加州鲈腌制品仪器分析与感官评价相关性研究

目的研究鱼肉质构特性及其仪器测定和感官结果的相关性。方法选用不同腌制时间的加州鲈样品进行仪器质地剖面分析(texture profile analysis,TPA)和感官评价。结果主成分分析实验中,鲈鱼腌制品TPA指标和感官评价指标分别得出2个主成分,累计方差贡献率分别达87.39%和82.17%;腌制时间为2 h时,TPA指标值和感官评价较优。相关性分析结果表明,感官粘聚性与TPA咀嚼性、TPA胶黏性具有显著负相关性(P0.05,r=-0.713;P0.01,r=-0.834),感官胶黏性与TPA硬度显著正相关(P0.05,r=0.805)。结论选取感官指标为因变量,TPA指标为自变量进行逐步回归分析,得到具有统计学意义的感官粘聚性和胶黏性的预测方程,为鲈鱼腌制品在品质评价上的预测提供了依据。     

不同品种薄皮甜瓜成熟期果实质地品质分析及综合评价

以10 个品种薄皮甜瓜为研究对象,采用质构仪与常规理化分析测定了8 个质构指标、6 个质地相关的化学指标,通过相关性分析、因子分析、系统聚类分析,建立一套综合评价薄皮甜瓜果实质地品质的方法,以期为深入探究决定其质地特性的关键因子和优良质地品种选育提供理论依据。相关性分析表明,质构剖面分析（texture profile analysis,TPA）硬度与胶着性、咀嚼性和穿刺硬度均呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,黏附力与黏附性呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,内聚性与胶着性、咀嚼性均呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,胶着性与咀嚼性呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,穿刺硬度与胶着性和咀嚼性均呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）;原果胶含量和含水量与TPA硬度、穿刺硬度、咀嚼性和胶着性呈不同程度显著负相关（P＜0.05）,水溶性果胶含量与穿刺硬度呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）,淀粉含量与黏附力和黏附性呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,纤维素含量与内聚性呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）。经因子分析并基于特征值大于1的原则,提取了3 个主因子,累计方差贡献率为89.40%,根据各主因子代表性指标,依次命名为梗硬因子F1、黏绵因子F2和内聚因子F3,方差贡献率分别为52.76%、25.73%和10.91%,因子分析综合得分模型显示,‘玉美人’和‘彩虹七号’质地品质较优,‘红皮面’和‘香沙蜜’较差,其余品种居中。系统聚类分析将10 个品种薄皮甜瓜果实的质地特性分为5 类,第I类包括‘千玉’、‘白糖罐’、‘特甜蜜宝’,呈脆硬质地;第II类包括‘红到边’、‘羊角蜜’,呈酥脆质地;第III类包括‘花蕾王’、‘彩虹七号’、‘玉美人’,呈梗硬质地;第IV类为‘香沙蜜’,呈沙软质地;第V类为‘红皮面’,呈黏绵质地。     

籼粳稻两个品种大米储藏过程中蛋白质氧化对其蒸煮食用品质的影响

以新收获籼稻‘金优207’和粳稻‘吉粳88’大米为原料,采用温度37 ℃、相对湿度85%的条件进行加速陈化储藏,研究蛋白质氧化对大米蒸煮食用品质的影响。结果显示：随着储藏时间的延长,大米蛋白氧化程度不断增加;米粉峰值黏度、最终黏度、回生值和米饭硬度与大米蛋白羰基含量呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,与总巯基和游离巯基含量呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）;米饭咀嚼性、弹性、外观、气味、适口性、滋味、冷饭质地与大米蛋白羰基含量呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）,与总巯基含量和游离巯基含量呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）;米粉最低黏度、米饭硬度与大米蛋白二硫键含量呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,而米饭黏聚性、回复性和黏着性则与大米蛋白二硫键含量呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）。这表明加速陈化储藏过程中,随着蛋白质氧化程度的增加,大米老化回生程度增加,米饭质构特性和感官品质明显下降。     

