沈阳城区雨水径流中重金属的空间分布规律研究

为了探究沈阳市地表雨水中的重金属含量的空间分布特征以及雨水中重金属的来源,选取沈阳市8个具有代表性的地点作为采样点,对地面雨水径流中的铁、锰、铜、锌、铅、镉、砷等重金属元素含量进行测定,并运用主成分分析方法对测试结果进行了分析。结果表明,铁、锰、铜、锌、铅为主要成分,其中铁的含量占7种重金属含量的68.686 2%,锰含量占18.463 0%,铜含量占8.877 3%,锌含量占3.484 9%,铅含量占0.483 3%。运用模糊聚类分析方法对地表雨水径流中的重金属含量进行了空间分布规律的研究,其中火车站与中街地表雨水径流中重金属含量高,三好街、制药厂、热电厂及立交桥四者地表雨水径流中重金属含量较高,公园与小区地表雨水径流中重金属含量较低,通过分析可以推断出地表雨水径流中的重金属可能来源于土壤灰尘和交通车辆。     

湿法消化—火焰原子吸收法测定污泥中的铜、锌、铅、镉含量

活性污泥法处理城市污水，产生大量污泥，污泥处置方法一直是污水处理行业的一个难题。测定污泥中重金属元素的含量，为污泥的综合开发和利用提供必要的科学依据。本文利用火焰原子吸收法测定我厂脱水污泥中的铜、锌、铅、镉含量，前处理为湿法消化。     

厌氧消化后污泥中的重金属形态分布

对污泥经消化后8种重金属的化学形态分析表明，汞、镉、铅、砷几乎全部以稳定形态存在，锌、镍、铬的形态含量亦不同程度地得到增加。     

陶瓷地理标志产品微量元素迁移量检测研究

利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪对20种陶瓷地理标志产品中的砷、镉、铬、镍、铅、锑、锌、铜、锰等9种微量元素迁移量情况进行检测。结果显示,镉、铬、锑在20种地理标志产品陶瓷中均未检出;铅、锌、铜、锰迁移量在有釉瓷（陶）器的多数种类中检出,其中锌迁移量突出;砷、镍迁移量在无釉陶器中检出。     

水浴酸消化—电感耦合等离子质谱同时测定全血中多种元素的分析方法研究

目的建立电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)同时测定全血中多种微量和痕量金属元素的分析方法,为开展重金属污染对人体健康的影响研究提供检测手段。方法样品经硝酸水浴消化后,以钪、锗、铑和铼作为在线内标,内标中加入异丙醇进行基体匹配,用ICP-MS测定铅、镉、砷、汞、铬、硒、锑、钴、钼、铊、锰、铜、铋、锌、铁、钙及镁等17种元素,采用全血标准物质-SeronormTMTrace Elements Whole Blood L-1及L-2实施质量控制。结果各金属元素线性相关系数均大于0.9995;重金属元素检出限铅、锑为2.0μg/L,铬、锰为1.0μg/L,铜为5.0μg/L,其他元素均在0.008⁰.3μg/L之间;对标准物质7次测定结果均在标准值范围内,其相对标准偏差小于10%;在连续20 h测定400份血样过程中,对同一样品间隔重复测定16次,其相对标准偏差小于10%。结论水浴酸消化—电感耦合等离子体质谱方法操作简便、灵敏度高、稳定、抗干扰性强,适用于大批量血样中多种重金属及营养元素的同时测定。     

漓江市区段饮用水源地沉积物重金属污染风险评价

以漓江桂林市区段为研究对象,在饮用水源地周边布点,采集沉积物样品,检测分析了样品中重金属镉、铜、铅、锌、铬、锰、砷和汞的含量。采用地质累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对漓江沉积物重金属生态环境风险进行评价。结果表明,漓江桂林市区段沉积物中8种重金属元素的污染总体处于轻度水平,其中Hg的生态风险相对较大。     

厌氧条件下硫酸盐对重金属形态的转化作用

对城市污水处理厂污泥厌氧消化过程中不同浓度的硫酸盐对铜、锌、镍三种重金属化学形态变化所起的作用进行了分析研究 .结果表明 ,硫酸盐的存在能够促进污泥中重金属向稳定的硫化物形态转变     

