基于云模型的黑龙江上中游河流健康评价

以黑龙江上中游为例,研究国际界河的河流健康评价。为了全面衡量该过程中的随机性与模糊性,将云模型引入河流健康评价。基于水文特征、形态特征、水体特征等7个层面选取了16个指标构建了黑龙江上中游河流健康评价指标体系,以2013年为典型年对其进行了河流健康评价。结果表明:黑龙江上中游2013年河流健康等级为"中"。分析了影响河流健康的主要因素,并针对性地提出了一系列河流治理措施:加强水污染控制、加固沿岸堤坝、退耕还林恢复湿地、实施生态调度等。     

The impact of Japanese knotweed on river discharge at the watershed scale in New Jersey,USA

Recently, New Jersey has experienced several droughts and declared several critical water shortage areas, spurring interest in reducing freshwater resource depletion. Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica Houtt.) is an invasive plant species that may have a significant effect on stream water loss. In order to assess the impact of this species on river-level water flow, we estimated total knotweed distribution along two tributaries of the Passaic River in New Jersey, USA using a combination of field measurements and GIS to calculate total daily water loss to the atmosphere from three stands of knotweed along these rivers. We measured total leaf area of each stand and transpiration rates across each stand from sun-up to sun-down. The average water loss was 8.5 L wate/day/m² of ground area covered in knotweed. Knowing the total distribution of knotweed along each river, the amount of river length covered by knotweed stands and the total water lost to the atmosphere per amount of knotweed along each river we were able to estimate the total amount of water transpired to the atmosphere by knotweed per river on a daily basis during its growing season. These results were compared to summer low flow rates to assess the impact on river flow during the growing season for Japanese knotweed. Our results suggest that knotweed along these rivers is reducing total flow by an average of 8% (approximately 800,000–1,400,000 L/day) during the summer months. This is important as the impact of invasive species on water resources in temperate areas is currently under-studied in ecohydrology.     

Identification of River Sections for Domestic Water Supply along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province, China

This paper presents major findings from a recent study aiming to systematically determine suitable river sections for local domestic water supply along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province, China. On the basis of analysis on the current riverbank utilization and bank stability, accessible and stable river sections in the region were selected. The water quality in these river sections was then studied using a two-dimensional unsteady flow and pollutant transport/transformation model, RBFVM-2D. The model was calibrated and verified against the hydrodynamic data, water quality data and remote sensing data collected from the river. The investigation on the pollution sources along the river identified 56 main pollution point sources. The pollution zones downstream of these point sources are the main threat for the water quality in the river. The model was used to compute the pollution zones. In particular, simulations were conducted to establish the relationship between the extent of the pollution zone and the wastewater discharge rate of the associated point source. These water quality simulation results were combined with the riverbank stability analysis to determine suitable river sections for local domestic water supply.     

Influences of land use/cover on water quality in the upper and middle reaches of River Njoro, Kenya

Data from 10 sampling sites along the River Njoro are used to examine the contribution of nutrients from upstream land uses draining each of the sampling sites. The data also are used to assess whether both the proportion of land uses and the size of the subwatersheds account for the variability in water quality in the River Njoro watershed. Geographical Information System analysis was used to determine the spatial distribution of land‐cover types and subwatersheds contributing run‐off to the sampling sites in the River Njoro. Standard Digital Elevation Model‐based routines were used to establish the watershed area contributing run‐off to each sampling site. Water and sediment samples were collected for chemical analysis, and the nutrient levels were related to the upstream land‐use types and the size of the subwatersheds. The mid‐stream portion of the River Njoro (near Egerton University) accounts for the highest nutrient contributions. The percentage contribution is magnified by additions from industrial, human settlements and agricultural land uses around the University. There is a significant decrease in nutrient levels downstream, however, indicating natural purification as the river flows through an area of large‐scale farming with intense, well‐preserved riparian and in‐stream vegetation. Steep slopes of the land upstream of Egerton University enhance erosion and nutrient losses from those subwatersheds. Mixed small‐scale agricultural and bare lands contribute over 55% of the phosphorus load to the upper and mid‐reaches of the River Njoro. The size of the subwatershed accounts for about 53% of the variability in the soluble phosphorus in the river. The land‐use subwatershed proportions are important for characterizing and modelling water quality in the River Njoro watershed. Upland land uses are as important as near‐stream land uses. We suggest that conservation of intact riparian corridor along the river and its tributaries contributes significantly to natural purification processes and recovery of the ecological integrity of the River Njoro ecosystem.     

