Massive MIMO系统下导频污染的研究分析

Massive MIMO(Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output)技术是在传统MIMO技术的基础之上延伸出来的一项新技术,是未来5G移动通信系统的关键技术之一。它主要是在基站端配备大规模天线阵列代替目前采用的多天线,从而可以有效的提高通信系统的频谱效率和功率效率,并且对整个通信系统的容量有很大的提升,但是随着基站天线数的增加,导频污染问题成为制约大规模MIMO系统性能的主要因素,文章主要分析了导频污染问题产生的原因,并给出了导频污染问题对Massive MIMO系统性能的影响,最后分析了当前解决导频污染问题的相关研究方法。     

基于贪婪算法的用户双天线MIMO干扰减轻

在大规模MIMO系统中,当基站天线数趋向正无穷时,导频污染成为制约系统性能的干扰因素。目前,针对导频污染减轻的方法多是针对用户端单天线的情况。文中提出一种基于贪婪算法的用户双天线大规模MIMO系统中导频污染减轻方法,通过调节用户端的波束成型权值向量来进行干扰减轻处理并结合贪婪算法选出合适的用户组。     

利用数据和导频的多小区Massive MIMO系统信道估计

本文提出一种通过同时利用上行数据和导频进行信道估计来对抗时分双工大规模多输入多输出（Massive multi-input multi-output,Massive MIMO）系统中导频污染的方法。考虑到Massive MIMO系统下空间相关信道在角度域具有近似稀疏性,期望用户信道和干扰信道的多径分量因而可分辨。同时上行数据子帧中的数据符号数远大于导频序列的长度。基于以上两点观察,首先利用上行导频对信道进行粗估计,然后将解码得到的上行数据符号视为导频序列,用于得到角度域信道估计中能量较大分量所处的位置。通过抽取信道粗估计中相应位置上的信道系数,可以得到信道的精估计。仿真表明,无论相邻小区采用同一组正交导频序列、还是不同组但具有相关性的导频序列,所提出的信道估计方法都能有效地消除导频污染。      

基于预编码与导频分配的大规模MIMO导频污染抑制

导频污染问题是限制大规模多输入多输出(MIMO)系统性能的主要影响因素.针对这个问题,提出了一种基于改进预编码和最优导频分配策略的大规模MIMO系统导频污染抑制算法.首先,在系统下通过基于改进遗传优化算法的最大化信干噪比(SINR)预编码算法,获得最优预编码矩阵;然后,通过基于用户信道条件优劣的最优导频分配策略对每个小区用户进行导频分配,从而实现大规模MIMO系统导频污染抑制.通过Matlab仿真结果可知,相对于传统的SINR预编码算法,所提算法的复杂度降低了65%左右,而导频污染抑制性能提升了30%左右.该算法能够有效抑制导频污染,提升大规模MIMO系统的性能.     

无小区大规模MIMO系统中结合贪婪导频分配的导频功率控制的算法

无小区大规模多输入多输出(multiple-input multiple-output,MIMO)系统具有广阔的频谱,但是导频训练阶段的导频污染严重影响了系统的性能,因此减少导频污染成为必要.为了减少导频污染,文中提出了一种结合贪婪导频分配的导频功率控制的算法.首先进行贪婪导频分配,此阶段提高了较低性能用户的有限性能....     

5G中MIMO天线和辐射功率关系的探究

文章参阅了大量的案例对Massive MIMO通信系统的能量效率、导频污染等诸问题进行了深入分析,对案例中尚需探究的问题做了进一步研究,有针对性地提出了解决方案：首先,针对实际的通信环境,采用先进的理念,更合理地设计出基站的位置与基站天线数量,并确定小区内用户数;然后,为降低HBF系统的能耗给出了抑制导频污染的设计方案。     

大规模MIMO多小区TDD系统中的预编码策略和导频调度

上行导频污染是大规模MIMO多小区多用户TDD系统的主要性能瓶颈。本文推导了下行链路中MF,ZF单小区预编码,基于MMSE的多小区预编码以及基于最大化SLNR准则的预编码策略在有导频污染的大规模MIMO下的系统可达和速率渐近性能,发现当基站天线数趋向无穷时,各个策略的等效信干比均收敛到仅与大尺度衰落因子相关的一个比值,由此可以得到一个系统可达和速率的渐近结果。基于此渐近结果,以最大化系统可达和速率为目标,获得了一个导频调度方案,即使得小区间相互干扰较小的用户采用相同的导频而相互干扰较大的用户采用正交的导频,从而在存在导频污染的情况下,可以提升系统的整体性能。理论分析和数值仿真结果都验证了以上结论。      

