进水COD浓度对厌氧同步脱氮除硫特性的影响

研究了不同进水有机物浓度条件下,接种物不同的厌氧体系的同步脱硫反硝化特性。结果表明:当进水COD浓度从零增加到250mg/L时,两个接种物不同的反应器对硫化物、硝态氮和COD的去除率变化不同。接种厌氧污泥的1#反应器对硫化物的去除率从85%逐渐增加到99%,80%～90%的进水COD被去除,但产气量逐渐降低,出现了亚硝态氮的积累,反硝化脱氮困难;接种脱氮硫杆菌到厌氧污泥中的2#反应器对硫化物的去除率一直稳定在99%,相应的产气量也逐渐增大,脱氮效率高,55%～73%的进水COD被去除。此外,在这个浓度范围内,还观察到两个反应器出水硫酸盐的浓度由不加乙酸钠的23mg/L分别降到18mg/L和19mg/L,理论上硫转化率提高了4%～19%。当进水COD400mg/L时,仅60%～76%的硫化物被去除,相应的产气量也迅速降低,硫化物的氧化和反硝化过程均明显受到抑制。总而言之,在进水COD为250mg/L时,2#反应器对硫化物和硝态氮的去除率均达到了100%左右,对硫化物的比降解速率和产气量也提高了1.1～1.2倍,相应的出水硫酸盐浓度最低,80%左右的硫化物转化为单质硫,73%的COD被去除,可以实现同时脱氮、除硫和除碳,为同步脱氮除硫工艺的实际应用提供了新的思路。     

进水N/S值对同步脱硫反硝化特性的影响

研究了不同进水N/S值条件下,不同接种物的厌氧体系的同步脱硫反硝化特性。结果表明:在N/S为0.6或0.4的条件下,3个体系对硫化物的去除率均达到90%以上,其中以进水N/S为0.4时产生的悬浮态硫最多;硝态氮的去除特性与硫化物不同,3个体系对硝态氮的去除率均在进水N/S为1.0时达到100%,且此时N2的产量也最大。可见,尽管同步脱硫反硝化工艺具备同时脱氮及除硫的能力,但其进水N/S的控制值却不相同。对于脱硫而言,最佳的进水N/S为0.4;对于脱氮而言,最佳的进水N/S为1.0。此外,研究发现3个不同接种物的厌氧体系对硫化物及硝态氮的去除途径不同,进水N/S值的影响也有差异。对于接种了厌氧污泥的体系,存在自养反硝化和异养反硝化的竞争,改变进水N/S值可调节二者的竞争,高N/S值会抑制硫化物自养反硝化过程,降低对硫化物的去除率;对于接种脱氮硫杆菌的纯菌体系,多硫自催化反应会与硫化物自养反硝化反应竞争硫化物,降低对硝态氮的去除率,高N/S值会导致出水硝态氮浓度较高;对于添加脱氮硫杆菌的强化厌氧污泥体系,以硫化物自养反硝化过程为主,最佳的N/S为0.4。     

进水方式对OAO蔬菜潜流湿地净化效果的影响

为提高好氧/厌氧/好氧（OAO）蔬菜潜流湿地对总氮的去除效果,同时维持其对有机物的高去除率,在野外条件下采用人工模拟的当地村落无序排放污水,分析不同进水方式（首端进水、三点进水和两点进水）对湿地去除污染物效果的影响。结果表明,相较于首端进水,三点进水方式下湿地对总氮的去除效果有所提高,但对COD和总磷去除率的提升效果不显著,最佳脱氮进水流量比为1∶2∶1,脱氮效果提升13.56%,氨氮、硝态氮和总氮去除率分别达到75.11%、95.07%和79.86%,相应出水平均浓度分别为0.65、0.53和1.32 mg/L。采用两点进水方式时,湿地脱氮除磷效率及COD去除率均高于三点进水和首端进水,最佳脱氮进水流量比为1∶3,氨氮、硝态氮和总氮去除率分别为82.10%、97.71%和85.59%,相应出水平均浓度分别为0.92、0.09和0.93 mg/L。     