硫酸盐对重金属化学形态的转化作用

研究了污泥厌氧消化过程中硫酸盐对铜、锌、镍三种重金属化学形态变化所起的作用。结果表明，硫酸盐的存在能够促进重金属向稳定的硫化物形态转变。     

消化污泥中重金属的生物有效性研究

对城市污水处理厂消化污泥中重金属的形态分布进行了分析 ,并对污泥农业利用后重金属对作物的生物有效性进行了研究、试验 .结果表明 ,消化污泥中的重金属大部分以稳定态存在 ,植物可吸收量极少 .     

某地区钻井固废中重金属含量分析

通过分析某地区钻井作业所产生的固体废物来源岩屑、废弃钻井液中的重金属含量,以及该地区部分区域的土壤中重金属含量,结果表明：聚磺钻井液重金属含量相对较高,与GB 15618—1995《土壤环境质量标准》比较,镉、锌、总铬超过二级标准;钻井固废中锌超过标准背景值,镉、总铬超过二级标准（旱土）;地层中重金属含量分布不均,锌超过了标准背景值,镉和总铬超过二级标准;部分区域土壤中总铬超过了标准背景值,镉远高于二级标准。钻井固废中的重金属污染主要来源为钻井液。     

Atmospheric accessions of heavy metals to some New Zealand pastoral soils

Total heavy metal deposition was monitored at seven rural sites across New Zealand to determine the rate of atmospheric deposition of heavy metals to soils and to evaluate any regional and temporal variations in metal deposition. Heavy metal deposition was collected monthly in Warren Spring Laboratory type inverted frisbees. The rate of heavy metal deposition followed the order Zn>Cu>Cr>Pb>Ni>Cd. There were no obvious trends with regards to either seasonal or spatial deposition for any of the heavy metals measured. With the exception of Zn, heavy metal deposition in New Zealand was generally lower than rates measured in other countries. This reflects the general lack of high temperature industrial processes from urban-based industrial processes that are an important source of heavy metal aerosols in other industrialised regions worldwide. The inverted frisbee technique used provides a reliable indication of the magnitude of deposition of heavy metals from the atmosphere at a reasonable cost and with manageable logistical effort for a national survey.     

北京平谷西部矿集区附近土壤重金属特征

文章以平谷西部金属矿山及矿集区为研究区,采集土壤样品169个,开展区域土壤的重金属污染研究。采用X荧光光谱法、等离子原子发射光谱法等现代测试技术,分析了土壤中重金属(As、Hg、Cd、Cr、Zn、Cu、Pb、Ni)的含量;采用ArcGIS反距离权重插值数学模型和SPSS多元统计方法对土壤重金属空间分布及污染特征进行综合研究;运用潜在生态危害指数法进行生态风险评价。结果表明,研究区域土壤中重金属含量与背景值倍数大小依次是CdPbAsZnCuHgNiCr;重金属危害程度由大到小依次为CdAsPbHgCuNiZnCr;8种重金属潜在生态危害指数RI值在52.11～32 875.38之间。综上所述,研究区域的土壤重金属存在不同程度的风险。     

Heavy metals in wheat grain: assessment of potential health risk for inhabitants in Kunshan, China

