Coastal geomorphic response to seasonal water-level rise in the Laurentian Great Lakes: An example from Illinois Beach State Park,USA

Hydrodynamic processes, such as fluctuating water levels, waves, and currents, shape coastlines across timescales ranging from minutes to millennia. In large lacustrine systems, such as the Laurentian Great Lakes, the role of water level in driving long-term (centuries to millennia) coastal evolution is well understood. However, additional research is needed to explore short-term (weeks to months) beach geomorphic response to fluctuating water level. Developing a process-focused understanding of how water level fluctuations shape coastal response across these shorter time scales is imperative for coastal management. Here, we present measurements of geomorphic response along a lacustrine beach ridge plain to seasonal water level fluctuations during a decadal high-stand in Lake Michigan water level. Frequent topographic change measurements revealed high spatial and temporal variability in geomorphic response to rising lake level. Sites immediately downdrift of shore protection began to erode immediately as lake level increased. The co-occurrence of peak seasonal lake levels and a modest increase in wave energy resulted in erosion and overwash at sites that resisted erosion during the initial seasonal rise in lake level. None of the sites in this study returned to their initial morphology following seasonal lake level rise. Given that peak water levels were nearly identical in 2017 and 2018, yet the majority of erosion at our sites occurred in 2017, we postulate that erosion associated with seasonal lake level rise is primarily a function of the change in annual maximum water level from year to year, rather than solely the elevation of the water level.     

The effect of Lake Erie water level variations on sediment resuspension

Variability in Lake Erie water levels results in variations of the fluid forces applied to the lake bed by free-surface gravity wind-waves. An increase in the bed stress may re-suspend sediment deposited years earlier. This study identifies areas of possible non-cohesive sediment mobilization in response to the forcing conditions and water levels present in Lake Erie. Observations from NOAA buoy 45005 were used to identify wave events generated by a variety of atmospheric forcing conditions. For each event, numerical predictions of significant wave height, wave period, and water level from the Great Lakes Forecasting System (GLFS) were used to characterize the wave event variability over the lake. The Shields parameter was estimated at each 2 km × 2 km grid cell with the local wave forcing as predicted by GLFS assuming an estimate of the wave-induced friction factor. In the Cleveland harbor region of the central basin, the Shields parameter was also estimated by assuming uniform wave conditions as observed by NOAA buoy 45005. The “contour of incipient motion” for both variable and uniform wave events was defined as the offshore contour where the Shields parameter exceeds the critical limit for motion. Comparisons with a radiometrically corrected image from Landsat-7 showed that the spatially varying wave events from GLFS were in qualitative agreement with the satellite observations. A sensitivity analysis of wave height, wave period, and grain size showed the contour of incipient motion to be the most sensitive to wave period. Calculations performed for record high and low water levels showed that the incipient motion of non-cohesive sediments in the relatively flat central basin to be the most sensitive to the historic hydrologic variability present in Lake Erie.     

Determining overall water quality related to anthropogenic influences across freshwater systems of Thailand

Overall water quality in the 48 rivers of Thailand in 2009–2017 was determined using time series and water quality index models. Water quality degradation was mainly caused by high faecal coliform bacteria (FCB) and suspended solids in the North; high nitrate-nitrogen and total phosphorus in the Northeast; and high biochemical oxygen demand and FCB, and low dissolved oxygen in the Central Plains. FCB was a major parameter affecting water quality in the East, the West, and the South. High correlations among water quality and land use variables were detected. Management guidelines are provided to improve overall water quality.     

Effects of transferring glacier-fed water to a clear-water mountain river on the production and food organisms of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) in Southern Norway

The effects of transferring glacier-fed water to a clear-water river on production and food organisms of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) were investigated in a mountain river, in southern Norway. Production in unregulated fluvial habitat was 271.5 g 100 m^?2 yr^?1 compared with 103.1 g 100 m^?2 yr^?1 in a glacier-fed reach of the river. This difference was due to low fish density and recruitment rate. The growth rate, at least for younger fish (2+ to 4+ age groups), was significantly higher in the regulated reach of the river. The main difference in food composition was the low abundance of crustaceans Eurycercus lamellatus and Gammarus lacustris in the regulated reach. Trichopterans were the main diet component in both sites.     

南水北调中线工程应急调度目标水位研究

以南水北调中线工程为例,建立一维应急调度数值模型,选取典型渠段作为算例,研究中线工程总干渠突发事故应急调度时输水明渠节制闸闸前目标水位的设定对渠道节制闸水位壅高、渠段退水量等参数指标的影响。研究表明:目标水位的设置直接影响到渠道退水量、渠道最高水位壅高。闸前目标水位越高,渠道水位壅高越高,但渠道退水量越小。为提高应急调度的安全经济性应在保证不发生漫顶事故的前提下,尽量加大事故上游渠段节制闸前目标水位。研究成果可为中线工程应急预案的建立提供参考。     

东莞运河排涝对东莞水厂取水口水质影响模拟分析

采用EFDC模型建立东江东莞段二维水动力和氨氮输运模型,模型计算结果与实测数据及一维河网模型吻合,高、低水位与石龙站实测数据比较平均误差为0.13m和0.18m,与河网模型比较平均误差为0.03m和0.05 m,流速平均误差小于0.13 m/s,氨氮计算结果与实测值比较平均误差小于0.18 mg/L.模型计算分析了不同水文条件下运河排涝对东莞水厂取水口附近氨氮的影响,以及在取水口上游设置挡板对于排涝影响的改善.计算结果表明,未设置挡板时,中水位排涝流量大,取水口附近污染物浓度低,为4 mg/L;设置150 m挡板时,低水位排涝污染物受潮汐影响,氨氮浓度峰值下降至2.6～4.5 mg/L,设置挡板效果明显,中水位时设置挡板效果不明显.     

