碲锌镉衬底上中长双色红外碲镉汞分子束外延生长研究

报道了使用分子束外延(Molecular beam epitaxy,MBE)技术,在(211)B碲镉汞(CdZnTe,CZT)衬底上生长中长波双色碲镉汞(HgCdTe,MCT)薄膜材料,生长温度为180℃,研究了双色碲镉汞薄膜材料衬底脱氧技术、分子束外延薄膜生长温度与缓冲层生长等关键技术,实现了中长波双色碲镉汞薄膜生长,外延薄膜采用相差显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、二次离子质谱仪(SIMS)及X射线衍射仪(XRD)对薄膜的表面缺陷、厚度、组分及其均匀性、薄膜纵向组分以及晶体质量进行了表征,表面缺陷数量低于600 cm-2,组分(300 K测试)和厚度均匀性分别为?x≤0.001、?d≤0.9μm,X-Ray双晶衍射摇摆曲线FWHM=65 arcsec,得到了质量较高的中长波双色碲镉汞薄膜材料.     

Si基短波碲镉汞材料分子束外延生长研究

报道了在中波工艺基础上,Si 基碲镉汞分子束外延短波工艺的最新研究进展,通过温度标定、使用反射式高能电子衍射、高温计的在线测量和现有的中波 Si 基碲镉汞温度控制曲线建立及优化了 Si 基碲镉汞短波材料的生长温度控制曲线;获得的 Si 基短波 HgCdTe 材料表面光亮、均匀,表面缺陷密度小于3000 cm －2;基于此技术成功制备出了 Si 基短／中波双色材料。     

分子束外延硅基碲镉汞材料技术研究现状

目前,高性能大面阵中波及短波红外探测器已经得到了越来越多的应用。材料参数控制精确、材料质量良好的碲镉汞材料是获得高质量碲镉汞探测器的先决条件。报道了华北光电技术研究所在分子束外延(Molecular Beam Epitaxy, MBE)生长硅基中波及短波碲镉汞材料方面的最新研究进展,并介绍了现阶段MBE生长碲镉汞材料的研究现状。     

分子束外延In掺杂硅基碲镉汞研究

利用分子束外延(Molecular Beam Epitaxy, MBE)系统生长了In掺杂硅基碲镉汞(Mercury Cadmium Telluride, MCT)材料。通过控制In源温度获得了不同掺杂水平的高质量MCT外延片。二次离子质谱仪(Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer, SIMS)测试结果表明,In掺杂浓度在1×10¹⁵～2×10¹⁶ cm^-3之间。表征了不同In掺杂浓度对MCT外延层位错的影响。发现位错腐蚀坑形态以三角形为主(沿<■>方向排列),且位错密度与未掺杂样品基本相当。对不同In掺杂浓度的材料进行汞饱和低温处理后,样品的电学性能均有所改善。结果表明,In掺杂能够提高材料的均匀性,从而获得较高的电子迁移率。     

Si基大面积碲镉汞分子束外延研究

文章报道了Si基碲镉汞分子束外延(MBE)的最新研究进展。尝试用晶向偏角降低高界面应变能的方法,摸索大失配体系中位错的抑制途径,寻找位错密度与双晶半峰宽的对应关系,基本建立了外延材料晶体质量无损检测评价标准,并对外延工艺进行指导。通过上述研究,15~20μm Si基CdTe复合材料双晶半峰宽最好结果为54arcsec,对应位错密度(EPD)小于2×106/cm2,与相同厚度的GaAs/CdTe(211)双晶水平相当,达到或优于国际最好结果。获得的3 in 10μm Si基HgCdTe材料双晶半峰宽最好结果为51arcsec,目前Si基HgCdTe材料已经初步应用于焦平面中波320×240器件制备。     

低缺陷Si基碲镉汞分子束外延工艺研究

随着焦平面探测器向超大面阵、小像元方向发展,对盲元率尤其连续盲元、均匀性等要求越来越高。材料表面缺陷已经成为抑制Si基碲镉汞分子束外延(Molecular Beam Epitaxial, MBE)技术在更广范围内应用的一个重要因素。通过解决MBE系统束流稳定性、束流测量的精确性和生长温度控制的稳定性共3个MBE生长碲镉汞材料精确控制的关键问题,以及通过正交试验优化生长参数,将Si基碲镉汞材料缺陷密度控制在500 cm^-2以内,最优值达到57.83 cm^-2。     

