Development of a sustainable multi-generation system with re-compression sCO2 Brayton cycle for hydrogen generation

Current research aims to develop, design, and analyze a novel solar-assisted multi-purpose energy generation system for hydrogen production, electricity generation, refrigeration, and hot water preparation. The suggested system comprises a solar dish for supplying the necessary heat demand, a re-compression carbon dioxide-based Brayton cycle, a PEM electrolyzer for hydrogen generation, an ejector refrigeration system working with ammonia, and a hot water preparation system. The first law and exergy analyses are implemented to determine the performance of the multi-generation plant with various outputs. Besides, the exergo-environmental evaluation of the plant is conducted for the environmental impacts of the plant. Furthermore, parametric analyses are executed for investigating the system outputs, exergy destruction rate, and system efficiencies. According to the results, the rate of hydrogen generated by means of the multi-generation power plant is determined to be 0.062 g/s which corresponds to an hourly production of 0.223 kg. Besides, with the utilization of the supercritical closed Brayton cycle, a power generation rate of 74.86 kW is achieved. Furthermore, the irreversibility of the overall plant is estimated as 535.7 kW in which the primary contributor of this amount is the solar system with a destruction rate of 365.5 kW.     

Design and thermodynamic assessment of a biomass gasification plant integrated with Brayton cycle and solid oxide steam electrolyzer for compressed hydrogen production

In this paper, a comprehensive thermodynamic evaluation of an integrated plant with biomass is investigated, according to thermodynamic laws. The modeled multi-generation plant works with biogas produced from demolition wood biomass. The plant mainly consists of a biomass gasifier cycle, clean water production system, hydrogen production, hydrogen compression, gas turbine sub-plant, and Rankine cycle. The useful outputs of this plant are hydrogen, electricity, heating and clean water. The hydrogen generation is obtained from high-temperature steam electrolyzer sub-plant. Moreover, the membrane distillation unit is used for freshwater production, and also, the hydrogen compression unit with two compressors is used for compressed hydrogen storage. On the other hand, energy and exergy analyses, as well as irreversibilities, are examined according to various factors for examining the efficiency of the examined integrated plant and sub-plants. The results demonstrate that the total energy and exergy efficiencies of the designed plant are determined as 52.84% and 46.59%. Furthermore, the whole irreversibility rate of the designed cycle is to be 37,743 kW, and the highest irreversibility rate is determined in the biomass gasification unit with 12,685 kW.     

Parametric analysis of a solar energy based multigeneration plant with SOFC for hydrogen generation

Renewable energy-based hydrogen production plants can offer potential solutions to both ensuring sustainability in energy generation systems and designing environmentally friendly systems. In this combined work, a novel solar energy supported plant is proposed that can generate hydrogen, electricity, heating, cooling and hot water. With the suggested integrated plant, the potential of solar energy usage is increased for energy generation systems. The modeled integrated system generally consists of the solar power cycle, solid oxide fuel cell plant, gas turbine process, supercritical power plant, organic Rankine cycle, cooling cycle, hydrogen production and liquefaction plant, and hot water production sub-system. To conduct a comprehensive thermodynamic performance analysis of the suggested plant, the combined plant is modeled according to thermodynamic equilibrium equations. A performance assessment is also conducted to evaluate the impact of several plant indicators on performance characteristics of integrated system and its sub-parts. Hydrogen production rate in the suggested plant according to the performance analysis performed is realized as 0.0642 kg/s. While maximum exergy destruction rate is seen in the solar power plant with 8279 kW, the cooling plant has the lowest exergy destruction rate as 1098 kW. Also, the highest power generation is obtained from gas turbine cycle with 7053 kW. In addition, energetic and exergetic efficiencies of solar power based combined cycle are found as 56.48% and 54.06%, respectively.     

A novel combined biomass and solar energy conversion-based multigeneration system with hydrogen and ammonia generation

In the present study, an innovative multigeneration plant for hydrogen and ammonia generation based on solar and biomass power sources is suggested. The proposed integrated system is designed with the integration of different subsystems that enable different useful products such as power and hydrogen to be obtained. Performance evaluation of designed plant is carried out using different techniques. The energetic and exergetic analyses are applied to investigate and model the integrated plant. The plant consists of the parabolic dish collector, biomass gasifier, PEM electrolyzer and hydrogen compressor unit, ammonia reactor and ammonia storage tank unit, Rankine cycle, ORC cycle, ejector cooling unit, dryer unit and hot water production unit. The biomass gasifier unit is operated to convert biomass to synthesis gaseous, and the concentrating solar power plant is utilized to harness the free solar power. In the proposed plant, the electricity is obtained by using the gas, Rankine and ORC turbines. Additionally, the plant generates compressed hydrogen, ammonia, cooling effect and hot water with a PEM electrolyzer and compressed plant, ammonia reactor, ejector process and clean-water heater, respectively. The plant total electrical energy output is calculated as 20,125 kW, while the plant energetic and exergetic effectiveness are 58.76% and 55.64%. Furthermore, the hydrogen and ammonia generation are found to be 0.0855 kg/s and 0.3336 kg/s.     