Heavy metals (HMs) may cause deleterious effects on human health due to the ingestion of food grain grown in contaminated soils. Concentrations of HMs (Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Cd) in wheat grains were investigated in different areas of a developed industry city in Southeast China (Kunshan city), and their potential risk to health of inhabitants was estimated. The results showed that concentrations of HMs in the top soil (0-15 cm) were in this order: Zn>Cr>Ni>Pb>Cu>As>Hg>Cd. The Zn, Cr, Ni Cd and Hg concentrations of several soil samples exceeded the permissible limits of China standard. In addition, concentrations of HMs in wheat grain decreased in the order of Zn>Cu>Pb>Cr>Ni>Cd>As>Hg. There were 1, 6 and 10 wheat samples whose Zn, Pb and Cd concentrations were above the permissible limits of China standard, respectively. In relation to non-carcinogenic risks, Hazard Quotient (HQ) of individual metal presented values inside the safe interval. However, health risk due to the added effects of eight HMs was significant for rural children and rural adults, but not for urban adults and urban children. HQ (individual risk) and HI (Hazard Index of aggregate risk) to different inhabitants due to HMs followed the same sequence of: country children>country adults>urban children>urban adults. Amongst the HMs, potential health hazards due to As, Cu, Cd and Pb were great, and that due to Cr was the minimum. It was suggested to pay more attention on the potential added threat of HMs to the health of country inhabitants (both children and adults) through consumption of wheat in Kunshan.     

电动力修复技术去除城市污泥中的重金属研究

分析了城市污水处理厂污泥中重金属的形态，重点考察了不同形态的Cd、Zn在电动力作用下的去除率。结果表明，污泥经电动力作用5d后，对Cd、Zn的总去除率分别为64．50％、65．02％，其中对易被植物吸收的非稳态（可交换态、碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态）Cd、Zn的去除效果尤为明显，去除率分别高达68．60％、75．73％。可见，应用电动力修复技术去除污泥中的重金属是可行的，修复后的污泥可进行土地利用。     

Chemical partitioning and remobilization of heavy metals from sewage sludge dumped in Dublin Bay

During the disposal of sewage sludge to the marine environment, chemical changes may alter the mobility of trace elements, thus affecting their potential toxicity and availability to marine organisms. Primary sludge from the Ringsend treatment plant in Dublin receives both domestic waste and trade wastes which contain heavy metals, and approx. 250,000 tons per annum is periodically dumped in Dublin Bay. The purpose of this study was to determine changes which may occur in the chemical partitioning of heavy metals in the sludge during disposal. Samples of sludge were collected from the treatment plant in July 1987. Sequential chemical extraction of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn, Fe, Mn) was carried out in a nitrogen-filled glove box using 1 M ammonium acetate, 1 M sodium acetate, 0.1 M hydroxylamine HCl (pH 2), 0.2 M ammonium oxalate (pH 3), 30% hydrogen peroxide and concentrated HNO₃. Seawater-extractable metal was determined by mixing subsamples of sludge with filtered seawater from Dublin Bay for 2 h. Chemical partitioning of heavy metals among solid phases in the sludge residue was redetermined by sequential chemical extraction. Both sludge and dumpsite sediments were analysed for total heavy metal content and organic content. The sludge was found to be only slightly anaerobic with a water content of 88% and significant concentrations of some metals, notably copper and zinc. Most of the non-residual copper, lead and cadmium was found in the organic/sulphidic fraction of the sludge (hydrogen peroxide extract), while the dominant phase for zinc was the moderately reducible fraction (ammonium oxalate extract) and only iron and manganese had substantial proportions of metal in more labile phases. Agitation with seawater mobilized cadmium and manganese to a significant extent (56 and 43%, respectively) but negligible amounts of copper or lead (0 and 2%, respectively). However, significant changes in solid-phase partitioning of lead and zinc occurred resulting in mobilization from stronglybound to more labile fractions. No deleterious effects were found at the dumpsite but localized effects are possibly due to the increased mobility of zinc, lead and particularly cadmium.     

Heavy metal distribution in some French forest soils: evidence for atmospheric contamination