基于分子束外延的4 in硅基碲镉汞材料工艺研究

现阶段,大面阵碲镉汞红外焦平面探测器的需求持续增加,面向更大尺寸的碲镉汞材料制备技术成为了研究热点。对4 in硅基碲镉汞材料外延技术进行了研究。通过提升设备参数的稳定性、控制外延片的平整度以及优化材料工艺参数等一系列手段,突破了大尺寸硅基碲镉汞材料工艺的关键技术瓶颈,并制备出了高平整度、高均匀性、低缺陷率、高质量的4 in硅基碲镉汞材料。结果表明,该材料的双晶衍射半峰宽小于等于90 arcsec,表面宏观缺陷密度小于等于100 cm^-2,表面平整度小于等于15 μm。     

基于分子束外延的6 in短波硅基碲镉汞材料的表面缺陷研究

由于大规模碲镉汞红外焦平面探测器对大尺寸硅基碲镉汞材料的需求日益增长,针对基于分子束外延(Molecular Beam Epitaxy, MBE)的6 in短波硅基碲镉汞材料的表面宏观缺陷密度进行研究。使用扫描电子显微镜(Scanning Electron Microscopy, SEM)对材料表面缺陷进行分析,确定了缺陷种类及产生原因。通过对外延温区均匀性、束流均匀性和源炉稳定性进行改进,提高了材料的组分均匀性;通过材料表面缺陷控制及材料工艺参数优化,改进了基于分子束外延的6 in短波硅基碲镉汞材料制备技术,批量产出高均匀性和低表面缺陷密度的高质量6 in短波硅基碲镉汞材料。结果表明,材料中心处与边缘处的组分差距小于等于3.0%,表面宏观缺陷(大于2 μm)密度小于等于70 cm^-2。     

分子束外延锗基碲镉汞薄膜原位砷掺杂研究

报道了基于Ge衬底分子束外延碲镉汞原位As掺杂材料的研究结果,进行了As掺杂碲镉汞薄膜生长的温度控制研究;分析了As束流对材料晶体质量的影响,结合SIMS测试技术得到了As杂质掺杂浓度与束源炉加热温度的关系;并利用傅里叶红外光谱仪、X射线双晶衍射、EPD检测等手段对晶体质量进行了分析表征,结果显示利用 MBE 方法可以生长出晶体质量良好、缺陷密度低的碲镉汞薄膜;进一步研究了As杂质的激活退火工艺及不同退火条件对材料电学参数的影响。     

分子束外延HgCdTe/CdZnTe(211)B表面缺陷研究

HgCdTe材料的表面缺陷是造成探测器性能下降的主要原因之一。采用聚焦离子束（Focused Ion Beam, FIB）、扫描电子显微镜（Scanning Electron Microscope, SEM）和能量色散X射线光谱仪（Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer, EDX）研究了碲锌镉（CdZnTe)基HgCdTe外延层的表面缺陷。通过分析不同类型缺陷形成的原因,确定缺陷起源于HgCdTe材料生长过程。缺陷的形状与生长条件关系密切。凹坑及火山口状缺陷与Hg缺乏/稍高生长温度、分子束源坩埚中材料形状变化造成的不稳定束流有关。金刚石状缺陷和火山口状/金刚石状复合缺陷的产生与Hg/Te高束流比、低生长温度相关。在5 cm×5 cm大小的CdZnTe(211)B衬底表面上生长出了组分为0.216、厚度约为6.06~7 μm的高质量HgCdTe外延层。同时还建立了缺陷类型与HgCdTe薄膜生长工艺的关系。该研究对于制备高质量HgCdTe/CdZnTe外延层具有参考意义。     

CdZnTe(211)B衬底对MBE外延碲镉汞材料的影响分析

碲锌镉 CdZnTe（211）B 衬底广泛应用于碲镉汞（HgCdTe）分子束外延生长,其性能参数在很大程度上决定了碲镉汞分子束外延材料的质量。主要讨论了 CdZnTe（211）B 衬底几个关键性能参数对碲镉汞外延材料的影响,包括 Zn 组分及均匀性、缺陷（位错、孪晶及晶界和碲沉淀）以及表面状态（粗糙度和化学组成）,并且分析了对 CdZnTe（211）B 衬底进行筛分时各性能参数的评价方法和指标。     

