Heat Energy Measured by Meters in Water-Based Heat Supply Systems

Advantages are demonstrated in the equation for measuring heat energy recommended by international standardization documents.     

Approximating Equations for the Heat Meters of Hot-Water Supply Systems

Direct approximating equations for calculating the specific enthalpy and the density of water, and the inverse equations for platinum resistance heat converters, which are convenient to use for hot-water supply heat meters are recommended.     

Heat Metering in Water-Based Heat Supply Systems

Commercial heat energy metering is considered, particularly the details of Russian water-based heat supply systems, with emphasis on minimizing the metering costs.     

基于能耗的热量表耐久性 试验经济性分析

针对热量表耐久性试验中的能耗问题,基于理论计算的方法对耐久性试验装置运行时能耗进行了分析,给出了串联不同批次数量热量表时,耐久性试验装置的耗能及其对应每一批次热量表的均耗能量,比较了串联批次数量不同时每一批次耗能量的大小;同时,分析了水源保温在热量表耐久性试验中的能耗问题.结果表明,影响热量表耐久性试验经济性的主要因素...     

Metrological Aspects of the Application of GOST R 51649–2000 to Heat Meters for a Water-Based Heat Supply System

The requirements formulated for the metrological characteristics of separate measuring channels of heat meters ensure that the GOST R 51649–2000 requirements concerning errors of thermal energy measurement are satisfied.     

Concept of Measurements of Heat Energy in the Heat Supply Systems of Russia

The concept of measuring the heat energy for billing purposes in heat supply systems is formulated on the basis of representing the heat energy as a heat carrier, associated with its thermodynamic condition and mass.     

Uncertainty of the Calibration of Paired Temperature Sensors for Heat Meters

In heat meters, the temperatures of the incoming and the outgoing water are measured with calibrated platinum resistance thermometers. They are subject to legal metrology and the requirements for the uncertainty associated with the temperature difference are specified in national and regional standards. It is difficult to calculate this uncertainty, since it depends on the characteristics of both sensors and correlation needs to be considered. Causes of that correlation include calibration in the same facility, losses due to heat conduction, and common electrical measurements. Therefore, an analytical calculation of the temperature difference and the associated uncertainty is quite complicated, requiring several steps, corrections, and approximations. Monte Carlo techniques avoid these difficulties by simulating the calibration of both sensors simultaneously. As expected, the correlation reduces the uncertainty associated with the temperature difference indicated by the sensor pair considerably. Monte Carlo simulation and analytical calculations are briefly described and their results are compared.     

供热机组横向可比经济指标计算方法研究

针对不同供热抽汽量下已有供热比计算方法得到机组经济性指标相差较大,难以横向比较机组性能的问题,提出一种供热机组纯凝热耗的计算方法。基于机组设计计算和试验计算的验证分析表明,该方法计算得到供热状态下机组经济性指标具有横向可比性,能反映出机组的实际运行性能。     

模糊理论在建筑物冷热源选择中的应用

能够满足建筑物舒适性要求的冷热源方案有很多，但由于各种方案都有多种影响因素，若仅就单一因素来评价将会影响方案选择的合理性。文章运用模糊理论对三种方案进行了综合评价，以各种方案的综合评价结果为依据来选择冷热源，为实际工程中进行方案的合理选择提供了一种参考思路。     

Metrological Support to Domestic Heat Meters

Metrological support is considered for domestic heat meters, with the use of test flowmeters and simulation models for the primary flow rate detectors.     

Drawing up Water and Heat Accounts for Heat Supply Systems

It is shown that it is possible to draw up mass and heat energy balances only separately for each pipe: input and return. The indirect difference method is widely used at present to calculate heat consumption and hot water loss, but it does not provide reliable accounting for heat energy and mass.     

热量表流量传感器耐久性试验装置的研制

热量表流量传感器耐久性试验装置采用现代化工业级采集、控制技术,将工业组态软件和数据库进行结合,实现了全自动化操作。通过光电传输、脉冲计数、协议通信、视频采集等方式获取运行信息,同时基于3G网络或互联网的视频采集技术,将现场运行画面实时传送至远端数据监控中心。试验的全部过程均为无人值守。同时还可自定义运行周期,同步记录热量表和系统的各项运行数据;可随时查看、导出、打印、分析各项数据。     

浅谈余氯分析仪的校准

分析了水中游离氯及总余氯测定方法的现状,从余氯测定仪校准规范的检测对象、量值溯源、方法原理等方面进行了分析探讨,对实际操作中曲线标定、干扰物消除和方法优化提出建议,对计量检定机构对余氯分析仪开展校准工作有一定的指导意义。     

Advantages of a Combined System for Metering and Regulating Heat Consumption

Advantages are considered for a combined system for metering and regulating heat consumption, and data are given on the reduction in heat consumption without deterioration in conditions in such a system.     

热能表检测中对热水流量装置的要求

本文结合自行研制的热能表检测装置，详细论述了热能表检测过程中用到的标准设备——热水流量标准装置所需计量设备的内容、要求、以及工艺细节。针对实际使用中的热能表检测装置存在的问题进行了分析，并给出了测量不确定度的分析方法。     

Advantages of the New VKT-7 Heat Calculator

Development data are given for an energy-independent (battery-powered) calculator for heat meters for use in open and closed water-based heat supply. Technical characteristics are given together with uses and also methods of monitoring heat consumption conditions and data processing for abnormal situations.     

热能表检测中对热水流量装置的要求

本文结合自行研制的热能表检测装置,详细论述了热能表检测过程中用到的标准设备———热水流量标准装置所需计量设备的内容、要求、以及工艺细节。针对实际使用中的热能表检测装置存在的问题进行了分析,并给出了测量不确定度的分析方法。     

实验室pH(酸度)计新旧检定规程的比较和分析

本文对《实验室pH(酸度)计检定规程》的新旧版本进行了比较,总结了新规程在计量性能要求、检定项目和检定方法等内容进行的改动和优化,简析了各改进点。