Design and thermodynamic modeling of a renewable energy based plant for hydrogen production and compression

In the examined paper, a solar and wind energy supported integrated cycle is designed to produce clean power and hydrogen with the basis of a sustainable and environmentally benign. The modeled study mainly comprises of four subsystems; a solar collector cycle which operates with Therminol VP1 working fluid, an organic Rankine cycle which runs with R744 fluid, a wind turbine as well as hydrogen generation and compression unit. The main target of this work is to investigate a thermodynamic evaluation of the integrated system based on the 1st and 2 nd laws of thermodynamics. Energetic and exergetic efficiencies, hydrogen and electricity generation rates, and irreversibility for the planned cycle and subsystems are investigated according to different parameters, for example, solar radiation flux, reference temperature, and wind speed. The obtained results demonstration that the whole energy and exergy performances of the modeled plant are 0.21 and 0.16. Additionally, the hydrogen generation rate is found as 0.001457 kg/s, and the highest irreversibility rate is shown in the heat exchanger subcomponents. Also, the net power production rate found to be 195.9 kW and 326.5 kW, respectively, with organic Rankine cycle and wind turbine. The final consequences obtained from this work show that the examined plant is an environmentally friendly option, which in terms of the system's performance and viable, for electrical power and hydrogen production using renewable energy sources.     

Development and performance analysis of a new solar tower and high temperature steam electrolyzer hybrid integrated plant

In this article, an extensive thermodynamic performance assessment for the useful products from the solar tower and high-temperature steam electrolyzer assisted multigeneration system is performed, and also its sustainability index is also investigated. The system under study is considered for multi-purposes such as power, heating, cooling, drying productions, and also hydrogen generation and liquefaction. In this combined plant occurs of seven sub-systems; the solar tower, gas turbine cycle, high temperature steam electrolyzer, dryer process, heat pump, and absorption cooling system with single effect. In addition, the energy and exergy performance, irreversibility and sustainability index of multigeneration system are examined according to several factors, such as environment temperature, gas turbine input pressure, solar radiation and pinch point temperature of HRSG. Results of thermodynamic and sustainability assessments show that the total energetic and exergetic efficiency of suggested paper are calculated as 60.14%, 58.37%, respectively. The solar tower sub-system has the highest irreversibility with 18775 kW among the multigeneration system constituents. Solar radiation and pinch point temperature of HRSG are the most critical determinants affecting the system energetic and exergetic performances, and also hydrogen production rate. In addition, it has been concluded that, the sustainability index of multigeneration suggested study has changed between 2.2 and 3.05.     

Thermodynamic performance analysis of a copper–chlorine thermochemical cycle and biomass based combined plant for multigeneration

The primary objective of this work is to investigate a comprehensive thermodynamic assessment of the biomass-assisted multigeneration plant for electrical energy, hydrogen, heating-cooling, drying, and hot water production. The suggested multigeneration plant includes the biomass gasification process, Brayton cycle, Kalina cycle, organic Rankine cycle, and cascade refrigeration plant, which is to produce heating and cooling loads, drying system, hydrogen generation with copper–chlorine thermochemical process, and hydrogen liquefaction process. Based on the thermodynamic laws, the total irreversibility rate and performance assessment of the examined study is conducted. Moreover, the impact of various factors such as reference temperature, biomass gasifier temperature, and mass flow rate of biofuel, on the effectiveness and useful outputs of planned plant are examined. The outcomes of the proposed study show that 18 626, 3948 and 1037 kW electrical energy are generated by using the Brayton, Kalina, and organic Rankine cycle. Furthermore, the total cooling and heating capacities and hydrogen generation rates are 2392, 2864 kW and 0.068 kg s⁻¹. Finally, energetic and exergetic effectiveness of the examined model are calculated as 56.71% and 53.59%.     