8个品种甘薯淀粉的理化性质及其相关性分析

以8个品种甘薯淀粉为研究对象,研究了甘薯淀粉的颗粒形态、粒径大小和结晶特性等结构特性,糊化特性、凝胶质构、溶解度、膨胀度和冻融稳定性等功能特性,并分析了甘薯淀粉结构与功能特性间的相关性。结果表明,不同品种甘薯淀粉的直链淀粉含量不同,其颗粒形态在不同品种间没有明显差异,均具有典型的A型衍射图谱;淀粉粒径大小和糊化参数在不同品种间差异明显。甘薯淀粉的溶解度和膨胀度与温度有关,均随温度的上升而增大。相关性分析表明,直链淀粉含量与回生值、硬度、胶着性、咀嚼性、析水率均呈显著正相关（r=0.807,0.721,0.722,0.734,0.803,P<0.05）,与凝胶回复性呈显著负相关（r=-0.832,P<0.05）。平均粒径与内聚性、膨胀度呈显著负相关（r=-0.762,-0.775,P<0.05）。此外,甘薯淀粉糊的回生值与凝胶硬度、胶着性和咀嚼性均呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,而与内聚性呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。本研究结果可为甘薯淀粉的精深加工和具体应用领域的甘薯淀粉选择提供一定的科学依据。     

Physicochemical,cooking and textural characteristics of some Indian black gram (Phaseolus mungo L) varieties

Physicochemical, cooking and textural properties of black gram varieties were studied and related to each other using Pearson correlation. Different varieties showed significant variation in their physicochemical, cooking and textural properties. Varieties having higher seed weight and seed volume had higher values of cooking time, swelling capacity, hydration capacity and hardness. The relationships between textural parameters of cooked grains from different black gram varieties showed a significant positive correlation of hardness with cohesiveness (r = 0.472), gumminess (r = 0.938) and chewiness (r = 0.859). Swelling index, cohesiveness and gumminess of black gram varieties were observed to be related to their fibre content. Swelling capacity and swelling index correlated well with cooking time, hardness and gumminess. Cooking time had a positive correlation with hardness (p < 0.05) and gumminess (p < 0.05) and a negative correlation with springiness. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Comparison of the texture of fresh and preserved Agaricus bisporus and Boletus edulis mushrooms

This work compares changes during the production process and storage period in the texture of canned Agaricus bisporus and Boletus edulis mushrooms previously blanched in water, blanched or soaked and blanched in solutions containing citric, l ‐ascorbic and lactic acids. The texture was examined using instruments [textural profile analysis (TPA), Kramer shear cell (KSC)] and sensory analysis [five‐point, profiling (P)]. Canning B. edulis mushrooms reduced their hardness, chewiness and gumminess (TPA), the values for force and work (KC), and brittleness and crispiness (P), although increasing their cohesiveness (TPA). Canning A. bisporus mushrooms reduced their hardness (TPA) and the expenditure of work, but increased their cohesiveness, hardness, crispiness and firmness (P). Twelve‐month storage of both species of canned mushrooms led to a reduction in brittleness and crispiness (P). The type of pre‐treatment applied affected the texture only when determined using profile analysis, and significant differences in hardness, crispiness and firmness between blanched‐only and soaked and blanched products were mainly found in B. edulis.     

增城丝苗米米饭理化性质与质构特性的相关性分析

选用7份增城丝苗米的原料大米,研究米饭的质构特性,并分析其与大米的热特性、糊化特性和理化指标之间的相关性。结果表明,增城丝苗米原料大米的硬度、粘性的差别较大,而凝聚性、胶粘性、咀嚼性和回复性均较接近。大米直链淀粉含量与米饭质构特性呈显著相关,米饭硬度、粘性与大米淀粉的糊化起始温度呈正相关,与热焓值呈负相关。米饭的硬度、粘性、凝聚性、胶粘性、咀嚼性和回复性与大米淀粉糊化的最终粘度、崩解值呈负相关,与消减值呈正相关,粘性与回生值呈负相关。因此,开发大米配方时, 将直链淀粉含量检测与大米的糊化特性、米饭硬度和粘性测试分析相结合,对于提高大米配方的品质稳定具有重要意义。     