低温胁迫下包埋厌氧氨氧化污泥颗粒的脱氮性能

为解决在厌氧氨氧化反应进程中,厌氧氨氧化菌抗低温能力较差的问题,以聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠为包埋剂包埋厌氧氨氧化污泥颗粒,采用UASB反应器研究了HRT对驯化过程中氨氮和亚硝态氮去除效果的影响,考察了温度变化对低温下包埋厌氧氨氧化菌颗粒脱氮效果的影响。结果表明,当进水氨氮浓度为50 mg/L,HRT为7 h时,投加15%包埋污泥后的UASB反应器具有较强的脱氮能力,对NH4+-N、NO2--N的去除率分别为95%和89%。相同条件下,水温从30℃阶梯式降低到14℃时,包埋厌氧氨氧化菌颗粒对NH4+-N的去除率从95%下降为70%,对NO2--N的去除率从89%下降为63%。在14℃下运行期间,调节水力停留时间为11 h可以提高脱氮效果,NH4+-N、NO2--N去除率分别在85%和79%左右。采用聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠为包埋剂包埋厌氧氨氧化细菌,能大幅度提高低温胁迫下的脱氮性能。     

短程硝化/厌氧氨氧化/全程硝化工艺处理焦化废水

通过对短程硝化和厌氧氨氧化工艺的研究,开发了短程硝化/厌氧氨氧化/全程硝化(O1/A/O2)生物脱氮新工艺并用于焦化废水的处理.控制温度为(35±1)℃、DO为2.0～3.0mg/L,第一级好氧连续流生物膜反应器在去除大部分有机污染物的同时还实现了短程硝化.考察了HRT、DO和容积负荷对反应器运行效果的影响.结果表明,当氨氮容积负荷为0.13～0.22gNH4+-N/(L·d)时,连续流反应器能实现短程硝化并有效去除氨氮.通过控制一级好氧反应器的工艺参数,为厌氧反应器实现厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)创造条件.结果表明,在温度为34℃、pH值为7.5～8.5、HRT为33 h的条件下,经过115 d成功启动了厌氧氨氧化反应器.在进水氨氮、亚硝态氮浓度分别为80和90 mg/L左右、总氮负荷为160 mg/(L·d)时,对氨氮和亚硝态氮的去除率最高分别达86%和98%,对总氮的去除率为75%.最后在二级好氧反应器实现氨氮的全程硝化,进一步去除焦化废水中残留的氨氯、亚硝态氮和有机物.O1/A/O2工艺能有效去除焦化废水中的氨氮和有机物等污染物,正常运行条件下的出水氨氮＜15 mg/L、亚硝态氮＜1.0 mg/L,COD降至124～186 mg/L,出水水质优于A/O生物脱氮工艺的出水水质.     

人工湿地—微生物燃料电池强化尾水脱氮产电效能

采用人工湿地—微生物燃料电池工艺(CW—MFCs)处理城市污水厂尾水,强化脱氮并产生电能。分别以氨氮(Ⅰ号反应器)和硝态氮(Ⅱ号反应器)作为单一氮源,考察了两组反应器的COD、氨氮、硝态氮去除率及输出电压。结果表明,Ⅰ号反应器的COD去除率高于Ⅱ号反应器,最高达到78.81%;两组装置对氨氮/硝态氮的去除率均平稳上升;Ⅰ号反应器的产出电压和最大功率密度分别达到了126 mV和6.01 mW/m~3,高于Ⅱ号反应器(58 mV、1.12 mW/m~3)。通过检测DO、COD和氮浓度的分布发现,Ⅰ号反应器中的DO分布梯度大于Ⅱ号反应器,COD的去除主要发生在阳极区,硝化反应主要发生在阴极区,反硝化反应主要发生在阳极区。     

饮用水系统中生物滤池性能的研究

考察了有机物、NH4+-N、NO2--N、NO3--N和总氮浓度沿饮用水系统生物滤池高度的变化。结果表明:生物滤池对有机物的去除作用主要发生在进水端前300 mm的范围内,在这段滤层内,反应器对有机物(CODMn)的去除率为23.1%,占总去除率的97.47%;在进水端前200mm的范围内反应器对氨氮的去除率为45.29%,占总去除率的90.14%;在滤层高度为0~1 000mm这一范围内,亚硝态氮浓度呈下降趋势,没有发生亚硝态氮的积累;在进水端200 mm处,硝态氮浓度的增幅达到最大;在滤层高度为200~1 000 mm处发生了氮亏损现象。     