Exergetic life cycle assessment of a hydrogen production process

Exergetic life cycle assessment (ExLCA) is applied with life cycle assessment (LCA) to a hydrogen production process. This comparative environmental study examines a nuclear-based hydrogen production via thermochemical water splitting using a copper–chlorine cycle. LCA, which is an analytical tool to identify, quantify and decrease the overall environmental impact of a system or a product, is extended to ExLCA. Exergy efficiencies and air pollution emissions are evaluated for all process steps, including the uranium processing, nuclear and hydrogen production plants. LCA results are presented in four categories: acidification potential, eutrophication potential, global warming potential and ozone depletion potential. A parametric study is performed for various plant lifetimes. The ExLCA results indicate that the greatest irreversibility is caused by uranium processing. The primary contributor of the life cycle irreversibility of the nuclear-based hydrogen production process is fuel (uranium) processing, for which the exergy efficiency is 26.7% and the exergy destruction is 2916.3 MJ. The lowest global warming potential per megajoule exergy of hydrogen is 5.65 g CO₂-eq achieved a plant capacity of 125,000 kg H₂/day. The corresponding value for a plant capacity of 62,500 kg H₂/day is 5.75 g CO₂-eq.     

Development and thermodynamic assessment of a novel solar and biomass energy based integrated plant for liquid hydrogen production

In this paper, a combined power plant based on the dish collector and biomass gasifier has been designed to produce liquefied hydrogen and beneficial outputs. The proposed solar and biomass energy based combined power system consists of seven different subplants, such as solar power process, biomass gasification plant, gas turbine cycle, hydrogen generation and liquefaction system, Kalina cycle, organic Rankine cycle, and single-effect absorption plant with ejector. The main useful outputs from the combined plant include power, liquid hydrogen, heating-cooling, and hot water. To evaluate the efficiency of integrated solar energy plant, energetic and exergetic effectiveness of both the whole plant and the sub-plants are performed. For this solar and biomass gasification based combined plant, the generation rates for useful outputs covering the total electricity, cooling, heating and hydrogen, and hot water are obtained as nearly 3.9 MW, 6584 kW, 4206 kW, and 0.087 kg/s in the base design situations. The energy and exergy performances of the whole system are calculated as 51.93% and 47.14%. Also, the functional exergy of the whole system is calculated as 9.18% for the base working parameters. In addition to calculating thermodynamic efficiencies, a parametric plant is conducted to examine the impacts of reference temperature, solar radiation intensity, gasifier temperature, combustion temperature, compression ratio of Brayton cycle, inlet temperature of separator 2, organic Rankine cycle turbine and pump input temperature, and gas turbine input temperature on the combined plant performance.     

Design and modeling of an integrated combined plant with SOFC for hydrogen and ammonia generation

Because of the requirement of the utilization of energy resources in a way that is both effective and efficient, solid oxide fuel cells have become a notable preference due to their advantages such as high efficiency and use with different fuels. In addition, the integration of these systems in the production of alternative fuels such as hydrogen and ammonia are important for a sustainable future to combat environmental problems. For this reason, the main intention of this paper is to introduce a new plant combining the different systems that use the solid oxide fuel cell for a cleaner and sustainable future. In the modeled work, a solid oxide fuel cell, a gas turbine, an organic Rankine cycle, a Kalina cycle with ejector, a hydrogen generation and storage process, a wood steaming plant, and an ammonia production system is integrated, to generate useful products. Detailed thermodynamic modeling is performed through energy and exergy methods, to determine the performance of the advised system and subsystem. Moreover, energy efficiency, exergy efficiency, and exergy destruction analyses methods are applied to each sub-plant and the whole system separately. In addition, parametric research is carried out to examine the effects of modifying key parameters on the plant's and subsystems' performance. Looking at the analysis results, the amount of the hydrogen and ammonia generation capacities of this work are 0.0085 kgs^?1and 0.2023 kgs^?1, respectively. In addition, the modeled power plant produces a power rate of about 20,180 kW. As a result, this proposed study is calculated to have 61.04% energy efficiency, and 57.13% exergy efficiency.     

