北京市中心城河流表层沉积物重金属污染评价

为了解北京市中心城河流表层沉积物中重金属污染现状,采用地累积指数法、主成分分析法、潜在生态风险指数法评价和分析了沉积物中汞、砷、铅、铬、镉、锰、铜7种重金属的污染程度、污染来源及潜在生态风险。结果表明,重金属平均含量为Hg 0.670 mg/kg,As 6.01 mg/kg,Pb 31.1 mg/kg,Cr 63 mg/kg,Cd 0.29 mg/kg,Mn 277mg/kg,Cu 45mg/kg;平均地累积指数排序为Hg(1.49)Cr(0.34)Cu(0.24)Cd(0.14)Pb(-0.77)As(-1.41)Mn(-2.30),沉积物主要受Hg、Cr、Cu、Cd的污染,Hg处于中等污染程度,Cr、Cu、Cd处于轻度-中等污染程度,污染主要来源于三方面:交通、汽配(修)及供暖燃煤。重金属平均潜在生态风险系数排序为Hg(357)Cd(80)Cu(13)As(9)Pb(7)Cr(4)Mn(2),中心城沉积物潜在生态风险指数平均值为472,总体上具有较强生态危害。     

Assessment of element distribution and heavy metal contamination in Chilika Lake sediments (India)

Chilika Lake is situated on the Indian east coast. It is one of the largest lagoons in the world, with a unique assemblage of marine, brackish water and freshwater species. Due to the opening of new connections to the sea in the years 2000 and 2008, an environmental change is expected in the lagoon. The study gives an assessment of sediment contamination by heavy metals on the verge of this change (sampling campaign in 2000). Sediment samples from two surface levels (0–5 and 30–35 cm), and from depth profiles, were analysed for mineralogical composition, main and trace element concentrations, and element bonding forms. Background concentrations from a depth profile were also examined. The profile spans a time of ≈13 500 years. Age determinations by radiocarbon dating and the ¹³⁷Cs- and ²¹⁰Pb-method were carried out. The composition of the surface sediments is generally uniform. The heavy metals exhibit slightly decreasing concentrations from NE to SW, thus indicating the supply of contaminants from the Mahanadi River. The anthropogenic portion of the heavy metal supply is mainly bound to Fe-oxide-hydroxides. Phosphorus is enriched in the sediments of the southern lake sector. Changes in element concentrations in the last 13 500 years have occurred mainly in two steps. The long-term variations exceed the anthropogenic changes caused by the Mahanadi River inputs. The very sensitive response of coastal area fabrics on climate changes also causes fast geogenic changes in element concentrations in sediments (similar grain sizes). This prevents the use of element concentrations from deep sediment horizons to define contaminations in those areas.     

Dynamics of discharge,sediment transport,heavy metal pollution and Sábalo (Prochilodus lineatus) catches in the lower Pilcomayo river (Bolivia)

The Pilcomayo river is one of the few intact natural river systems left on the South American continent. The high, largely natural, sediment loads of the river have led to the development of an alluvial fan system, which is still active. The river is currently retracting due to siltation of its bed, and in the near future the river is likely to abruptly change its course. There is a large difference in discharge between the wet and dry seasons. Pollution of the transported sediments by heavy metals from the mining district of Potosí is largely prevented by dilution of the toxic mining sludges with clean sediments derived from natural erosion processes. The Sábalo (Prochilodus lineatus) is a migrating fish which is very important for commercial fishing. The Sábalo grows up in the floodplains in the lower reaches of the river and starts its upstream migration at the end of the rainy season to spawn in the Andean foothill at the beginning of the next rainy season. Pollution does not seem to affect fish catches. Sábalo catches in a given year, however, do appear to depend strongly on the mean discharge in the three preceding years. Annual discharge is strongly influenced by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Long‐term changes in macroinvertebrate communities of a heavy metal polluted stream: the river Nent (Cumbria,UK) after 28 years

The macroinvertebrate fauna of the river Nent, a heavy metal polluted upland stream in northern England, first surveyed in 1976, was re‐examined in 2004 to assess long‐term changes in relation to activities in the catchment which have included, a river restoration project, works associated with the development of a mine heritage site and the removal of a chicken farm and more effective organic pollution control measures. The degree of change between years in total abundance, numbers of taxa and community composition varied considerably between sites. Two tributary sites showed marked changes between years due to a reduction in acidity in one and changed substratum in the other but in the main river no significant difference in total taxa and total abundance was observed between years, although seasonal differences were significant. Multivariate community analyses grouped 1976 samples with those taken in 2004 but revealed a clear separation between upper and lower Nent sites. This observed difference may be related to increased algal cover in the lower sites in conjunction with geomorphological features of the lower Nent. Environmental assessment methodology River Invertebrate Prediction and Classification System (RIVPACS) identified ‘sensitive’ faunal groups and indicated that the extensive impact of zinc pollution in the main river has remained practically the same between 1976 and 2004. This persistence of community structure despite the heavily disturbed nature of the river is attributed to relative constancy in instream habitat conditions. The recent activities in the catchment have had little effect on the overall controllers of faunal communities in this system, zinc concentrations and geomorphological characteristics of the stream. However, further disturbances involving movement of spoil heaps and channel alterations in the upper catchment may increase both sediment and heavy metal loadings to the river. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.