高氮负荷下pH值对Anammox反应器的影响

采用模拟废水研究了总氮负荷为9.33 kgTN/(m3.d)的条件下,改变进水pH值对厌氧氨氧化UASB反应器运行性能的影响。结果表明,进水pH值为7.00～7.20时处理效果最佳,对氨氮和亚硝态氮的平均去除率分别为97.4%、97.7%。进水pH值低于6.00或高于9.00时厌氧氨氧化反应完全停止,低pH值冲击可通过延长HRT的手段使反应器在20 d内恢复正常;高pH值冲击会对反应器造成不可逆抑制。通过对反应器不同部位的取样分析,发现在反应器下部氨氮、亚硝态氮已被基本去除完全,反应器的容积负荷具有较大的提升空间。     

玉米芯与海绵铁复合填料的反硝化脱氮特性

在实验室条件下分别运行以玉米芯/海绵铁复合填料和单纯玉米芯填料的反硝化滤池,分析两类填料的反硝化脱氮效果,考察复合填料对硝态氮的去除率及出水水质。结果表明,复合填料反硝化滤池以生物异养反硝化作用为主,较单纯玉米芯填料反应器表现出更加稳定的反硝化脱氮效果。当进水硝态氮浓度为20 mg/L、停留时间3 h时,复合填料反应器对硝态氮的去除率可以维持在90%以上,出水硝态氮浓度2 mg/L,没有出现亚硝态氮、氨氮的积累和pH值升高现象;3个月的运行期间单位质量玉米芯的脱氮量为0.42 kg/kg,比单纯玉米芯高0.05 kg/kg。因此,玉米芯/海绵铁复合填料作为反硝化滤池的碳源和生物载体具有脱氮效果好、无需连续添加碳源、出水pH值稳定的特点。     

利用包埋固定化技术进行反硝化脱氮的研究

利用包埋固定化技术进行反硝化脱氮,通过控制反应器参数,在以乙酸钠为碳源、填充率为20%、碳氮比为3. 5:1、进水硝态氮平均浓度为15 mg/L的条件下,经过15 d的启动和驯化,反应器出水硝态氮平均浓度降为1. 74 mg/L,TN去除率在90%以上;提高进水硝态氮平均浓度至29. 98 mg/L时,出水硝态氮平均浓度为3. 60 mg/L,TN去除率达到85%以上。在此过程中脱氮效率和pH值的升高呈现出良好的正相关性。反应器停止运行14 d后再重新启动,5 d后即可恢复脱氮能力。在碳氮比为2. 2:1的情况下,脱氮效率下降,同时出现亚硝态氮的积累;而在碳氮比为6:1的情况下,未出现亚硝态氮的积累,说明亚硝态氮的积累与碳源的供给情况相关。     

A novel sulfate reduction, autotrophic denitrification, nitrification integrated (SANI) process for saline wastewater treatment

This paper reports on a lab-scale evaluation of a novel and integrated biological nitrogen removal process: the sulfate reduction, autotrophic denitrification and nitrification integrated (SANI) process that was recently proposed for saline sewage treatment. The process consisted of an up-flow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) for sulfate reduction, an anoxic filter for autotrophic denitrification and an aerobic filter for nitrification. The experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the lab-scale SANI system with synthetic saline wastewater at various hydraulic retention times, nitrate concentrations, dissolved oxygen levels and recirculation ratios for over 500 days. The system successfully demonstrated 95% chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 74% nitrogen removal efficiency without excess sludge withdrawal throughout the 500 days of operation. The organic removal efficiency was dependent on the hydraulic retention time, up-flow velocity, and mixing conditions in the UASB. Maintaining a sufficient mixing condition in the UASB is important for achieving effective sulfate reduction. For a typical Hong Kong wastewater composition 80% of COD can be removed through sulfate reduction. A minimum sulfide sulfur to nitrate nitrogen ratio of 1.6 in the influent of the anoxic filter is necessary for achieving over 90% nitrate removal through autotrophic denitrifiers which forms the major contribution to the total nitrogen removal in the SANI system. Sulfur balance analyses confirmed that accumulation of elementary sulfur and loss of hydrogen sulfide in the system were negligible.     