Energy,exergy and economic analyses and multiobjective optimization of a novel solar multi-generation system for production of green hydrogen and other utilities

Renewable energy based multi-generation systems can help solving energy-related environmental problems. For this purpose, a novel solar tower-based multi-generation system is proposed for the green hydrogen production as the main product. A solar-driven open Brayton cycle with intercooling, regeneration and reheat is coupled with a regenerative Rankine cycle and a Kalina cycle-11 as a unique series of power cycles. Significant portion of the produced electricity is utilized to produce green hydrogen in an electrolyzer. A thermal energy storage, a single-effect absorption refrigeration cycle and two domestic hot water heaters are also integrated. Energy, exergy and economic analyses are performed to examine the performance of the proposed system, and a detailed parametric analysis is conducted. Multiobjective optimization is carried out to determine the optimum performance. Optimum energy and exergy efficiencies, unit exergy product cost and total cost rate are calculated as 39.81%, 34.44%, 0.0798 $/kWh and 182.16 $/h, respectively. Products are 22.48 kg/h hydrogen, 1478 kW power, 225.5 kW cooling and 7.63 kg/s domestic hot water. Electrolyzer power size is found as one of the most critical decision variables. Solar subsystem has the largest exergy destruction. Regenerative Rankine cycle operates at the highest energy and exergy efficiencies among power cycles.     

Development of a novel combined energy plant for multigeneration with hydrogen and ammonia production

In order to meet the energy and fuel needs of societies in a sustainable way and hence preserve the environment, there is a strong need for clean, efficient and low-emission energy systems. In this regard, it is aimed to generate cleaner energy outputs, such as electricity, hydrogen and ammonia as well as some additional useful commodities by utilizing both methane gas and the waste heat of an integrated unit to the whole system. In this paper, a novel multi-generation plant is proposed to generate power, hydrogen and ammonia as a chemical fuel, drying, freshwater, heating, and cooling. For this reason, the Brayton cycle as prime unit using methane gas is integrated into the s-CO₂ power cycle, organic Rankine cycle, PEM electrolyzer, freshwater production unit, cooling cycle and dryer unit. In order then to evaluate the designed integrated multigeneration system, thermodynamic analyses and parametric studies are performed, revealing that the energy and exergy efficiencies of the whole plant are found to be 69.08% and 65.42%. In addition, ammonia and hydrogen production rates have been found to be 0.2462 kg/s and 0.0631 kg/s for the methane fuel mass flow rate of 1.51 kg/s. Also, the effects of the reference temperature, pinch point temperature of superheater, combustion chamber temperature, gas turbine input pressure, and mass flow rate of fuel on numerous parameters and performance of the plant are investigated.     

Environmental impacts of a standalone solar water splitting system for sustainable hydrogen production: A life cycle assessment

Hydrogen is broadly utilized in various industries. It can also be considered as a future clean energy carrier. Currently, hydrogen is mainly produced from typical fuels such as coal; however, there exist some other clean alternatives which use water decomposition techniques. Water splitting via the copper-chlorine (Cu–Cl) thermochemical cycle is a superb option for producing clean carbon-free fuel. Here, the life cycle assessment (LCA) technique is used to investigate the environmental consequences of an integrated solar Cu–Cl fuel production facility for large-scale hydrogen production. The impact of varying important input parameters including irradiation level, plant lifetime, and solar-to-hydrogen efficiency on various environmental impacts are investigated next. For instance, an improve in the solar-to-hydrogen efficiency from 15% to 30%, results in a reduction in the GWP from 1.25 to 6.27E-01 kg CO₂ eq. An uncertainty analysis using Monte Carlo simulation is conducted to deal with the study uncertainties. The results of the LCA show that the potential of acidification and global warming potential (GWP) of the current system are 8.27E-03 kg SO₂ eq. and 0.91 kg CO₂ eq./kg H₂, respectively. According to the sensitivity analysis, the plant lifetime has the highest effect on the total GWP of the plant with a range of 0.63–1.88 kg of CO₂ eq./kg H₂. Results comparison with past thermochemical-based studies shows that the GWP of the current integrated system is 7% smaller than that of a solar sulfur-iodine thermochemical cycle.     

Techno-economic analysis and optimization of a proposed solar-wind-driven multigeneration system; case study of Iran

This paper performs a thermo-economic assessment of a multi-generation system based on solar and wind renewable energy sources. This system works to generate power, freshwater, and hydrogen, which consists of the following parts: the solar collectors, Steam Rankine subsystem, Organic Rankine subsystem, desalination part, and hydrogen production and compression unit. Initially, the effects of variables including reference temperature, solar radiation intensity, wind speed, and solar cycle mass flow rate, which depend on weather conditions and affect the performance of the integrated system, were investigated. The thermodynamic analysis results showed that the overall study's exergy efficiency, the rate of hydrogen and freshwater production, and total cost rate are 33.3%, 7.92 kg/h, 1.6398 kg/s, and 61.28 $/h, respectively. Also, the net power generation rate in the Steam and Organic Rankine subsystems and wind turbines are 315 kW, 326.52 kW, and 226 kW, respectively. The main goal of this study is to minimize the total cost rate of the system and maximize the exergy efficiency and hydrogen and freshwater production rate of the total system. The results of optimization showed that the exergy efficiency value improved by 20.7%, the hydrogen production rate increased by 1%, and the total cost rate value declined by 2%. Moreover, the optimum point is similar to a region in Hormozgan province, Iran. So, this region is proposed for building the power plant.     