云南5种火腿水分分布与质构特性研究

目的 探究云南5种火腿水分分布与质构特性的差异及相关性。方法 以一年陈的宣威火腿、诺邓火腿、撒坝火腿、三川火腿和鹤庆火腿为原料,利用低场核磁共振（Low-field NMR,LF-NMR）与质地剖面分析（Texture profile analysis,TPA）分别测定不同地区火腿的水分分布与质构特性。结果 撒坝火腿的不易流动水和自由水横向弛豫时间（T2）分别为26.29 ms与151.13 ms,均显著高于其他4种火腿（P<0.05）,5种火腿的不易流动水单位质量信号量（A22）均高于结合水（A21）和自由水（A23）,其中撒坝火腿的A22为8857.97,显著高于其他4种火腿（P<0.05）;宣威火腿的硬度、咀嚼性和内聚性在5种火腿中最高,而弹性和回复性在5种火腿中最低;相关性分析显示,5种火腿的不易流动水含量与回复性、弹性呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与硬度呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,与咀嚼性、内聚性呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,自由水含量与弹性、回复性呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,而结合水含量与质构指标无显著相关性。结论 本研究表明不易流动水在5种火腿中占主要优势,其在5种火腿中的含量变化导致了火腿之间的质构特性差异,可以为火腿的品质调控提供理论依据。     

基于TPA和Vis/NIR的番茄货架期的品质检测

针对番茄货架期的质地变化特点,采用质地多面分析方法(TPA)对番茄货架期的质构参数的变化进行了分析,通过TPA测试方法测得的典型的质构特性曲线,由该曲线计算出番茄的硬度,粘附性,内聚性,弹性,胶粘性,咀嚼性等质构参数,通过对各质构参数间的相关分析得出了相关矩阵表。结果表明,随着贮藏时间的延长,番茄各质构参数都有不同程度的降低,番茄的硬度和内聚性相关关系显著(P0.01),番茄的咀嚼性和其它的质构特性都存在相关关系(P0.05)。根据番茄货架期的质构参数变化规律,将番茄货架期分为货架前期(1~3 d),货架中期(4~6 d)和货架后期(7~9 d)。应用可见/近红外光谱(Vis/NIR)结合主成分分析方法(PCA)对不同货架期的番茄进行了检测分析,基于PC1和PC2的番茄货架期分类率为97%,为今后进一步分析建立水果和蔬菜货架期品质预测模型奠定了理论基础。     

pH值、NaCl浓度和加热温度对猪肉匀浆物凝胶质构特性的影响

采用二次通用旋转试验设计,研究了pH值、NaCl浓度和加热温度对猪后腿肉匀浆物热诱导凝胶质构特性的影响。结果表明:不同处理条件对凝胶质构特性的影响存在差异。不同加热温度下,pH值和NaCl浓度对凝胶硬度、弹性、内聚性、胶粘性和咀嚼性影响的总体趋势一致且两者存在明显的交互作用。pH值较低时,随着NaCl浓度的增加,凝胶的硬度、弹性、内聚性、胶粘性和咀嚼性均增大;pH值较高时,NaCl浓度对凝胶硬度、弹性和胶粘性影响较小,内聚性随着NaCl浓度增加而降低。同时,随着加热温度的升高,凝胶的硬度和胶粘性增大,内聚性和咀嚼性减小,而凝胶弹性变化较小。     

Influence of cultivar,storage and cooking on the mechanical properties of winter squash (Cucurbita maxima)

Texture profile analysis and rupture tests were carried out on raw and cooked tissues of ‘Delica’, ‘CF 2’ and ‘CF 4’ buttercup squash cultivars and ‘Red Warren’ pumpkin during storage. The raw tissues of ‘CF 2’ were the firmest, exhibiting high tissue strength (high failure force) combined with less rigidity, ie lower modulus of deformability (MOD) and higher compressibility (high strain and deformation at failure). ‘Red Warren’ had the least firm tissues combined with high rigidity and low compressibility. The firmness of ‘Delica’ and ‘CF 4’ tissues was intermediate. The texture parameters such as MOD, failure force, hardness, gumminess and chewiness measured on raw and cooked tissues of the four cultivars showed no significant differences up to 2 months of storage but then decreased (P < 0.05) between 2 and 3 months of storage. The size of the cells and thickness of the parenchyma cell walls among ‘Delica’, ‘CF 2’ and ‘CF 4’ were similar. The greater size of ‘Red Warren’ parenchyma cells, larger intercellular spaces and thinner cell walls appear to account for its lower tissue strength compared with the other cultivars. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

脂肪添加量对熏煮香肠质构的影响

研究了不同脂肪添加量(0%、10%、20%、30%、40%、50%)对熏煮香肠质构品质的影响。结果表明:随着脂肪添加量的增加,熏煮香肠的感官硬度逐渐下降,感官弹性先升高后下降,感官质构总分逐渐下降,但添加量20%、30%、40%的感官质构总分差异不显著(P>0.05);熏煮香肠的机械测定硬度、胶着性、回复性、内聚性、咀嚼性随着脂肪添加量的增加逐渐减小(P<0.05),而脂肪添加量对熏煮香肠的黏着性无显著影响(P>0.05)。硬度与脂肪含量呈现较好的线性关系:硬度值=-1 075.9×脂肪添加量+7 875.5(R2=0.932 8);依据质构机械测定值建立的Fisher线性判别方程能准确判别熏煮香肠的脂肪添加等级。     

