铝合金钻杆旋转弯曲疲劳断口特征

首先对铝合金钻杆进行了不同应力幅值的旋转弯曲疲劳试验,然后采用扫描电镜观察其断口微观形貌特征。结果表明:在170 MPa低应力下,铝合金钻杆的疲劳断口可分为疲劳源区、裂纹扩展区及瞬断区3个区域,微裂纹在试样次表面相界处萌生,裂纹稳态扩展区面积较大,占60%以上;在290 MPa高应力下,铝合金钻杆的疲劳断口上有多个疲劳源区,微裂纹于试样表面或近表面位置形核,裂纹扩展区面积仅占15%~30%。对于同一试样,随着裂纹的扩展,断口上疲劳滑移台阶变宽,疲劳条带逐渐清晰;对于不同试样,随着应力的提高,裂纹扩展速率增大,疲劳条带间距变宽,更易出现二次疲劳裂纹,断口上裂纹扩展区面积明显减小,相应的疲劳寿命也大幅降低。     

超声深滚处理改善预腐蚀7A52-CZ铝合金疲劳性能机理

研究了超声深滚(UDR)处理对预腐蚀7A52-CZ铝合金疲劳性能的作用.7A52铝合金试样在剥蚀腐蚀溶液中浸泡不同时间后进行了超声深滚处理.分别对未腐蚀试样、腐蚀试样和腐蚀+UDR处理试样进行了疲劳试验,用XRD应力测试和扫描电镜等方法分析了UDR处理前后试样的残余应力和断口形貌,并对疲劳断口进行了分析.结果表明:UDR处理在铝合金中引入超过1mm深的残余压应力层,延长了7A52的预腐蚀疲劳寿命.对于腐蚀较轻的试样,UDR处理使裂纹源在表层下残余压应力和拉应力过渡区产生,延长了疲劳裂纹萌生寿命;对腐蚀较重试样,疲劳裂纹仍从晶间腐蚀处形核,但由于引入残余压应力及腐蚀裂纹的部分愈合效应,仍在很大程度上改善了7A52的预腐蚀疲劳寿命.     

温度和应力比对航空铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展规律的影响及其机理

针对7475-T761航空铝合金中心开裂(MT)试样进行了不同温度、不同应力比条件下的一系列疲劳裂纹扩展试验,得到了相应试验条件下的疲劳裂纹扩展数据与规律,讨论了应力比、环境温度对疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响,并利用扫描电镜(SEM)观测分析了疲劳断口。结果表明:7475-T761铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展速率随应力比、温度的增加而增加;消除裂纹闭合效应影响后,相同温度不同应力比下的da/dN-ΔKeff可由同一拟合公式描述;高温时弹性模量和材料抗拉强度的下降以及裂纹表面氧化导致裂纹扩展速率较快;对比不同条件下稳定扩展区疲劳条带宽度验证了试验分析结论。     

0Cr16 Ni5 Mo不锈钢疲劳性能研究

通过疲劳试验对 0Cr16Ni5Mo不锈钢疲劳性能和海水中的腐蚀疲劳性能进行了研究 ,并对断口特征进行了金相及SEM分析。结果表明 :钢的σ-1 、σ-1SCC 和τ-1 分别为 5 5 0MPa、40 8MPa和 2 85MPa ,σ-1 、τ-1与σb 、σ0 .2 之间符合奥金格公式。不同条件下的疲劳断口特征各异 ,纯旋转弯曲疲劳断口属正常形貌 ,而扭转疲劳断口的扩展阶段疲劳条带不明显 ,这与受力条件复杂有关。海水介质中疲劳开裂具有表面多条裂纹源特征 ,裂纹尖端的应力集中加速裂纹扩展造成腐蚀疲劳强度降低 ,裂纹扩展至断裂符合正常疲劳断裂机理。     

