表明:与未添加CeO2改性的MAS中间层相比较,改性后MAS中间层表面较致密,孔洞缺陷少,MAS中间层的厚度约为150μm,未改性MAS中间层的厚度为50μm;稀土CeO2改性后的连接接头平均剪切强度为25.37 MPa,比未改性的连接接头强度提高约为30%。     

铝/钢异种材料搅拌摩擦焊研究进展

由于铝、钢的物理化学性质存在巨大差异,铝/钢的连接是焊接领域的难点问题。搅拌摩擦焊是低热输入的固态连接方法,能够有效控制铝/钢金属间化合物的生长,且搅拌针强烈的搅拌作用可增加铝/钢异种材料机械咬合程度,得到高质量的铝/钢焊接接头,铝/钢搅拌摩擦焊已经成为了焊接领域的热点问题。文中综述了铝/钢搅拌摩擦焊国内外研究现状,涉及到接头形式、焊缝成形、焊接工艺和力学性能,着重介绍了铝/钢搅拌摩擦焊接头的连接机制,并围绕铝/钢搅拌摩擦焊存在的两大问题,对铝/钢搅拌摩擦焊新技术进行总结,并进一步提出了铝/钢搅拌摩擦焊的基础研究方向。     

Interfacial structure of the joints between magnesium alloy and mild steel with nickel as interlayer by hybrid laser-TIG welding

The joint interface of Mg alloy to steel with Ni interlayer was investigated. Comparing with that without any interlayer, the joint shear strength was improved significantly. The characterization of interfaces in the joint with Ni interlayer was analyzed and discussed. The results show that the formation of intermetallic compound Mg₂Ni and solid solution of Ni in Fe at the interface altered the bonding mode of joints which contributed to the increase of the tensile shear strength in contrast to the direct joining of Mg alloy to steel. Owing to the addition of Ni interlayer, the conclusion is that the bonding mode of Mg alloy to steel from mechanical bonding to semi-metallurgical joining.     

Microstructures and mechanical properties of magnesium alloy and stainless steel weld-joint made by friction stir lap welding

Friction stir lap welding was conducted on soft/hard metals. A welding tool was designed with a cutting pin of rotary burr made of tungsten carbide, which makes the stirring pin possible to penetrate and cut the surface layer of the hard metal. Magnesium alloy AZ31 and stainless steel SUS302 were chosen as soft/hard base metals. The structures of the joining interface were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The joining strength was evaluated by tensile shear test. The results showed that flower-like interfacial morphologies were presented with steel flashes and scraps, which formed bonding mechanisms of nail effect by long steel flashes, zipper effect by saw-tooth structure and metallurgical bonding. The shear strength of the lap joint falls around the shear strength of butt joint of friction stir welded magnesium alloy.     

TLP bonding of SiCp/2618Al composites using mixed Al–Ag–Cu system powders as interlayers

Mixed Al–Ag–Cu and Al–Ag–Cu–Ti powders were used as interlayers for transient liquid phase diffusion bonding (TLP bonding) of SiC particulate reinforced 2618 aluminum alloy matrix composite (SiCp/2618Al MMC). The results show that by using mixed Al–Ag–Cu powder with the eutectic composition as an interlayer, SiCp/2618Al MMC can be TLP bonded at 540 °C, however, the joining layer is porous. Adding a certain amount of titanium into the Al–Ag–Cu interlayer, the TLP bonding quality can be improved. The titanium added into the Al–Ag–Cu interlayer has an effect of shortening the solidification time of the joining layer, thus decreasing SiC particles from the parent materials entering into the joining layer. The joints bonded using Al–Ag–Cu–Ti interlayers have a maximum shear strength of 101 MPa when 2.1% titanium is added.     

Transient liquid-phase insert metal bonding of Al2O3 and AISI 304 stainless steel

Transition liquid-phase insert metal bonding of Al2O3 and AISI 304 stainless steel based materials is investigated. This joining technique allows the continuous replenishment of the active solute which is consumed by the chemical reaction that occurs at the ceramic/filler metal interface. Replenishment is facilitated by employing a sandwich of filler materials comprising tin-based filler metal and amorphous Cu50Ti50 or NiCrB interlayers. During Al2O3/AISI 304 stainless steel bonding, the highest shear strength properties are produced using a bonding temperature of 500 °C. Thick reaction layers containing defects form at the ceramic/filler material interface when higher bonding temperatures are applied. Bonding at temperatures above 500 °C also increases the tensile residual stress generated at the periphery of Al2O3/AISI 304 stainless steel joints. The shear strength of joints produced using NiCrB interlayers markedly increased following heat treatment at 200 °C for 1.5 h. Heat treatment had little influence on the shear strength of the joint produced using Cu50Ti50 interlayers. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Comparative study on microstructure and mechanical properties of laser welded–brazed Mg/mild steel and Mg/stainless steel joints