Effects of oat fibre and carrageenan on the texture of frankfurters formulated with low and high fat

 The effects of fat level (5, 12 and 30%), carrageenan and oat fibre on the texture of frankfurters were evaluated using mechanical properties and sensory (taste panel) methods. Textural profile analysis (TPA) indicated that fat reduction decreased hardness, adhesiveness, gumminess and chewiness. In contrast, springiness increased when the fat content was reduced from 30% to 5%. No relationships between fat content and either Warner-Bratzler or Kramer shear parameters were found. Carrageenan and oat fibre differed in their effects on TPA values but the latter was more effective at improving texture. Taste panellists did not detect any differences in hardness, springiness or gumminess when fat was reduced from 30% to 5%, although increases in cohesiveness, chewiness, moisture release and lumpiness were observed. Overall acceptability of the texture decreased as the fat level was reduced. Carrageenan and oat fibre improved the acceptability of the 12% fat frankfurters, but neither ingredient offset the detrimental effects on acceptability of the texture when fat was reduced to 5%. The results demonstrate that carrageenan and oat fibre can partially offset some of the textural changes (juiciness, cohesiveness, lumpiness) which occur in low-fat frankfurters when added water replaces fat and the protein level remains constant. Received: 10 May 1999 / Revised version: 9 August 1999     

磷酸盐对西式蒸煮火腿质构影响研究

研究了不同添加量的磷酸三钠、六偏磷酸钠和焦磷酸钠3种磷酸盐对西式蒸煮火腿TPA特性（硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、凝聚性、回复性）的影响变化规律：随着磷酸盐添加量的增加，TPA特性（凝聚性除外）优化。3种磷酸盐对西式火腿质构影响的大小顺序：焦磷酸钠〉磷酸三钠〉六偏磷酸钠。通过感官评定与机械测试TPA特性之间的相关分析，结果表明感官评定和TPA特性间有较好的相关性。     

不同品种大米理化性质及其淀粉结构对米饭食用品质的影响

米饭食味值和质构特性是评价大米食用品质的重要指标,为了探究不同品种大米的食味值、质构特性与其理化性质及淀粉结构的关系,以12种大米为研究样本,测定其食味值、质构特性、理化性质及淀粉结构特性,并分析内在相关性。结果表明,直链淀粉含量（质量分数）与米饭的硬度呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与米饭的凝聚性呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）;米饭食味值、质构特性与大米淀粉的糊化特性、热特性之间存在显著相关性,与结晶特性、淀粉颗粒表面有序度无显著相关性,表明淀粉的糊化特性决定了米饭的食味值、硬度、凝聚性和回复性。该研究可为后期优质稻米筛选培育以及大米适宜性加工提供理论基础。     

基于质地多面分析法对不同苹果品种果肉质构特性的分析

为了细致研究"华红"苹果贮藏期间果肉质地变化和不同苹果品种质构特性差异,本实验以套袋和未套袋"华红"苹果为试材,应用质地多面分析法定期测定贮藏期间果肉质地参数;以及以不同熟期"华红"、"华苹"、"寒富"、"红星"、"嘎拉"、"津轻"为试材,比较不同苹果品种果肉质地品质差异,同时分析各质地参数之间相关性。"华红"套袋和未套袋果肉质地参数在常温贮藏过程中变化趋势基本一致,且未套袋果肉的各项质地参数稍高于套袋的。硬度呈下降趋势,在黏附性、内聚性、弹性、咀嚼性、回复性方面,贮藏0 d的果实与48 d相比稍有升高。"华红"果肉贮藏期间质地参数变化相关性和6个苹果品种之间质地参数相关性有相似处,内聚性与弹性、回复性、咀嚼性都呈正相关,弹性与回复性、咀嚼性都呈较好地正相关,回复性与咀嚼性呈较好的正相关。不同的是,"华红"果肉硬度与黏附性、内聚性呈负相关,而不同品种之间果肉硬度与内聚性、弹性、回复性、咀嚼性呈高度正相关。不同品种之间各质地参数也进行了量化比较。综上说明本实验选用的P5探头测定的果肉内聚性、弹性、回复性、咀嚼性能反映"华红"果肉质地变化规律,适用于苹果果肉质地品质的客观评价。硬度、内聚性、弹性、回复性、咀嚼性质地参数中的一项或多项可以作为评价"华红"果肉质地和比较这6个苹果品种果肉质地差异性的重要参数。     