沸石SBR/缺氧上升流污泥床实现氧化铁红废水脱氮

采用沸石序批式反应器(ZSBR)与缺氧上升流污泥床反应器(A-USB)组合工艺处理氧化铁红高氨氮废水,探究ZSBR稳定亚硝化特性以及组合工艺的脱氮性能。结果表明,通过游离氨(FA)抑制亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB),ZSBR可实现稳定高效的完全亚硝化。在进水NH4+-N浓度约为700 mg/L的情况下,ZSBR的出水NH4+-N基本稳定在30 mg/L以下,亚硝化率(NAR)维持在95%以上,平均亚硝酸盐产率(NPR)最高可达0. 68 kg/(m³·d)。提升外回流比能够有效利用A-USB反硝化产生的碱度并减少ZSBR中碳酸氢钠碱度的投加量。以葡萄糖作为外加碳源进行反硝化试验,ZSBR出水经过A-USB反硝化处理后,总氮去除率(NRE)能够较稳定维持在85%以上,最高总氮去除负荷(NRR)可达5. 10 kg/(m³·d)。高通量测序分析表明,ZSBR样品中AOB(Nitrosomonas)的相对丰度达到了50. 93%,未检测出NOB,而具有反硝化功能的副球菌属、丛毛单胞菌属和假单胞菌属的相对丰度总占比可达7. 05%,进一步验证了组合工艺高效且稳定的脱氮性能。     

人工湿地的反硝化能力研究

利用人工湿地的反硝化作用进行去除硝态氮的试验,其反硝化碳源主要为植物根系的分泌物及湿地内腐败的死亡植株.结果表明,人工湿地内有着适宜反硝化的反应环境,反硝化茵能够很好地利用湿地内产生的碳源进行反硝化作用来去除硝态氮,且不会出现亚硝态氮的大量积累.在进水(NO3-)-N浓度为20-50 mg/L、水力停留时间为24 h的条件下,夏季运行时,湿地系统对硝态氮的去除率为20%～30%;冬季运行时,对硝态氮的去除率在10%左右.提供充足的反硝化碳源是硝态氮去除率进一步提高的瓶颈.     

改善MSBR系统脱氮效果的试验研究

MSBR工艺是连续流与序操作 相结合的新型生物脱氮除磷技术,由于它的后置反硝化设计,碳源不足制约了系统的脱氮效果。为了改善这种状况,进行了将部分原水分流至缺氧区的试验。结果表明：引入原水后,缺氧区的反硝化速率常数提高了一倍,系统的反硝化速率和脱氮率相应提高。与此同时,分流造成了厌氧区的碳源不 足,加之厌氧区的回流增加,引入了较多的硝酸盐,使磷的释放和过量吸收受到影响,除磷效果下降。另外,针对中间沉淀区暴露出的运行和设计问题提出了一些改进措施。     

Total nitrogen removal in a hybrid, membrane-aerated activated sludge process

The hybrid (suspended and attached growth) membrane biofilm process (HMBP) is a novel method to achieve total nitrogen removal from wastewater. Air-filled hollow-fiber membranes are incorporated into an activated sludge tank, and a nitrifying biofilm develops on the membranes, producing nitrite and nitrate. By suppressing bulk aeration, the bulk liquid becomes anoxic, and the nitrate/nitrite can be reduced with influent BOD. The key feature that distinguishes the HMBP from other membrane-aerated processes is that it is hybrid; heterotrophic bacteria are kept mainly in suspension by maintaining low bulk liquid BOD concentrations. We investigated the HMBP's performance under a variety of BOD and ammonium loadings, and determined the dominant mechanisms of nitrogen removal. Suspended solids increased with the BOD loadings, maintaining low bulk liquid BOD concentrations. As a result, nitrification rates were insensitive to the BOD loadings, remaining at 1gNm(-2)day(-1) for BOD loadings ranging from 4 to 17gBODm(-2)day(-1). Nitrification rates decreased during short-term spikes in bulk liquid BOD concentrations. Shortcut nitrogen removal was confirmed using microsensor measurements, showing that nitrite was the dominant form of oxidized nitrogen produced by the biofilm. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) showed that ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) were dominant throughout the biofilm, while nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) were only present in the deeper regions of the biofilm, where the oxygen concentration was above 2mg/L. Denitrification occurred mainly in the suspended phase, instead of in the biofilm, decreasing the potential for biofouling. When influent BOD concentrations were sufficiently high, full denitrification occurred, with total nitrogen (TN) removal approaching 100%. These results suggest that the process is well-suited for achieving concurrent BOD and TN removal in activated sludge.     