This study is one of very few dealing with the distribution and the origin of heavy metals in French soils from a priori non-polluted forest areas. The abundance of heavy metals measured in these soils decreases as follows: Cr>Zn>Pb>Ni>Cu>Co>Cd. Total concentrations of Pb, Cr and Ni in some soils exceed the European thresholds for non-polluted soils and even the French association of normalization critical values for sludge spreading. The lowest heavy metal contents are observed in acid soils while the highest concentrations are in the calcaric cambisol and in the mollic andosol, which is rather scarce as compared with the other French forest soils. With the exception of the podzol, Cr and Ni concentrations increase with depth in all soil profiles. The distribution pattern of Co, Cu, Zn depends on the soil characteristics. In some acid soils, however, Cu and Zn decrease with depth. Pb and Cd are accumulated in the upper soil horizons. Heavy metals accumulate in deep soil horizons in relation to important clay content in the dystric planosol and stagnic luvisol. The concentration of each heavy metal is always controlled by different parameters (soil pH, iron and aluminum oxide content, clay content, organic matter and cation exchange capacity), which are heavy metal specific. This study highlights the metal-trapping character of andosol and calcaric soil, the weak heavy metal retention in acid soils, the leaching and trapping character in leached clayed soils, and the migration of heavy metals in the podzol. Pb and Cr concentrations indicate a significant enrichment in surface horizons from various soils in areas which receive significant acid atmospheric pollution. Particularly, the highest Pb content is observed in a soil located in the N-NE part of France. Lead isotope ratios measured in the cambic podzol and the calcaric cambisol, exhibit the importance of the anthropogenic sources and particularly the influence of global atmospheric inputs from leaded gasoline compared to regional and local industrial emissions. The anthropogenic Pb contribution is estimated to 83, 30 and 11%, respectively, for surface, intermediate and deep horizons of the cambic podzol located in the northern part of France, and to 68% in surface horizon of the calcaric cambisol located in the Alps.     

Evaluation of distribution, mobility and binding behaviour of heavy metals in surficial sediments of Louro River (Galicia, Spain) using chemometric analysis: a case study

Contents of total and extractable heavy metals, carbonates, MnO and Fe₂O₃, organic matter, and matrix components such as SiO₂, Al₂O₃, CaO, Na₂O, MgO, TiO₂, K₂O and P₂O₅ are used along with principal component analysis (PCA) for studying distribution, mobility and binding behaviour of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb in the Louro River (Galicia, Spain). Eleven surficial sediment samples were taken along the beds of the river course. Total metal concentrations were obtained after microwave-assisted digestion whilst extractable metal contents were obtained following a three-stage sequential extraction scheme (i.e. soluble, reducible and oxidisable fractions). Loading plots of heavy metals bound to carbonates, Fe–Mn oxides, organic matter and aluminosilicates allowed determination of binding behaviour. Correlations found indicate that Pb and Cu are mainly discharged from urban wastes, whereas Cr and Ni are from electroplating and galvanizing industries. The occurrence of diffuse pollution sources along the river can account for the binding behaviour of Cd. Metal mobility decreased in the order: Cd>Pb>Cu>Ni>Cr. Despite total contents indicating moderate-to-high heavy metal pollution in this river, metals are mostly distributed in the residual fraction, hence showing a low risk of mobility.     

A washoff model for stormwater pollutants

A washoff rate equation for stormwater pollutants is presented based on linear buildup of pollutant mass in the watershed. The expression was applied to residential and open land areas that have not previously been considered even though these areas are major sources of metals, nutrients, and bacteria in stormwater runoff. The transport coefficient c was determined from the nearly constant portion of the hydrograph at the peak of each runoff event. Values of c (cm(-1)) for seven metals, i.e., Zn, Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb, Hg, and Ag (3.03+/-1.34-6.10+/-2.55 cm(-1)), TSS, BOD(5), total phosphorus (TP), E. coli, and fecal coliform (2.12+/-0.907-7.16+/-2.72 cm(-1)) were estimated using this equation. The washoff rate was developed to reflect mixed land uses based on mass deposition and effective area. The order of transport coefficients for metals is Pb>Ag>Zn>Cu>Ni>Hg>Cd reflecting decreasing particle association. For all parameters this order is TSS>fecal coliform>E. coli>Pb>BOD(5) BOD(5)>Ag>Zn>Cu>Ni>Hg>Cd>TP. The washoff rate and a related pollutant concentration model are expected to be useful for the development of best management practices for stormwater.     