The application of the aggregative approach in simulation modeling of water resources systems

This is a discussion about constructing simulation models for complex water resources systems (WRS). They are based on the piecewise linear aggregates theory developed in the U.S.S.R. The method allows us to lay down general principles for the construction of such simulation models and automate water resources calculations. Water resources systems simulation models incorporate balance equations, describe water resources inputs into and outputs from sites and reservoirs, and algorithms for both reservoir control and water distribution at sites. Water reservoir control is based on rule curves. The aggregative approach is especially efficient in constructing such algorithms for coordinated control of reservoirs.     

南水北调中线干渠闸前变水位运行方式探讨

针对天津分水口流量变化,应用两种闸门调度方式且将闸前水位控制在不同变化幅度内时,采用建立的南水北调中线电子渠道模型模拟计算了干渠中的水流过渡过程。结果显示,闸前水位自由波动时,由于动用了较多的调蓄库容,会导致水位波动幅度过大而影响干渠的安全平稳运行。对闸前水位变幅限制太小或阻止闸前水位变化时,会导致干渠水位长时间波动并影响到进入惠南庄前池的流量。考虑到渠道安全、缩减渠道水力过渡时间和尽量减小对末端前池水位的影响,初步推荐闸前水位变化幅度在±0.15 m范围内波动较为适宜。     

新建水厂并网对管网水质的影响及控制

新建水厂的并网工作往往对周边的现有管网影响较大,经常出现水质波动等问题。通过总结金海水厂并网期间的操作,分析归纳了并网工作中几种常见的问题及应对策略。由于管网水质中的浊度是一个综合性、代表性的指标,主要以管网水浊度作为主要监测指标。     

Performance of a data-driven technique to changes in wave height and its effect on beach response

In this study the medium-term response of beach profiles was investigated at two sites: a gently sloping sandy beach and a steeper mixed sand and gravel beach. The former is the Duck site in North Carolina, on the east coast of the USA, which is exposed to Atlantic Ocean swells and storm waves, and the latter is the Milford-on-Sea site at Christchurch Bay, on the south coast of England, which is partially sheltered from Atlantic swells but has a directionally bimodal wave exposure. The data sets comprise detailed bathymetric surveys of beach profiles covering a period of more than 25 years for the Duck site and over 18 years for the Milford-on-Sea site. The structure of the data sets and the data-driven methods are described. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was used to find linkages between the wave characteristics and beach profiles. The sensitivity of the linkages was investigated by deploying a wave height threshold to filter out the smaller waves incrementally. The results of the analysis indicate that, for the gently sloping sandy beach, waves of all heights are important to the morphological response. For the mixed sand and gravel beach, filtering the smaller waves improves the statistical fit and it suggests that low-height waves do not play a primary role in the medium-term morphological response, which is primarily driven by the intermittent larger storm waves.     

码头建筑物对水位影响的模型试验及计算方法

 河岸码头建筑物势必导致其上游水位壅高及对码头附近水流流态产生影响。以汉江沙洋河段为对象,通过定床概化物理模型试验研究了码头建筑物对河道水位与流速场的影响。并基于能量平衡原理,采用河道恒定非均匀流水面曲线基本方程,结合物理模型试验资料,计算了码头建筑物附近的水位变化值,并提出了码头建筑物产生的水位壅高值的计算方法。     

码头建筑物对水位影响的模型试验及计算方法

河岸码头建筑物势必导致其上游水位壅高及对码头附近水流流态产生影响。以汉江沙洋河段为对象 ,通过定床概化物理模型试验研究了码头建筑物对河道水位与流速场的影响。并基于能量平衡原理 ,采用河道恒定非均匀流水面曲线基本方程 ,结合物理模型试验资料 ,计算了码头建筑物附近的水位变化值 ,并提出了码头建筑物产生的水位壅高值的计算方法。     

Impact of Lake Michigan water level rise on complex bidirectional flow in the Chicago Area Waterway System (CAWS)

