茶籽皂苷改善高脂饮食诱导的肥胖小鼠脂肪代谢及氧化应激水平

该研究探讨茶籽皂苷（TSS）对高脂饮食（HFD）小鼠脂代谢与氧化应激水平的改善作用。观察小鼠摄食量及体重变化。试剂盒法检测小鼠血清超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）、总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL-C）和低密度脂蛋白（LDL-C）水平。H&E染色观察肝脏的脂肪变性程度。蛋白印迹法检测肝脏中AMPK、p-AMPK、SIRT1、PGC-1α、PPAR-γ的表达。结果表明,TSS干预显著降低HFD小鼠体重和附睾、肾周及腹部等处脂肪指数（p<0.05）,显著降低小鼠血清TC、TG和LDL-C水平（p<0.05）,升高HDL-C水平（p<0.05）。高剂量TSS干预较HFD组显著降低血清TC（37.83%）、TG（64.77%）和LDL-C（76.83%）水平。TSS干预显著改善HFD小鼠肝脏脂肪变性程度,并较HFD组提高肝脏内p-AMPK（3.92倍、4.95倍、6.63倍）、SIRT1（0.86倍、1.36倍、1.77倍）、PGC-1α（3.10倍、3.11倍、4.33倍）和PPAR-γ（2.83倍、4.27倍、5.51倍）的蛋白表达。此外,TSS处理还能升高HFD小鼠血清SOD和GSH含量,并降低MDA水平。综上述,TSS干预可减少体内的脂肪堆积,改善HFD引起的脂质代谢紊乱和氧化应激状态。     

芥子酸改善高脂饮食模式下叙利亚仓鼠脂代谢与氧化应激水平

探讨芥子酸对高脂饮食仓鼠脂代谢和氧化应激的影响。比色法分别检测仓鼠血清和肝脏中总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-c)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-c)、游离脂肪酸(NEFA),丙二醛(MDA)和总抗氧化力(T-AOC)水平。蛋白印迹法检测肝脏中PPAR-γ、CPT-1、ACC1、FAS、HMGCR、SREBP2和CYP7A1的表达。与高脂饮食组相比,芥子酸干预显著降低肥胖仓鼠体重(23.86%)、附睾脂肪(20.38%)和肾周脂肪(27.91%)指数(p0.05);改善血脂水平(至TG:183.51μmol/L、TC:1481.67μmol/L、HDL-c:507.81μmol/L、LDL-c:272.50μmol/L和NEFA:1.16 ng/L);分别降低MDA水平(至血清:7.85 nmol/L,肝脏:5.47 nmol/L)并提升T-AOC水平(至血清:12.63 U/mL,肝脏:113.72 U/mL)。芥子酸干预还能较高脂饮食组仓鼠显著提高PPAR-γ(2.00倍)、CPT-1(2.61倍)、CYP7A1(1.65倍),并显著抑制FAS(34.38%)、ACC1(52.73%)、SREBP2(53.49%)和HMGCR(32.68%)的表达水平(p0.05)。本研究提示,芥子酸能够显著改善高脂膳食诱导的仓鼠脂代谢紊乱,这与调控脂代谢相关蛋白的表达和减轻氧化应激水平有关。     

Rosemary Extract‐Mediated Lifespan Extension and Attenuated Oxidative Damage in Drosophila melanogaster Fed on High‐Fat Diet

Rosemary extract has a potent antioxidant activity and is widely used in the food industry. In this study, the lifespan prolonging and antioxidant activity of rosemary extract was evaluated by high‐fat‐induced oxidative damage in Drosophila melanogaster. The results revealed that the lifespan and climbing ability of fruit flies was enhanced significantly by feeding rosemary extract. Furthermore, feeding with rosemary extract significantly increased the enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and significantly decreased the level of malonaldehyde. The gene expression of SOD, CAT, and nuclear factor erythroid‐2 related factor 2 was enhanced and that for methuselah was significantly reduced. The comet assay showed that high‐fat diet‐induced DNA lesion was significantly reduced in larvae treated with the rosemary extract. Our results suggest that feeding with rosemary extract is effective to the extended lifespan in fruit flies by strengthening of the resistance to high‐fat‐induced oxidative stress and by stimulating, at least in part, the endogenous antioxidant response.     