断口定量分析在评估构件疲劳寿命中的应用

通过断口疲劳条带反推寿命的理论基础,采用断口定量分析方法,在断口上测量裂纹长度α与裂纹扩展速率ｄａ／ｄＮ,运用Ｐａｒｉｓ公式推导出裂纹扩展速率曲线方程,计算出疲劳裂纹扩展寿命。此方法已应用于涡轮盘疲劳断口和３０ＣｒＮｉＭｏＡ试验断口。     

S135钻杆钢的拉扭复合加载疲劳行为

采用疲劳实验和回归分析相结合的方法,研究了S135钻杆钢在拉扭复合加载条件下的疲劳行为,并对疲劳断口进行了微观分析。结果表明:当τa/σeq=0.7时,由拉扭应力幅对应的当量应力表示的疲劳寿命公式可很好地描述S135钻杆钢的拉扭疲劳寿命规律;疲劳断口由疲劳源区、疲劳裂纹稳定扩展区和快速瞬断区组成,疲劳裂纹从试样表面萌生,并向试样内部扩展,且常为多疲劳源,不同疲劳源断口的连接和复合加载形成所谓的"屋脊"状特征;拉扭疲劳断裂试样裂纹源区的微观断口特征为明显的河流花样,裂纹扩展区的微观断口特征为疲劳条带与涟波状花样。     

2A12铝合金疲劳裂纹的成核与扩展机理EI北大核心CSCD

进行了不同应力水平下和不同应力比下2A12铝合金试验件的疲劳试验,并对试验件疲劳断口显微结构进行分析和对比,以揭示疲劳裂纹成核与扩展的微观特征。结果表明:2A12铝合金的疲劳裂纹在靠近试验件表面较为粗大的第二相粒子或试验件棱角缺陷处成核;成核位置距试验件表面的距离与应力水平和应力比有关,疲劳裂纹扩展区域也与应力水平和应力比有关。应力水平较小或应力较大时,疲劳裂纹沿晶扩展和穿晶扩展尤为明显。疲劳断口的裂纹成核粒子越小(大),试验件疲劳寿命越短(长),微裂纹成核寿命是疲劳全寿命计算中不可忽视的部分。     

应力比对航空高强LD2CZ铝合金腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展的影响

利用扫描电镜联合液压伺服试验机,并借助于Walker公式研究了应力比对预腐蚀不同时间航空高强LD2CZ铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展的影响,在应力比分别为0．05,0．5,0．7的条件下对预腐蚀0,15,30d的LD2CZ铝合金单边缺口板状试样进行了疲劳加载试验,得到了其疲劳裂纹扩展速率曲线,并拟合出了Walker公式中的材料常数。结果表明：裂纹扩展速率会随着应力比的增加以及腐蚀损伤的加深而增大,拟舍得到的Walker公式可用来定量化地表征应力比和腐蚀损伤对疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响。     

金属材料疲劳裂纹扩展曲线的拟合方法研究

提出了一种金属材料疲劳裂纹扩展曲线(a~N曲线)的拟合方法,即修正的双曲函数拟合方法。为检验这种曲线拟合方法的适用性,利用2024-T42铝合金CCT试样的疲劳裂纹扩展试验数据,对该铝合金的疲劳裂纹扩展曲线进行了拟合分析,并给出了疲劳裂纹扩展速率和扩展寿命。通过疲劳裂纹扩展寿命计算结果和试验结果的对比分析,证明这种拟合方法具有较高的拟合精度。     

基于遗传规划算法的不同应力比下不同厚度7050铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展寿命预测

针对不同厚度7050铝合金试样进行了不同应力比条件下的一系列疲劳裂纹扩展试验,并运用遗传规划算法对疲劳裂纹扩展寿命进行预测。遗传规划算法是模拟自然界中生物的进化策略,通过交换、突变等遗传操作,搜索目标的最优解。建立7050铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展速率的遗传规划模型,并利用试验数据对模型进行测试,后与其他典型疲劳裂纹扩展模型进行比较。研究结果表明:GP模型预测的7050铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展寿命结果与试验值基本吻合,相对误差小于1.5%,且GP模型预测结果的准确性高于Paris模型和Walker模型。     