In the past decade, continuously rising water levels in Lake Michigan have been threatening lakefront areas, especially in metropolitan regions like the Greater Chicago area. This provides the motivation to analyze the impact that high lake levels have on the Chicago Area Waterway System (CAWS). As the only primary free connection between the CAWS and Lake Michigan, the Calumet Area waterway subsystem plays a key and unique role. In this work, a numerical model covering the Calumet subsystem and having Lake Michigan as a boundary condition, is set up, calibrated, and validated using limited field observations. It is found that the Calumet subsystem has become bidirectional, where both discharge and flow directions are controlled by lake levels. When lake levels are below −0.15 m (-0.5 ft, Chicago City Datum, CCD), the discharge in the Grand Calumet River is around zero, with water flowing along its east branch towards Indiana. When lake levels are above +0.46 m (+1.5 ft, CCD), the flow reverses direction and drains west into Illinois. In 2020, the mean lake-level was at +1.07 m (+3.5 ft, CCD), and the base discharge in the Grand Calumet River was approximately 8.5 m³/s (300 ft³/s). The higher Lake Michigan’s level is, the larger the discharge would be into Illinois. Potential impact of this extra discharge on Lake Michigan Diversion Accounting (LMDA) of the State of Illinois and flood management in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal (CSSC), is analyzed; while the nature of the bidirectional flows is characterized with the intent of shedding light on this complex phenomenon.     

宝鸡峡灌区农业灌溉水资源合理配置研究

结合宝鸡峡灌区的具体情况,建立基于供需平衡的水资源合理配置模拟模型.应用模型对灌区不同灌溉方式、不同种植结构、不同调蓄方式下的各种方案进行模拟与调算,得到各方案塬上塬下以及不同作物之间的供需平衡结果.通过人机交互对不同方案进行决策,为实现宝鸡峡灌区的水资源合理配置提供有力的技术支持.     

基于水质-污染源响应关系的抚仙湖水环境承载力计算研究

抚仙湖是中国最大的深水型淡水湖泊。随着流域入湖污染负荷的增加,其整体水质呈下降趋势,水污染呈自北向南和自沿岸向湖心推进的分布特征。本文依据水质-污染源响应关系,建立了基于湖泊水动力水质模型的水环境承载力计算方法;在对湖泊水动力和水质模型率定验证的基础上,计算得到了抚仙湖在规划水质目标(I类)下,CODMn、TN和TP这三类主要污染物的水环境承载力分别为20065.7 t/a、821.9 t/a和115.8 t/a;并根据抚仙湖环湖入湖河流及排污口分布特征,进一步提出了环湖分片主要污染物容许入湖负荷及污染物总量控制指标。     

Implications of effluent discharge from a proposed wastewater treatment plant on coastal water quality in the upper gulf of Thailand

Abstract

The paper deals with the assessment of the change in coastal water quality due to effluent discharge from a wastewater treatment plant through an outfall in the Upper Gulf of Thailand. A hydrodynamic and water quality modeling approach is used to predict the water quality level in the vicinity of the outfall when the effluent discharge and concentration levels are specified. With the continuation of effluent discharge for a one‐year period, the concentration levels of coliform bacteria and nutrients increase significantly in the vicinity of the outfall. These inferred states of seawater quality would pose hygiene risks for green mussel cultivation and affect the ecosystem due to high nutrient enrichment and eutrophication. Recommendations for improvement are put forward keeping a balance between social, economic, and engineering considerations.     

供水管道爆漏事故影响因素实例分析

以S市供水管网2000~2005年6年的管道维修记录为基础,运用统计分析方法深入研究对管网爆、漏事故产生长、短期作用的两类影响因素。采用生存分析法比较不同管材、管径管道的生存率大小。计算气候因素与事故率的相关性,得出月均温度和年降水量与事故率的Pearson相关系数,并用幂函数曲线拟合月均温度与月事故率的关系。     

江西省“五河”流域水量分配数学模型研究

基于江西水资源特点,提出了适合于多节点、多水库水量分配的逆序多水库联合调度法计算模型,实现了江西五大河流及“五河’外的水量分配计算．     

考虑缺水滞后效应的作物-水模型研究

本文依据作物生理学有限缺水理论，考虑作物不同生育阶段缺水对叶面积系数、腾发量变化及产量影响的滞后效应，假设这种滞后影响过程的现在阶段只与将来阶段有关，而将来阶段与过去阶段无关，经单阶段和多阶段缺水的两种田间灌溉试验，求得改进的加法模型即考虑缺水滞后效应的作物水模型（ＬＥＭＣＲＷ），与常见的３种国外ＭＣＲＷ比较具有较广泛的适应性和较好精度，只要正确选用不同的敏感指标，可供单阶段和多阶段缺水对产量影响的非充分灌溉模拟．     

泛流域水资源系统优化研究

南水北调西线工程将雅砻江、大渡河和黄河连为一体,形成泛流域水资源系统,涉及确定合理的调水总量、调水规模与布局以及调水量合理分配等关键技术问题。针对该复杂大系统,研究跨流域水资源多维尺度模拟和优化方法,建立了3层结构的泛流域水资源时空优化调配模型系统,将调水区7条河流与黄河受水区67地市统一优化调配。采用大系统协调技术和嵌套遗传算法动态调节机制求解泛流域水资源优化分配问题,提出了一套适宜的调水规模、工程布局及调水量空间合理分配方案,为南水北调西线工程的宏观决策提供科学支撑。