Salicornia Extract Ameliorates Salt‐Induced Aggravation of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Obese Mice Fed a High‐Fat Diet

High‐fat and high‐salt intakes are among the major risks of chronic diseases including obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Salicornia is a halophytic plant known to exert antioxidant, antidiabetic, and hypolipidemic effects, and Salicornia‐extracted salt (SS) has been used as a salt substitute. In this study, the effects of SS and purified salt (PS) on the aggravation of NAFLD/NASH were compared. C57BL/6J male mice (8‐wk‐old) were fed a high‐fat diet (HFD) for 6 mo and divided into 3 dietary groups, which were additionally fed HFD, HFD + SS, and HFD + PS for 13 wk. PS induced aggravation of NAFLD/NASH in HFD‐fed mice. Although the actual salt intake was same between the PS and SS groups as 1% of the diet (extrapolated from the World Health Organization [WHO] guideline), SS induced less liver injury and hepatic steatosis compared to PS. The hepatic mRNA expressions of inflammatory cytokines and fibrosis marker were significantly lower in the SS group than the PS group. Oxidative stress is one of the major causes of inflammation in NAFLD/NASH. Results of the component analysis showed that the major polyphenols that exhibited antioxidant activity in the Salicornia water extract were ferulic acid, caffeic acid, and isorhamnetin. These results suggest that even the level of salt intake recommended by WHO can accelerate the progression of liver disease in obese individuals consuming HFD. It is proposed that SS can be a salt substitute for obese individuals who consume HFD.     

Salvianolic Acid B Inhibits High‐Fat Diet‐Induced Inflammation by Activating the Nrf2 Pathway

Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) is a major water‐soluble bioactive component of Salvia miltiorrhiza, which is a traditional Chinese medicine. We investigated the ways in which Sal B affects high‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced immunological function disorder remission using a C57BL/6 mouse model. We gave groups of C57BL/6 mice a normal diet (Control), a normal diet supplemented with Sal B (Control + Sal B), a high‐fat diet (HF), and a high‐fat diet supplemented with Sal B (HF + Sal B) for 10 wk. Sal B supplementation decreased the body weight and plasma lipids, increased the fecal excretion of lipids, prevented the accumulation of chronic oxidative stress, and reversed the disproportionality of CD3⁺CD4⁺ and CD3⁺CD8⁺ T lymphocytes compared to HFD. We found an increase in IL‐6 and TNF‐α, while IL‐10 decreased in plasma after the HFD and Sal B reversed the deregulation of the Thl/Th2 ratio. In addition, HFD‐induced inflammation was stopped by Sal B through the downregulation of nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB), cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), and inducible NO synthesis (iNOS), and the upregulation of nuclear factor‐erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2)‐regulated genes. These findings demonstrated that Sal B could effectively attenuate inflammation by activating the Nrf2‐mediated antioxidant defense system.     

黑米花青素对高脂膳食小鼠的空间学习记忆能力的影响

探讨高脂膳食对C57BL/6小鼠以及黑米花青素对高脂膳食小鼠的空间学习记忆能力的影响。将48只小鼠随机分成对照组(正常膳食),高脂对照组(膳食中含w=15%猪油),高脂低剂量黑米花青素组(膳食中含w=15%猪油、w=40mg/kg黑米花青素)和高脂高剂量黑米花青素组(膳食中含w=15%猪油、w=200mg/kg黑米花青素)。12周后通过Morris水迷宫实验评价小鼠的空间学习记忆能力,检测小鼠血清总胆固醇和总甘油三酯,小鼠海马体中氧化应激指标、单胺类神经递质含量以及炎症相关因子基因的mRNA表达水平。研究发现,高脂膳食的小鼠空间学习记忆能力显著下降(P<0.05),血清总胆固醇和总甘油三酯含量显著增加(P<0.05),海马组织中的SOD(superoxide dismutase)和GSH-Px(glutathione peroxidase)活力显著降低(P<0.05),MDA(malondialdehyde)含量显著升高(P<0.05),炎症因子TNFα、COX-2、IL-1β基因表达水平均显著提高(P<0.05)。通过黑米花青素干预后小鼠的空间学习记忆能力显著提升(P<0.05),海马体的氧化应激状况得到显著改善(P<0.05),炎症相关因子基因的表达均显著下调(P<0.05)。结果表明,高脂饮食能够导致慢性氧化应激,损伤小鼠海马依赖的空间学习记忆等认知能力。黑米花青素可以改善海马体的氧化应激状态,提高SOD和GSH-Px活力,降低MDA的生成,下调炎症相关因子基因的表达水平,从而改善了小鼠的空间学习记忆能力。     