污泥减量工艺:HA-A/A-MCO的好氧脱氮机制分析

针对污泥减量技术存在对氮、磷去除能力低的问题,开发了一种具有强化脱氮除磷功能并可实现污泥减量化的HA-A/A-MCO工艺。在该工艺取得同步脱氮除磷和污泥减量优异效果的条件下,采用其处理校园生活污水,当进水TN平均为47 mg/L时,出水TN为10.9 mg/L,系统的总脱氮率为76.8%,其中好氧脱氮量占总脱氮量的50%,缺氧脱氮量占26%;HA-A/A-MCO系统存在着在好氧条件下具有反硝化能力的菌属,对好氧脱氮有一定贡献,且DO浓度对其反硝化能力没有抑制作用;好氧池中的DO浓度梯度有利于在污泥絮体内形成缺氧环境,从而促进同步硝化反硝化(SND)的发生,但减小污泥絮体尺寸会削弱絮体内部缺氧区域比例、降低SND的脱氮效率。     

补充生物质强化水平潜流湿地去除硝酸盐氮研究

针对垂直流-水平流组合人工湿地的水平流段反硝化碳源不足的问题,研究了投加香蒲枯叶对去除硝酸盐氮及出水水质的影响.结果表明,投加经过碱处理和未处理的香蒲枯叶均可以提高水平潜流人工湿地系统对硝酸盐氮的去除速率.在进水硝酸盐氮为50 mg/L时,投加经碱处理的香蒲枯叶后,运行初期的出水硝酸盐氮<7 mg/L,去除速率可达12.18 S/(m~3·d);投加未处理的香蒲枯叶后,运行初期的出水硝酸盐氮<15 mg/L,去除速率为9.21 g/(m~3·d).投加香蒲枯叶后,系统出水总氮的变化趋势与硝酸盐氮的一致.     

异养硝化菌的分离及其强化活性污泥脱氮效果

为提高水处理过程中的脱氮率，实现好氧条件下对总氮的去除。通过试验分离出一株异养硝化菌，该菌株为白色革兰氏阴性球状菌。将该菌扩大培养后接种于活性污泥系统并进行了处理模拟废水的试验。结果表明：该菌能在好氧条件下分别代谢氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮，并通过好氧反硝化实现对总氮的去除。用该菌株强化的活性污泥系统对以氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮为惟一氮源的模拟废水进行处理，4h的总氮去除率分别为85％、60％、70％。     

Simultaneous removal of phenol and ammonia by an activated sludge process with cross-flow filtration

Attempts were made for removing ammonia from synthetic wastewater under the presence of phenol, which is inhibitory to nitrification, by using a single-stage activated sludge process with cross-flow filtration. Activated sludge biomass which had been acclimated with phenol for over 15 years was used for the inoculum, and synthetic wastewater was continuously supplied to the process retaining biomass at 8000 mg VSS l(-1). Phenol was completely removed, and ammonia was simultaneously nitrified to nitrate; nitrification rate reached 200 mg N l(-1) d(-1) when phenol was removed at a rate up to 300 mg l(-1) d(-1). It was observed that 0-13% of the ammonia was removed via denitrification. Intermittent aeration enhanced the denitrification rate to 160 mg N l(-1) d(-1) by utilizing phenol. and approximately 24% of the denitrified nitrogen was recovered as nitrous oxide. Methanol, which is the most commonly used electron donor in conventional nitrogen removal processes, did not enhance the denitrification rate of the phenol-acclimated activated sludge used in this study, however phenol did. The results suggest that this process potentially works as a space- and energy-saving nitrogen removal process by utilizing substances inhibitory to nitrifiers as electron donors for denitrification.