A laser welding–brazing (LWB) technology using Mg based filler has been developed for joining Mg alloy to mild steel and Mg alloy to stainless steel in a lap configuration. Microstructure and mechanical properties of laser welded–brazed lap joints in both cases were comparatively studied. The results indicated that no distinct reaction layer was observed at the interface of Mg/mild steel and subsequently the interface was confirmed as mechanical bonding, whereas an ultra thin reaction layer with a continuous and uniform morphology was evidenced at the Mg/stainless steel interface, which was indicative of metallurgical bonding. The newly formed interfacial layer was indexed as FeAl phase by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The average tensile–shear strength of Mg/mild steel joint was only 142 N/mm with typical interfacial failure, while that of Mg/stainless steel joint could reach 270 N/mm, representing 82.4% joint efficiency relative to the Mg alloy base metal. The fracture location of Mg/stainless steel joint was at Mg fusion welding side, suggesting the interface was not weak point due to the formation of ultra thin interfacial layer. The role of alloying elements in base metal and bonding mechanism of the interfacial layer were discussed, respectively.     

Ceramic joining

A method of ceramic-ceramic joining that exploits a thin layer of a transient liquid phase to join alumina to alumina has been developed, and the results of its application to joining alumina are reported. Through the use of microdesigned multilayer Cu/Pt interlayers, transient liquid-phase joining has been achieved at 1150°C, yielding an interlayer that is platinum-rich at temperatures substantially lower than those required for solid-state diffusion bonding with pure platinum interlayers. Flexure tests indicate that ceramic/metal interface strengths exceeding those of the ceramic can be achieved. Post-bonding anneals of 10 h duration in air and gettered argon at 1000 °C had discernibly different effects on room-temperature joint strength. The microstructure and chemistry of fracture surfaces were examined using SEM and EDS in an effort to identify the nature of strength-limiting flaws in both as-bonded and postbonding annealed specimens. Topics requiring further study are identified. Opportunities for extensions of the method to other systems are discussed.     

电弧电流对AZ31B/DP980激光诱导电弧焊接接头成形及力学性能的影响

采用激光诱导钨极惰性气体保护(tungsten inert gas, TIG)电弧焊接技术,在未添加任何夹层和镀层的条件下,通过优化工艺,获得了AZ31B镁合金和DP980高强钢高质量搭接焊接头,重点研究TIG电弧电流对焊接接头成形和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明：电弧电流的增大会提高镁合金在高强钢的润湿铺展能力,提升焊缝宽度的同时减小润湿角。镁合金/钢焊接接头的最大拉伸载荷随着电弧电流的增大先升高后降低,接头断裂模式由沿界面断裂转变为沿焊缝断裂。当TIG电流为80 A、激光功率为350 W时,焊接接头最大平均拉伸载荷达到279 N/mm。焊缝宽度和界面层厚度的增大以及激光匙孔的钉扎作用共同提升了镁合金/钢的接头性能。     

Brazing of SiC to a wrought nickel-based superalloy using CoFeNi(Si, B)CrTi filler metal

Newly-developed CoFeNi(Si, B)CrTi brazing filler metal was used for joining of SiC to a wrought nickel-based superalloy (GH3044). The brazing alloy was fabricated into brazing foils by a rapid solidifying technique, and the brazing temperature was fixed at 1150 °C. The SiC/GH3044 joints using single interlayer Ni or triple interlayers of Ni/W/Ni showed very low strength, and this was because the Ni severely interfered with the normal reactions between the SiC and the brazing alloy. When using triple interlayers of Kovar/W/Ni for the SiC/GH3044 joining, the joint strength was remarkably elevated to 62.5-64.6 MPa. Kovar has a low coefficient of thermal expansion. Moreover, when Kovar was used as an interlayer neighboured to the brazed SiC, it basically ensured the normal interfacial reactions between the brazed SiC and the used brazing alloy. These two factors should account for the improvement of the joint strength.     

Dissimilar metal joining of ZK60 magnesium alloy and titanium by friction stir welding

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid-state joining process, and the joining temperature is lower than that in the fusion welding process. The effect of alloying elements on the microstructure of dissimilar joints of a Mg–Zn–Zr alloy (ZK60) and titanium by using FSW, was examined. A commercial ZK60 and a titanium plates with 2 mm in thickness was butt-joined by inserting the probe into the ZK60 plate, and slightly offset into the titanium plate side to ensure the direct contact between them. The average tensile strength of the joint was 237 MPa, which was about 69% of that of ZK60 and a fracture occurred mainly in the stir zone of ZK60 and partly at the joint interface. A thin Zn and Zr-rich layer with about 1 m in thickness was formed at the joint interface, which affected the tensile strength of the dissimilar joint of ZK60 and titanium.