Effects of Myricetin‐Containing Ethanol Solution on High‐Fat Diet Induced Obese Rats

Myricetin is a natural flavonol widely occurring in wines. Many beneficial effects of myricetin in alcoholic beverages have been reported before, but never including anti‐obesity. In the present study, we fed obese male Sprague–Dawley rats with ethanol solutions containing various concentrations of myricetin and found that myricetin may maintain the food intake while reduce the weight‐gain, feed efficiency, level of blood lipids, adipocyte size, and weight and size of the perirenal and epididymal adipose tissues (P < 0.01). Our experiment data also show that the anti‐obesity effect may be associated with the upregulation of adropin and β‐endorphin levels. Based on the above‐described findings, we propose the potential for myricetin‐containing alcoholic beverages to be developed into anti‐obesity health food.     

Effects of the Polysaccharide from the Sporophyll of Brown Alga Undaria Pinnatifida on Serum Lipid Profile and Fat Tissue Accumulation in Rats Fed a High‐Fat Diet

We investigated the effects of the polysaccharide from the sporophyll of a selected brown alga Undaria pinnatifida on serum lipid profile, fat tissue accumulation, and gastrointestinal transit time in rats fed a high‐fat diet. The algal polysaccharide (AP) was prepared by the treatment of multiple cellulase‐producing fungi Trichoderma reesei and obtained from the sporophyll with a yield of 38.7% (dry basis). The AP was mostly composed of alginate and fucoidan (up to 89%) in a ratio of 3.75:1. The AP was added to the high‐fat diet in concentrations of 0.6% and 1.7% and was given to male Sprague–Dawley rats (5‐wk‐old) for 5 wk. The 1.7% AP addition notably reduced body weight gain and fat tissue accumulation, and it improved the serum lipid profile, including triglycerides, total cholesterol, and very low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol. The effects were associated with increased feces weight and shortened gastrointestinal transit time. In addition, the lipid peroxidation of the liver was decreased in both groups.     

苦丁茶对高胆碱饮食小鼠肝、肾及氧化应激的影响

研究苦丁茶水提物对高胆碱饮食小鼠体重、肝脏、肾脏以及氧化应激的影响。采用超高效液相色谱-飞行时间-质谱联用技术对苦丁茶的活性成分进行定性分析。将C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为空白对照组、模型对照组、苦丁茶低中高剂量组进行饲养灌胃,监测小鼠进食量及体重变化;干预4个月后采集血液以及肝、肾标本进行分析。结果表明苦丁茶中含有黄酮类、酚类、三萜类、生物碱类活性成分。各组小鼠饮食、排泄正常,与模型对照组相比,各剂量组小鼠体重增长减缓,苦丁茶高剂量组小鼠血清中总蛋白含量上升,各剂量组丙二醛水平降低,苦丁茶中剂量组超氧化物歧化酶含量显著增加(P<0.05);各组小鼠脏器系数无统计学差异,未出现明显的慢性或急性肝、肾组织损伤。高胆碱饮食会造成小鼠体重异常增长,引发丙二醛水平升高及超氧化物歧化酶活力降低,适宜剂量的苦丁茶水提物可减轻小鼠体重、缓解氧化损伤等症状。