大规模MIMO系统中动态导频分配

针对大规模多输入多输出(MIMO)系统中存在的导频污染问题,该文提出一种动态导频分配方案。所提方案利用目标小区与干扰小区用户之间的信号干扰强度差将干扰小区分为Uin和Uout两类,并对Uin中的用户进行最优导频分配,Uout中的用户进行随机导频分配来提升系统的平均下行可达和速率。同时,在存在额外正交导频组的情况下对所提方案做了进一步优化。仿真结果表明,所提的动态导频分配方案能够有效地提升大规模MIMO系统的性能。     

3G长期演进系统的导频结构设计

为了进一步提高系统频谱效率并有效对抗无线信道的频率选择性衰落,3G长期演进系统(LTE,Long-Term Evolution)采用了正交频分复用技术(OFDM)和多天线技术(MIMO)。本文给出多种MIMO-OFDM系统中的导频结构设计方案:频分导频、相移导频以及空时码(STC)码分导频,并介绍了相应的信道估计算法。最后,通过仿真比较了不同导频结构下的系统性能。     

无小区大规模MIMO系统中基于叠加导频的上行频谱效率理论上限分析

无小区大规模多输入多输出(Cell-Free Massive MIMO)突破传统蜂窝小区的概念,被认为是未来移动通信中十分富有潜力的技术.该技术通过部署大量的分布式接入点(Access Point,AP)以获得充分的宏分集增益,以提高用户服务质量.受信道相干时间的限制,系统中可供用户分配的正交导频资源非常有限,部分用户...     

Pilot scheduling algorithm based on cell classification-cross entropy for massive MIMO

The massive MIMO system is equipped with a large number of antennas at the base station to serve many users, but it is affected by the inter-cell interference which called pilot contamination. A pilot scheduling scheme was designed to reduce the effect of pilot contamination. Pilot scheduling problem belongs to the arrangement optimization problem, and the algorithm computational complexity of greedy algorithm to search the optimal solution is greatly. In order to reduce the influence of the interference of the community, a new pilot scheduling schemes was proposed by so this article using cell classification and cross entropy(CE) mechanism to reduce the effect of pilot contamination on the system. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can not only improve the performance of the system, but also reduce the computational complexity.     

大规模MIMO系统中动态迁移导频分配

大规模多输入多输出(MIMO)技术是5G的关键技术之一,由导频资源有限引起的导频污染是制约其发展的主要瓶颈之一,为此必须对宝贵的导频资源进行合理地分配以减小导频污染。已有的导频分配方案大多考虑静态导频分配,无法很好地适应用户位置不断变化的移动通信环境。文章针对大规模MIMO系统中用户移动时的导频分配问题,提出了一种动态迁移导频分配方法。该方法在两个相邻时隙间仅针对移动幅度较大的用户进行额外的导频优化,根据分配方案选择一个用户与之进行导频交换,对于其他的用户不改变原分配导频。复杂度分析及仿真结果表明,该算法相较于传统的导频分配方法可以显著地降低计算复杂度,并且与传统的导频分配方法具有相近的频谱效率,具有较高的实用价值。     

MUSIC-Based Pilot Decontamination and Channel Estimation in Multiuser Massive MIMO System

This paper addresses the problem of channel estimation in a multiuser multi-cell wireless communications system in which the base station (BS) is equipped with a very large number of antennas (also referred to as “massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)”). We consider a time-division duplexing (TDD) scheme, in which reciprocity between the uplink and downlink channels can be assumed. Channel estimation is essential for downlink beamforming in massive MIMO, nevertheless, the pilot contamination effect hinders accurate channel estimation, which leads to overall performance degradation. Benefitted from the asymptotic orthogonality between signal and interference subspaces for non-overlapping angle-of arrivals (AOAs) in the large-scale antenna system, we propose a multiple signals classification (MUSIC) based channel estimation algorithm during the uplink transmission. Analytical and numerical results verify complete pilot decontamination and the effectiveness of the proposed channel estimation algorithm in the multiuser multi-cell massive MIMO system.     