An ocean thermal energy conversion based system for district cooling,ammonia and power production

In this study, a novel Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) based tri-generation system that produces ammonia, cooling and power is developed and analysed. This OTEC plant operates on the naturally existing temperature difference that exists in various depths of the ocean. The OTEC plant used in this study is operated using a single-stage ammonia Rankine cycle. The discharge seawater from the condenser in the organic Rankine cycle is used to provide district cooling. Two different operation cases of the analysed system are considered, where for the first case 50% of the power produced is stored in the form of ammonia during the off-peak hours. The second case is for complete power production proposed for peak hours. For the case where 50% of the power produced (case 1) is used to produce ammonia the highest energy and exergy efficiency is found to be 1.37% and 56.17% respectively. As for the case where, only power is produced (case 2) the maximum energy and exergy efficiency of the OTEC plant is found to be 1.83% and 78.02% respectively. The corresponding maximum power production was 6612 kW and 13,224 kW for cases 1 and 2. The maximum hydrogen and ammonia production rate is found to be 94.35 kg/h and 534.7 kg/h at peak efficiency values. The cooling duty at the peak energy and exergy efficiency is found to be 64.4 MW where the condenser temperature is 11.38 °C.     

Design and analysis of a new solar hydrogen plant for power,methane, ammonia and urea generation

In this paper, a solar power-based combined plant for power, hydrogen, methane, ammonia and urea production is proposed. A parabolic trough collector is utilized for the system prime mover. Moreover, steam Rankine cycle, organic Rankine cycle, hydrogen production and compression subsystem, ammonia, methane and urea production units, single-effect absorption cooling unit, and freshwater production plant are integrated together to develop the present system for better system performance and cost-effectiveness and reduced environmental impact. In order to analyze and evaluate the proposed multigeneration plant, thermodynamic, parametric and economic studies are performed. According to the assessment results, it is found that energetic and exergetic efficiencies of the present multigeneration plant are 66.12% and 61.56%, respectively. The comparisons of the subsystem and overall plant efficiencies show that the highest energetic and energetic efficiencies belong to freshwater production plant by 79.24% and 75.62%, respectively. In addition, the present parametric analysis indicates that an increase in the reference temperature, solar radiation intensity and working pressure of the solar process has a positive effect on the plant's performance. The cost analysis reveals that as the solar radiation intensity and the working pressure of the solar process increase, the hydrogen generation cost decreases. Furthermore, the hydrogen generation cost is achieved to be 1.94 $/kgH₂ at 650 W/m² of the solar radiation intensity, with other parameters remaining constant.     

Thermodynamic and economic investigation of an innovative multigeneration plant integrated with the solar collector and combustion chamber

Today, effective and low-emission energy systems have been needed to combat environmental problems and to satisfy the growing energy requirement in a sustainable way. In this case, it has gained importance to the production of different useful commodities with the multigeneration plant that is obtained by integrating different systems. With this viewpoint, the key objective of this work is to design and analyze the solar collector and combustion chamber-assisted multigeneration model for power, heating, hydrogen, ammonia and freshwater generation. A newly designed plant comprises a gas turbine cycle, which includes a parabolic dish solar collector and combustion chamber, a Rankine power plant, a multi-effect desalination part, a hydrogen generation part, an ammonia generation part, and a solid oxide fuel cell unit. Comprehensive thermodynamic modeling, economic analysis and multiobjective optimization are executed to observe the performance of the whole plant and sub-system by employing energetic and exergetic approaches. Moreover, a parametric investigation is addressed to review the impacts of some important point changes on the modeled plant's efficiency. Analyses consequences display that the power and hydrogen generation amounts are 12,835 kW and 0.0607 kgs^?1. Also, freshwater generation capacity with desalination unit is computed as 4.89 kgs^?1. Moreover, total cost rate of the modeled plant is computed as 1074 $/h. Finally, the evaluated plant's energetic and exergetic efficiency is 58.38% and 54.21%, respectively.     