中国电科11所碲镉汞薄膜材料制备技术进展

碲镉汞材料具有响应速度快、量子效率高、带隙连续可调等优点,广泛应用于红外探测领域,本文报道了近年来中国电科11所在碲镉汞薄膜材料制备方面的技术进展。在碲锌镉衬底材料制备方面,已突破?135 mm碲锌镉晶体生长技术,碲锌镉衬底平均位错腐蚀坑密度（EPD）<1×10～4cm^-2,具备了80 mm×80 mm规格碲锌镉衬底的批量生产能力。在液相外延碲镉汞薄膜制备方面,富碲水平液相外延碲镉汞薄膜平均位错腐蚀坑密度EPD<4×10～4cm^-2,具备80 mm×80 mm规格碲镉汞薄膜的制备能力;富汞垂直液相外延实现高质量双层异质结碲镉汞薄膜材料批量化制备,该种材料的半峰宽（FWHM）控制在（20～40）arcsec范围内,碲镉汞薄膜厚度极差≤±0.6μm。在分子束外延碲镉汞薄膜方面,实现了6 in硅基碲镉汞材料制备,组分标准偏差≤0.0015,表面宏观缺陷密度≤100 cm^-2;碲锌镉基碲镉汞材料已具备50 mm×50 mm制备能力,组分标准偏差为0.002,厚度标准偏差为0.047μm。从探测器验证结果来看,基于富碲水平液相外延碲镉汞薄膜实现了1 k×1 k、2 k×2 k等规格红外焦平面探测器的工程化制备;采用双层异质结碲镉汞薄膜实现了高温工作、长波及甚长波探测器的制备;使用分子束外延制备的碲镉汞薄膜实现了2.7 k×2.7 k、5.4 k×5.4 k、8 k×8 k等规格红外焦平面探测器研制,在宇航领域有巨大的应用潜力。     

Dual-band infrared detectors made on high-quality HgCdTe epilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy on CdZnTe or CdTe/Ge substrates

In this paper, we present all the successive steps for realizing dual-band infrared detectors operating in the mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) band. High crystalline quality HgCdTe multilayer stacks have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on CdZnTe and CdTe/Ge substrates. Material characterization in the light of high-resolution x-ray diffraction (HRXRD) results and dislocation density measurements are exposed in detail. These characterizations show some striking differences between structures grown on the two kinds of substrates. Device processing and readout circuit for 128×128 focal-plane array (FPA) fabrication are described. The electro-optical characteristics of the devices show that devices grown on Ge match those grown on CdZnTe substrates in terms of responsivity, noise measurements, and operability.     

MBE Growth of HgCdTe on Large-Area Si and CdZnTe Wafers for SWIR,MWIR and LWIR Detection

Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth of HgCdTe on large-size Si (211) and CdZnTe (211)B substrates is critical to meet the demands of extremely uniform and highly functional third-generation infrared (IR) focal-panel arrays (FPAs). We have described here the importance of wafer maps of HgCdTe thickness, composition, and the macrodefects across the wafer not only to qualify material properties against design specifications but also to diagnose and classify the MBE-growth-related issues on large-area wafers. The paper presents HgCdTe growth with exceptionally uniform composition and thickness and record low macrodefect density on large Si wafers up to 6-in in diameter for the detection of short-wave (SW), mid-wave (MW), and long-wave (LW) IR radiation. We have also proposed a cost-effective approach to use the growth of HgCdTe on low-cost Si substrates to isolate the growth- and substrate-related problems that one occasionally comes across with the CdZnTe substrates and tune the growth parameters such as growth rate, cutoff wavelength (λ _cutoff) and doping parameters before proceeding with the growth on costly large-area CdZnTe substrates. In this way, we demonstrated HgCdTe growth on large CdZnTe substrates of size 7 cm × 7 cm with excellent uniformity and low macrodefect density. Received December 7, 2007; accepted February 25, 2008     