Physical Properties and Volatile Composition Changes of Cooked Sausages Stuffed in a New Casing Formulation Based in Surfactants and Lactic Acid During Long‐Term Storage

The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of different modified casings and storage time on the quality attributes of cooked sausages using principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis. The effects of modifying different casing treatments on sausages’ color (L^*, a^*, b^*), pH, and texture (hardness, springiness, cohesion, gumminess, chewiness) after 36‐d storage were estimated by PCA. According to the PCA, lightness at day 36 was correlated to sample stuffed in casing with treatment 2 (T2; soy lecithin concentration: 1:27.5, soy oil concentration: 1.25%, lactic acid concentration: 19.5 mL/kg NaCl [solid], residence time: 75 min). T2 sample can be distinguished from control sample at days 1, 8, 15, and 36 according to electronic nose system. DA was performed to determine possible different sample groups according to selected variables. Results showed that chewiness was the best discriminator for differentiating sausages stored for 15 d from other days. Chewiness and gumminess were able to discriminate sausages stuffed in casing with T2 from control sample. The relationships between modified concentrations and quality attributes of cooked sausages after 36‐d storage were also established.     

Texture properties of formulated wheat doughs Relationships with dough and bread technological quality

Texture properties of wheat doughs were determined with a texturometer by using texture profile analysis (TPA) as well as Chen and Hoseney methodologies. The time elapsed between two compressions and strain were optimized so that meaningful values were obtained for TPA. Single effects and interactions between flour type, the breadmaking process and anti-staling additives (i.?e. monoglycerides, diacetyl tartaric ester of monoglycerides, sodium stearoyl lactylate, carboxymethylcellulose and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose) on dough texture properties (i.?e. springiness, resilience, hardness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, chewiness, gumminess and stickiness) were estimated. The breadmaking process and addition of hydrocolloids had the most important effects and interactions on TPA. Hydrocolloids and α-amylase increased dough stickiness. Dough cohesiveness was a good predictive parameter of bread quality. Water content, acidity values and gluten quality were the main factors determining the texture properties of dough.     

日粮中添加不同油脂对鸡蛋工艺特性及质构指标的影响

摘 要：目的 本试验旨在探究蛋鸡饲粮添加不同油脂后对鸡蛋起泡性、乳化性、凝胶特性及蛋黄TPA、剪切力及蛋黄膜强度的影响。方法 在玉米-豆粕型基础日粮的基础上,分别添加1.5％豆油、1.5％猪油、1.5％混合油脂。结果 试验结果表明：与对照组相比,添加1.5％的猪油和混合油脂会不同程度的降低鸡蛋的工艺特性,显著增加蛋黄的硬度、咀嚼性;而1.5％豆油对鸡蛋的工艺特性及质构指标不会造成不良影响。结论 因此,为了满足蛋鸡生长能量需求及蛋品功能特性,建议在日粮中添加1.5％豆油。     

甘薯块根膨大过程中质构特性和淀粉直/支比的研究

甘薯块根膨大过程中质构特性和淀粉组分的变化对甘薯的品质和用途有着重要影响。本研究选取3种甘薯类型和4个时期,通过质地多面分析法(TPA)和双波长碘比色法,分析其质构特性和淀粉直链淀粉和支链淀粉比值(淀粉直/支比)随块根膨大的变化规律。结果表明,甘薯淀粉直/支比在扦插后80天开始下降,至扦插后110天达到谷值,之后小幅回升;整体上,甘薯扦插后的天数与淀粉直/支比、内聚性和弹性呈显著负相关(r =-0.390, r= -0.367, P <0.05;r= -0.634, P <0.01);与硬度呈显著正相关(r= 0.590, P <0.01)。淀粉直/支比与块根的内聚性、弹性和咀嚼性呈显著正相关(r =0.368, P <0.05; r= 0.463, r= 0.642, P <0.01);综合分析发现,扦插后80~110天（块根膨大高峰期至膨大后期）收获的甘薯适合水果型(生食型)甘薯的开发。