The Niagara River mussel biomonitoring program (Elliptio complanata): 1983-2009

The Ontario Ministry of the Environment has monitored the concentrations of contaminants in mussel (Elliptio complanata) tissue and bottom sediments at sites in the Niagara River since 1983 to describe the general contamination of the river and identify contaminant sources. More recently, the data have been used to document the effectiveness of remedial actions implemented at identified sources along the river. Results from Canadian sites and five U.S. sites at which remedial actions have been implemented [Bloody Run Creek (Hyde Park Hazardous Waste Site); Gill Creek; Occidental Chemical Company (Buffalo Avenue Plant); 102nd Street Hazardous Waste Site; and Pettit Flume Cove] are discussed. p,p′-DDE, PCBs and dioxins were the only contaminants detected at Canadian sites at concentrations probably representative of background. Results from the five sites showed the effectiveness of implemented remedial actions in reducing the flow of contaminants to the river ranged between very effective (Gill Creek: PCBs; and 102nd Street, CBs) to no effect (Bloody Run Creek: PCBs, CBs, and dioxins). Remedial actions at the Pettit Flume Cove (for dioxins/furans) initially appeared to be effective, but were subsequently shown to have missed a source to the cove. The effectiveness of the actions taken at these sites in improving contaminant conditions in the Niagara River since the 1980s as demonstrated by our mussel and sediment results is corroborated by the data from other fish and water quality monitoring programs. Additional remedial efforts are still required at these sites and other known sources of contaminants to the river.     

Assessment and Use of Indicator Bacteria to Determine Sources of Pollution to an Urban River

Elevated levels of indicator bacteria within a river system represent a significant impairment to surface water quality in many urban areas within the Great Lakes watershed. Outfalls from combined sewer systems are assumed to be the major source of bacteria to streams in many of these urban areas, including the Rouge River of southeastern Michigan. Current remediation strategies largely disregard other potential sources, including water entering the river from its headwaters region, rural runoff, and contaminated groundwater. These other potential sources of bacterial pollution to the Rouge River were assessed and compared with bacteria contributed from combined sewer outfalls (CSOs). Fecal coliform (FC) and fecal streptococci (FS) densities were determined at 28 locations in the Rouge River Watershed during the spring and summer of 1997, 1998, and 1999. The mean levels of both indicator groups vary considerably along each branch of the river and show no correlation to CSO locations. The magnitude of both FC and FS levels are, in fact, frequently greater at sites upstream of the part of the river influenced by discharges from CSOs. The highest FC levels coincided with rainfall events, but FC levels at various sites along each branch of the Rouge River violated acceptable water quality standards (200 colonies/100 mL) at nearly 50% of the sites even during dry weather. Total suspended solids were moderately correlated with FC (r = 0.79) throughout the watershed, suggesting that solids may play a role in transporting bacteria into the Rouge River. The data depict a strong influence of upstream water and rural runoff on the water quality of the Rouge River. FC to FS ratios (FC/FS) suggest the primary source of bacteria throughout the watershed is from domesticated animals and wildlife and not from sewage derived from CSOs.     

改进的RAGA-PPC模型及其在河流健康评价中的应用

利用山东海河流域骨干河流马颊河2009—2011年水质监测资料及污染调查评价中所取得的数据,通过构造改进的RAGA-PPC模型,将高维数据转换为低维数据,并将此模型应用于马颊河河流健康评价研究。调查断面选取从务庄闸到邓集共12个断面。河流健康评价结果显示总氮和氨氮在整个河流中总体趋势是增长的,生化需氧量在下游区域的大道王闸到邓集几乎是直线上升;河流中化学需氧量和生化需氧量会随着汛期和非汛期有些起伏,在汛期含量会有所增加;将选取进行综合评价的5个断面的权重值与标准值对比,其值均在0.22～0.15之间,马颊河基本处于亚健康状态。从研究区的人为因素及自然因素方面对马颊河河流健康状况进行了简析,为海河流域河流健康评价及河流污染治理提供了有效的科学依据。     

Biological Monitoring of Organochlorine Contaminants in the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers Using Introduced Clams, Elliptio Complanatus