盐雾预腐蚀对HRB400E抗震钢筋超低周疲劳性能的影响

研究了盐雾预腐蚀对HRB400E钢的超低周疲劳性能影响.用NaC1溶液在盐雾腐蚀箱中对试验钢加速腐蚀30～90 d,然后采用轴向位移控制模拟强震载荷进行超低周疲劳试验,获得载荷随循环周次的变化关系和应变寿命曲线等;最后采用扫描电镜对断口形貌进行观察,分析微观断裂机理.试验结果表明:预腐蚀30、60和90 d的试验钢寿命...     

2024铝合金的一种新时效制度

通过对２０２４铝合金在不同时效制度下硬度和导电率的测试及统计分析,提出了用于替代室温下自然时效的一种新时效制度,对两种时效制度下的２０２４铝合金进行了拉伸、疲劳、腐蚀、疲劳裂主展速率和扩展寿命的对比试验及统计分析,证明两种时效下的材料机械性能无显著差异,新时效制度的２０２４铝全金完全满足适航要求,这 新时效制度可大在缩短飞机结构停场修理时间,给飞机维修公司和航空公司带来较高的经济效益。     

预腐蚀结构耐久性分析的概率断裂力学方法

考虑腐蚀环境的影响,建立了预腐蚀后结构耐久性分析的概率断裂力学方法。预腐蚀疲劳是影响飞机结构经济性和安全性的最重要因素,考虑地面停放预腐蚀的影响,建立预腐蚀条件下的相对小裂纹扩展规律,以裂纹萌生寿命(TTCI)服从双参数威布尔分布和对数正态分布为基础,反推得到预腐蚀条件下的当量初始缺陷尺寸分布(EIFSD),从而得到任意时刻裂纹尺寸分布函数,进行损伤度分析和经济寿命预测,并进行了预腐蚀后的某型飞机机翼副梁的经济寿命评定。     

Multiple fatigue crack growth in pre-corroded 2024-T3 aluminum

Previous studies of fatigue crack growth in corroded aluminum have revealed that multiple crack-nucleating corrosion features often lead to the failure of individual test specimens. In the present work, this phenomenon was explored by performing quantitative fractography on forty 2024-T3 sheet aluminum fatigue specimens. Slightly over half of the specimens were found to have two or more crack-nucleating pits. The number of nucleating pits per specimen was found to be positively correlated with stress level, and an interactive effect with corrosion exposure duration was observed. A fracture mechanics-based model was developed to simulate the observed multiple crack growth process. Flaw interaction effects were investigated and the importance of modeling multiple crack growth at high stress levels was seen.     

一种新的铝合金应变疲劳计算方法

提出了一种在铝合金构件应变疲劳分析中,计算局部应力和应变变程的新方法。这种方法称作应力功恒等法。采用这种新方法,计算了2024-T42铝合金试件在恒幅循环载荷作用下的疲劳寿命,并将疲劳寿命计算结果与试验结果进行了对比分析。对比分析结果表明,采用这种新方法计算构件应力集中处的局部应力和应变变程,具有较高的计算精度。     

Fatigue crack initiation and growth on a steel in the very high cycle regime with sea water corrosion

This paper is devoted to the effect of corrosion on the gigacycle fatigue strength of a martensitic-bainitic hot rolled steel used for manufacturing offshore mooring chains for petroleum platforms. Smooth specimens were tested under fully reversed tension between 10⁶ and 10¹⁰ cycles in three testing conditions and environments: (i) in air, (ii) in air after pre-corrosion and (iii) in air under real time artificial sea water flow. The fatigue strength at greater than 10⁸ cycles is reduced by a factor more than five compared with non-corroded specimens. Fatigue cracks initiate at corrosion pits due to pre-corrosion, if any, or pits resulting from corrosion in real time during the cyclic loading. It is shown that under sea water flow, the fatigue life in the gigacycle regime is mainly governed by the corrosion process. Furthermore, the calculation of the mode I stress intensity factor at hemispherical surface defects (pits) combined with the Paris-Hertzberg-Mc Clintock crack growth rate model shows that fatigue crack initiation regime represents most of the fatigue life.     