A lower bound on achievable rate of MRT precoding in multicell multiuser massive MIMO networks with Rician flat fading

A multicell multiuser massive multiple‐input‐multiple‐output (MIMO) network with Rician flat fading is considered. Given channel reciprocity, non‐orthogonal uplink channel training in conjunction with minimum mean square error channel estimation at the base stations are used to acquire channel state information. In the forward link, using maximal ratio transmission precoding, base stations send data to corresponding users. In this paper, first, a closed‐form expression for signal to interference and noise ratio and a lower bound on achievable rate are obtained for arbitrary number of base station antennas. Then, using random matrix theory, a simplified approximate expression for large number of base station antennas (i.e., massive MIMO scenario) are calculated. This simplified expression shows that in a multicell multiuser massive MIMO network with Rician flat fading, like Rayleigh fading, as the number of base station antennas goes to infinity, the effects of uncorrelated noise and intercell and intracell interferences tend to zero. The only factor limiting the performance of system is the correlated intercell interference, that is, pilot contamination, due to non‐orthogonality of channel training sequences in adjacent cells. Numerical results show that our obtained closed‐form expression is a good lower bound on sum‐rate for various system parameters. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

MIMO-OFDM系统信道估计中的最优导频设计

推导了MIMO-OFDM系统最优频域导频序列设计准则,推广传统两天线正交导频设计法到了任意天线时的设计,提出了一种导频信号峰均比为1,能达到正交导频时信道估计均方误差MSE下界的频域导频序列设计方法。并用仿真评估分析所提方法与传统设计方法在不同序列长度和天线数目情况下的性能差异,仿真结果表明采用这里所采用的正交导频序列设计方法可以减少序列的长度,提高系统的性能。     

Pilot decontamination based on spectrum separation in massive MIMO system

In order to overcome uplink pilot contamination，the technical bottleneck of massive MIMO,and different from the existing parallel parameter design strategy for blind pilot decontamination,a hierarchical parameter design method was proposed,which points out that different system parameters have different effects on the exact spectrum separation of the sample covariance matrix of the received signal.In other words,different parameters have different priority.Next,it was found that to achieve spectral separation,the power of the desired signal didn’t have to be higher than the interference,and the difference between the two was more important.Furthermore,in a more practical scenario where the pilot sequence length was less than the number of base station receiving antennas,a numerical algorithm was given for the first time to achieve the above-mentioned exact spectral separation.Since the hierarchical parament design ensures the exact separation of the asymptotic spectrum,the results show that the proposed scheme is more suitable for practical applications than the existing blind pilot decontamination.     

MIMO solution for performance improvements of OFDM–CDMA system with pilot tone

In this paper, MIMO OFDM–CDMA downlink scheme is proposed as a solution for improving performance of the OFDM–CDMA downlink system with pilot tone and threshold detection combining (optimum TDC). The new presented system with MIMO included uses space–time block coding applied to two, three and four transmit antennas and it has an arbitrary number of receive antennas. Bit error rate performance in the case of Ricean frequency selective fading is evaluated for the original system as well as for the one with MIMO included. For that reason an adequate simulation model is developed. The results show that the proposed system significantly outperforms the OFDM–CDMA downlink system with pilot tone and optimum TDC.     

Effects and optimization of pilot sequence length on rate in multiuser massive MIMO FDD system

The effect of pilot sequence length on the asymptotic performance of the ergodic rate was investigated for the multiuser massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) frequency division duplexing (FDD) downlink system.Firstly,the analytical expression of the ergodic rate was derived by using the principle of deterministic equivalence,based on which,it was discovered from the analytical results in two-fold that the normalized pilot sequence length (defined as the pilot sequence length divided by the number of BS antennas) tends to zero yet the rate was guaranteed to grow large without limit as long as the BS antenna number continues to increase,the rate saturates to a certain level if the BS antenna number becomes large with fixed pilot sequence length.Moreover,the pilot sequence length was optimized based on the sum-rate maximization within a finite channel coherence time,and a closed-form solution was deduced under a special correlated channel by means of Lambert W function.Simulation results validate the correctness of the theoretical analysis results and verify the effectiveness of the proposed closed-form solution of the optimal pilot sequence length.     

基于导频信号的MIMO-AF协作中继信道估计

提出一种在2个时隙内对MIMO-AF协作两跳中继信道进行估计的方法.重点研究在信源发送功率和中继发送功率受限的约束条件下,运用MMSE准则构建信源至中继节点信道估计的优化问题,采用矩阵分解的方法将信号分解成酉分量和对角分量,简化代价函数.最后用二分法求出最佳的导频信号和中继放大系数.仿真结果表明,本方法能够得到确定的、精度较高的信道估计值,并分析了信道相关性、天线数目对信道估计的影响.