Comparative analyses of a novel solar tower assisted multi-generation system with re-compression CO2 power cycle,thermoelectric generator,and hydrogen production unit

In the present paper, a new energy generation system is suggested for multiple outputs, including a hydrogen generation unit. The plant is powered by a solar tower and involves six different subsystems; supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO₂) re-compression Brayton cycle, ammonia-water absorption refrigeration cycle, hydrogen generation, steam generation, drying process, and thermoelectric generator. The thermodynamic assessment of the multi-generation system is carried out for three different cities from Turkey, Iran, and Qatar. The energy and exergy efficiencies are calculated for base conditions to compare the different locations. The operating output parameters for the suggested system and simple re-compression Brayton system are compared. A parametric analysis is also done for investigating the influences of different system variables on plant performance. According to the results, Doha city is found to be more effective due to its geographical conditions. Moreover, based on the comparative study, the proposed cycles produce more power than the basic re-compression cycle with 64.59 kW, 47.33 kW, and 52.25 kW for Doha, Isparta, and Tehran, respectively. Additionally, the analyses revealed that in the term of energy efficiency, the suggested system has 32.29%, 32.28%, and 32.29% better performance than the simple cycle, and in terms of exergy efficiency, it has 4%, 4.8%, and 5% better performance than the simple cycle in Doha, Isparta, and Tehran, respectively.     

Transient simulation of a solar-based hydrogen production plant with evacuated tube collector and ejector refrigeration system

This article is a careful examination of an energy poly-generation unit integrated with an evacuated solar thermal tube collector. A proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis unit is used for hydrogen production, an ejector refrigeration system (ERS) is utilized for cooling demand, and a heater unit is used for heating demand. All sub-systems are validated by considering recent articles. Cooling and heating demand, as well as the net output power are calculated. The modeled poly-generation system's exergy and energy efficiency are maximized by considering the inlet temperature of the heat exchanger and primary pressure of the ejector with the parametric evaluation of the system. The proposed poly-generation set-up can produce cooling load, heating load, and hydrogen with amounts of 5.34 kW, 5.152 kW, and 63 kg/year, respectively. Based on these values, the energy ef?ciency, and exergy ef?ciency are computed to be 64.14%, and 49.62%, respectively. Higher energy and exergy ef?ciencies are obtained by reducing high pressure of the refrigeration cycle or decreasing the temperature outlet of an auxiliary heater. The heat exchanger and thermal energy storage unit have the highest cost rate among all system components with 73,463 $ and 46,357, respectively. Parametric study indicates that the main determinative elements in the total cost rate of the system are the heater, and the solar collector.     

Life cycle environmental impact comparison of solid oxide fuel cells fueled by natural gas,hydrogen, ammonia and methanol for combined heat and power generation

This study aims to provide a comprehensive environmental life cycle assessment of heat and power production through solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) fueled by various chemical feeds namely; natural gas, hydrogen, ammonia and methanol. The life cycle assessment (LCA) includes the complete phases from raw material extraction or chemical fuel synthesis to consumption in the electrochemical reaction as a cradle-to-grave approach. The LCA study is performed using GaBi software, where the selected impact assessment methodology is ReCiPe 1.08. The selected environmental impact categories are climate change, fossil depletion, human toxicity, water depletion, particulate matter formation, and photochemical oxidant formation. The production pathways of the feed gases are selected based on the mature technologies as well as emerging water electrolysis via wind electricity. Natural gas is extracted from the wells and processed in the processing plant to be fed to SOFC. Hydrogen is generated by steam methane reforming method using the natural gas in the plant. Methanol is also produced by steam methane reforming and methanol synthesis reaction. Ammonia is synthesized using the hydrogen obtained from steam methane reforming and combined with nitrogen from air in a Haber-Bosch plant. Both hydrogen and ammonia are also produced via wind energy-driven decentralized electrolysis in order to emphasize the cleaner fuel production. The results of this study show that feeding SOFC systems with carbon-free fuels eliminates the greenhouse gas emissions during operation, however additional steps required for natural gas to hydrogen, ammonia and methanol conversion, make the complete process more environmentally problematic. However, if hydrogen and ammonia are produced from renewable sources such as wind-based electricity, the environmental impacts reduce significantly, yielding about 0.05 and 0.16 kg CO₂ eq., respectively, per kWh electricity generation from SOFC.