Introduced clams (in cages) were effective biomonitors in determining the distribution, biological availability, and source areas of a number of chlorinated organic contaminants in the St. Clair River-Detroit River corridor during 1982 and 1983. In the St. Clair River, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), octachlorostyrene (OCS), pentachlorobenzene (QCB), hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD), 2,3,6-trichlorotoluene (TCT), and alpha-BHC were most frequently identified in tissues after 3 weeks’ exposure. When compared to other locations in the St. Clair and Detroit rivers, significantly (p<0.05) higher levels of QCB, HCB, OCS, and HCBD were found in clams exposed along the Sarnia to Corunna, Ontario, shoreline. Elevated concentrations of HCB and OCS were also detected in water samples from this section of the river. TCT was found in clams from most locations, at low levels, with no obvious source area. Low levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were restricted to clams from the Sarnia area. In the Detroit River, PCBs, HCB, and OCS were most frequently detected in clams. PCB levels were significantly (p<0.05) higher along the Michigan shore and the highest concentrations were found in the Rouge River area. PCBs were also detected in some water samples from urbanized areas of the river. HCB and OCS were found at near-detection levels in clams from most stations. Contaminant levels in clams from around Fighting Island were low or non-detectable, indicating an absence of biologically available organochlorine contaminants in this area of the river. In the St. Clair River, p,p-DDE was only detected in the Sarnia area, whereas it was found in clams from both sides of the Detroit River, also at low levels. Aldrin, chlordane, and DDT were only sporadically detected in both rivers.     

Mitigation of cold‐water thermal pollution downstream of a large dam with the use of a novel thermal curtain

Hypolimnial releases from dams during periods of thermal stratification modify the downstream riverine thermal regime by decreasing water temperature and reducing natural diel thermal variability. This cold‐water thermal pollution in rivers can persist for hundreds of kilometres downstream of dams and impact important ecological processes such as fish spawning. To mitigate this problem, a first‐of‐its‐kind thermal curtain was fitted to the large bottom release Burrendong Dam on the Macquarie River, Australia. The thermal curtain acts by directing warmer, near‐surface epilimnial water to the low‐level hypolimnial offtake. This study aimed to test the efficacy of the thermal curtain by measuring temperatures before and after the curtains installation, quantifying the magnitude and extent of cold‐water thermal pollution along the Macquarie River downstream of Burrendong Dam. Epilimnial releases with use of the curtain increased diel temperature ranges and the mean monthly water temperature below the dam. Epilimnial releases with use of the curtain increased diel temperature ranges from 0.9°C to 2.5°C and reduced the difference between the mean monthly water temperature of an upstream control and a downstream site by up to 3.5°C. A comparison of the monthly temperature means along the river, indicated that thermal recovery, whereby temperatures returned to within the natural range of upstream temperatures occurred 45 km downstream of the dam during summer when the thermal curtain was deployed, compared with approximately 200 km prior to deployment of the curtain. Our study suggests that the use of thermal curtains can reduce cold‐water thermal pollution and improve ecological outcomes for river ecosystems downstream of dams.     

Water quality management in the Ruhr area

The Ruhr River is the major source of water supply for the North Rhine-Westphalian industrial district. To ensure drinking water supply from the river a system of reservoirs has been constructed for low flow augmentation. Five additional river impoundments have been built for the abatement of nonpoint pollution. The Ruhr River Association was established in 1913. Its first task was the reduction of coarse pollution by mechanical treatment plants. Activated sludge plants were introduced as early as 1926. Developments continued and presently tertiary treatment is performed by polishing lagoons on one-third of the Ruhrverband plants and a programme of storage and subsequent biological treatment of stormwater is underway. One important future task is nutrient removal from municipal wastewater by chemical precipitation and biological processes. Phosphorous concentrations in river water have to be diminished to fight eutrophication while nitrogen must be reduced because of drinking water considerations. Heavy metals have to be further controlled and organically attached halogens have to be diminished.     

松花江流域水污染特征及其调控对策

针对松花江流域日益突出的水问题,研究总结了流域水污染的五大特征,即:入河污水量大,点面源并重;有机污染严重,有机毒物突出;大城市排放集中;水污染趋势加重、冰封期问题突出;污染事故风险高。在此基础上,结合当前流域水环境管理的现状,识别了松花江流域水污染调控的主要问题,即缺乏系统协调性。提出松花江流域构建基于"自然-人工"二元水循环过程的水质水量联合调控体系的思路,在自然水循环和社会水循环两大层面七个方面基础上建立完整的水量控制及水质保障系统,并提出进行综合管理的体制和机制保障措施以及注重水污染的风险管理与应急机制建设的对策建议。     

累积流量坐标法在水环境污染带计算中的应用

以汉江旬阳库区安康段的月河为例,将月河视为连续点源,考虑河道的不规则性并采用二维水质模型累积流量坐标法计算月河污染带,结果表明,河道的不规则性对污染带分布有较大影响,使污染物浓度分布沿程起伏变化,污染带长度和宽度与规则河道解析解结果相差不大.     