Improving material characteristics and reproducibility of MBE HgCdTe

This paper describes our progress to improve the material quality, reproducibility, and flexibility of molecular beam epitaxial (MBE) growth of HgCdTe. Data, statistics, and yields according to defined screen criteria are presented for n-type layer carrier concentration and mobility, void defect density, and dislocation density for more than 100 layers. Minority carrier lifetime data are also presented. Continued improvements in impurity reductiont have allowed us to achieve, for the first time, reproducible, low n-type carrier concentration in the mid-10¹⁴ cnr⁻³ range with high electron mobility. Data are presented that show that low dislocation density films are obtained for growth on CdZnTe substrates with a wide range of Zn concentration. Results are presented from a nine-growth run first pass success demonstration run to further assess material quality reproducibility and flexibility of wavelength band tuning. These results demonstrate the promising potential of MBE growth for flexible manufacturing of HgCdTe for infrared focal plane arrays.     

Molecular beam epitaxy growth of high-quality HgCdTe LWIR layers on polished and repolished CdZnTe substrates

We report here molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) mercury cadmium telluride (HgCdTe) layers grown on polished and repolished substrates that showed state-of-the-art optical, structural, and electrical characteristics. Many polishing machines currently available do not take into account the soft semiconductor materials, CdZnTe (CZT) being one. Therefore, a polishing jig was custom designed and engineered to take in account certain physical parameters (pressure, substrate rotational frequency, drip rate of solution onto the polishing pad, and polishing pad rotational velocity). The control over these parameters increased the quality, uniformity, and the reproducibility of each polish. EPIR also investigated several bromine containing solutions used for polishing CZT. The concentration of bromine, as well as the mechanical parameters, was varied in order to determine the optimal conditions for polishing CZT.     

束源杂质引发的MBE HgCdTe表面缺陷

研究了利用GaAs作为衬底的HgCdTe MBE薄膜的表面缺陷,发现其中一类缺陷与Hg源中杂质有关。采用SEM对这类缺陷进行正面和横截面的观察,并采用EDX对其正面和横截面进行成分分析。并设计了两个实验：其一,在CdTe／GaAs衬底上,低温下用Hg源照射20min,再在其上继续高温生长CdTe;其二,在CdTe／GaAs衬底上,一直用Hg源照射下高温生长CdTe。两个实验后CdTe表面都出现与HgCdTe表面相比在形状和分布上类似的表面缺陷,采用光学显微镜和SEM对CdTe表面缺陷进行了观察,通过CdTe表面缺陷和HgCdTe表面缺陷的比较,我们证实了这类表面缺陷的成核起源于Hg源中杂质。     

Use of electron cyclotron resonance plasmas to prepare CdZnTe (211)B substrates for HgCdTe molecular beam epitaxy

Without any additional preparation, Cd_1−yZn_yTe (211)B (y∼3.5%) wafers were cleaned by exposure to an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) Ar/H₂ plasma and used as substrates for HgCdTe molecular beam epitaxy. Auger electron spectra were taken from as-received wafers, conventionally prepared wafers (bromine: methanol etching, followed by heating to 330–340°C), and wafers prepared under a variety of ECR process conditions. Surfaces of as-received wafers contained ∼1.5 monolayers of contaminants (oxygen, carbon, and chlorine). Conventionally prepared wafers had ∼1/4 monolayer of carbon contamination, as well as excess tellurium and/or excess zinc depending on the heating process used. Auger spectra from plasma-treated CdZnTe wafers showed surfaces free from contamination, with the expected stoichiometry. Stoichiometry and surface cleanliness were insensitive to the duration of plasma exposure (2–20 s) and to changes in radio frequency input power (20–100 W). Reflection high energy electron diffraction patterns were streaked indicating microscopically smooth and ordered surfaces. The smoothness of plasma-etched CdZnTe wafers was further confirmed ex situ using interferometric microscopy. Surface roughness values of ∼0.4 nm were measured. Characteristics of HgCdTe epilayers deposited on wafers prepared with plasma and conventional etching were found to be comparable. For these epilayers, etch pit densities on the order of 10⁵ cm⁻² have been achieved. ECR Ar/H₂ plasma cleaning is now utilized at Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate as the baseline CdZnTe surface preparation technique.