Heavy metals in the dump of an abandoned mine in Galicia (NW Spain) and in the spontaneously occurring vegetation

The concentrations of different forms of heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Cd and Pb) were determined in a mine dump material rich in chalcopyrite. The concentrations were compared with those of the natural vegetation colonising the dump. Samples taken from the dump are acid (pH(H(2)O) between 3.0 and 5.0), have carbon contents lower than 0.5%, N lower than 0.2%, effective cation exchange capacity between 0.74 and 4.96 cmol(+)kg(-1) and percent Al saturation in the exchange complex higher than 20% in 85% of the samples. Iron was the most abundant heavy metal, in both total and bioavailable forms, and the relative abundance of metals was: Fe>Cu>Mn>Zn>Cr. The total Fe concentrations ranged between 4315 and 31578 mg x kg(-1), the total Cu between 273 and 5241 mg x kg(-1), the total Mn between 294 and 2105 mg x kg(-1), the total Zn between 73 and 894 mg x kg(-1) and total Cr between 0.01 and 30 mg x kg(-1). Ni, Cd and Pb were below the analytical detection limits. The concentration of bioavailable Fe ranged between 40 and 1550 mg x kg(-1); Zn was the least abundant metal in this fraction (between 2 and 100 mg x kg(-1)). Copper was the most abundant heavy metal in the exchange complex and in the aqueous extracts, followed by Zn, Mn and Fe. Exchangeable Cu ranged between 17.7 and 1866 mg x kg(-1), whereas the maximum concentrations of exchangeable Zn, Mn and Fe did not exceed 140 mg x kg(-1). The Cu concentration in the aqueous extracts varied between 0.1 and 8.3 mg x l(-1) and the concentration of Fe was always less than 0.52 mg x l(-1). The heavy metal contents in the spontaneously occurring vegetation in the dump ranged between: 150 and 900 mg Fe x kg(-1), 84 and 2069 mg Mn x kg(-1), 20.5 and 106 mg Cu x kg(-1) and between 35 and 717 mg Zn x kg(-1), when considering all the plant samples analysed. Festuca sp. accumulated Fe, Salix atrocinerea accumulated Zn and Mn, and Frangula alnus and Quercus robur accumulated Mn. These native plant species may contribute to decrease the heavy metal contents in the dump material.     

Trace metal concentrations are higher in cartilage than in bones of scaup and pochard wintering in Poland

Bones and cartilage of two species of diving ducks: the scaup Aythya marila (n=24) and the pochard A. ferina (n=24) were studied. Scaup is protected in Poland where it spends only the winter, while pochard is a game bird, abundant and breeding in Poland. In winter, the two species form large flocks off the southern coast of the Baltic, particularly in the Szczecin Lagoon where they were collected for this study. The bones and cartilage (trachea) were assayed for concentrations (dry weight-based) of three essential metals: iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn); concentrations of the two toxic metals: lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) were assayed as well. These hard tissues of the two species showed the following order of metal concentrations Zn>Fe>Pb>Cu>Cd. In scaup and pochard bones, the respective geometric mean concentrations of Zn, Fe, Pb, Cu, and Cd were 94.4 and 102.0; 20.2 and 24.7; 6.2 and 9.6; 0.19 and 0.26; 0.114 and 0.162 mg/kg. The levels of all the metals in cartilage (Zn 149.1 and 165.8; Fe 58.4 and 116.3; Pb 10.6 and 14.9; Cu 1.41 and 3.31; Cd 0.144 and 0.175 mg/kg, respectively) were higher than in the bones of A. marila and A. ferina. However, statistically significant differences were found in respect to the essential metals only (Zn, Fe, Cu). The inter-species comparisons showed the two species to differ in their cartilage concentrations of Fe, Cu, Zn, and Cd and in their bone concentrations of Pb and Cd. In each case, the pochard exhibited higher concentrations of metals. This study showed distinct differences between trace element accumulation by two heavily mineralised avian body parts: leg bones (tarsometatarsus) and cartilage (trachea). The results are in agreement with data reported by other workers who analysed trace metals in cartilaginous and bone components of the femoral head in homoiotherm vertebrates, including humans. Therefore it is important that intra- and inter-species comparisons of hard biological components be based on corresponding body parts, and that relevant biochemical and ecotoxicological research be pursued.