The effect of pitting corrosion on fatigue life

Fatigue testing of pre‐pitted 2024‐T3 aluminium alloy specimens is performed in laboratory air at 22 °C and 40% RH to characterize the effect of pitting corrosion on fatigue life. Specimens, pre‐corroded in a 0.5 M NaCl solution from 48 to 384 h, have fatigue lives that are reduced by more than one order of magnitude after 384 h pre‐corrosion as compared to those of uncorroded specimens. The reduction in fatigue life is interpreted in terms of the influence of the time of exposure to the corrosive environment or pit size. The crack‐nucleating pit sizes, ranging from 20 to 70 μm, are determined from post‐fracture examinations by scanning electron microscopy. Fatigue lives are estimated using a fracture mechanics approach and are shown to be in good agreement with the actual data. A probabilistic analysis shows that the distribution of fatigue life is strongly correlated to the distribution in nucleating pit size.     

Influence of frequency and exposure to a saline solution on the corrosion fatigue crack growth behavior of the aluminum alloy 2024

The aim of this study is to identify domains where the interactions between mechanical, environmental and microstructural parameters may occur during corrosion fatigue crack growth in the aluminum alloy 2024. The scope considered encompasses the influence of frequency and of alternate immersion in saline solution. Corrosion fatigue crack propagation tests have been carried out under sinusoidal and saw-tooth waveforms, and at different frequencies, load ratios, grain orientations and tempers, in air, distilled water and 3.5% NaCl in permanent and alternate immersion. The stress corrosion cracking behavior of the alloy 2024 has also been considered in order to evaluate the possible contribution of this type of damage during corrosion fatigue crack growth. In 3.5% NaCl, growth rates were found to decrease with decreasing frequency. In alternate immersion, growth rates were increased by up to an order of magnitude for the ΔK values considered compared to permanent immersion and air. The possible mechanisms that govern the corrosion fatigue behavior of the 2024 alloy are discussed in terms of a competition between passivation and anodic dissolution and/or hydrogen embrittlement. Finally, it is proposed that the fatigue crack growth enhancement observed during permanent immersion is related to a crack-tip hydrogen embrittlement mechanism. Hydrogen would be produced by anodic dissolution in relation with film rupture periodicity and then be dragged into the process zone. In alternate immersion, precipitate-free zone dissolution would govern crack advance, as during stress corrosion cracking.     

Corrosion fatigue behavior of 7050 aluminum alloys in different tempers

Corrosion fatigue (CF) experiments, including both high-cycle axial fatigue (S–N curve) and fatigue crack growth (FCG), have been performed on 7050 aluminum alloys in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution as a function of aging treatment. The results of these environmental tests were compared with those obtained in laboratory air to characterize the effect of aging treatment on CF susceptibility. Fatigue resistance in both peak aged (T6) and overaged (T73) tempers was dramatically reduced by the aqueous chloride environment. The FCG rates for T73 condition were lower than the counterparts for T6 condition in both air and saline solution. 7050-T73 alloy exhibited longer fatigue lives in air but shorter ones in the corrosive environment as compared to the T6 temper. This may be attributed to the formation of more extensive and larger corrosion pits acting as crack nuclei to facilitate crack initiation, in the T73 tempered condition. Comparison of CF and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) results reveals that overaging treatments used to improve grain boundary characteristics and increase the intergranular SCC resistance might not guarantee an equivalent improvement in the resistance to transgranular CF cracking.