潮河生态修复治理措施及效果分析

潮河是潮白河的主要支流,存在的主要问题是:一防洪标准低,缺少控制性工程;二河道侵蚀冲刷严重;三潮河两岸面源污染严重等,严重威胁着首都北京的饮用水安全.为保障北京市供水安全,采取了工程措施和生物措施相结合的方式,对潮河两岸进行生态修复,治理河长87.68 km,其中工程措施防护61.13 km,生物措施防护32.79 km.工程实施后,恢复了潮河河流的生态环境质量,效果显著.     

黄河潼关—小浪底河段严重污染状况及原因

１９９９年１月中旬以来，黄河干流潼关—小浪底河段遭受严重污染，龙门以下河段水质均超过Ⅴ类，主要污染因子为ＣＯＤＣｒ，污染物主要来自渭河、汾河、涑水河等支流及入黄排污口。造成这次污染的原因除黄河流量小等自然因素外，还有流域内各省（区）水污染防治不力、污染治理严重滞后等人为因素。这次污染严重影响了沿黄城市生活和生产供水。因此，建议加强流域水资源统一管理，建立流域水资源保护领导小组，加强黄河水资源保护法规建设，将黄河列入全国水污染防治和水资源保护工作的重点，加大水污染防治力度     

The impact of river regulation on the lotic macroinvertebrate communities of the lower rhǒne,France

Channelization and the construction of 12 dams on the Lower Rhǒne during the last 30 years increased the morphological and biological effects of 19th century embanking along the river. These trends were demonstrated on the main channel, i.e. the central axis of the alluvial floodplain, by the synchronic study of the benthic macrofauna of six lowhead hydroelectric impoundments. The variability of the most significant taxa was investigated by an ANOVA, and the data-samples matrix was processed with a Principal Components Analysis in order to analyse the communities organization and their significance. The benthic macroinvertebrate communities of the channel include some lentic potamic species topographically related with this kind of river (metapotamon), as well as eurytopic and pollution-tolerant species. Thus, the Lower Rhǒne has become a slow potamic river, in the same way as other large mid-European rivers. Flow velocity appears to be the most important structural factor in a large regulated river. The homogeneity of the macroinvertebrate communities and the absence of longitudinal typology show that, in a very intensely regulated river, the River Continuum Concept is too theoretical, and the disturbing effects of dams on longitudinal changes and species response to regulation must be taken into account.     

太仓市应急水源地水质影响分析

根据现状水质资料和未来规划资料,采用模型预测与机理分析相结合的方法,系统分析了未来太仓市应急水源地——长江边滩水库水质状况。结果表明:由于拟建取水口远离岸边,沿岸固定源和浏河污水排放对应急水源地水质影响较小;库内可能发生的富营养化可通过生物措施得以解决;水库本身具有蓄淡避咸、蓄清避污功能,因此具备较高的抗环境风险能力。     

浊漳河水质污染分析与治理保护建议

在浊漳河上选取6处水质监测断面,以2010年、2011年的监测数据为依据,阐述浊漳河支流和干流连续2年的水质变化情况,分析污染原因,分段查找,分段治理,保证浊漳河干流水质质量达到《地表水环境质量标准GB3838-2002》中的Ⅲ类标准。浊漳河水质污染主要是支流污染以及沿途污水处理排放标准远远高于地表水Ⅲ类标准,在此基础上,提出浊漳河水质污染治理保护建议。     

Concentrations and loads of nutrients and major ions in the Niagara River, 1975–2018

Environment and Climate Change Canada has monitored Niagara River water quality in support of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement since establishing a fixed site at Niagara-on-the-Lake in 1975. Using over 40 years of data from this site along with the Fort Erie location added in 1983, we examine the status and trends of concentrations and loadings of nutrients and major ions and assess evidence of sources between the two stations. Trends were observed for the majority of measured parameters and there is strong agreement between trends in concentrations and loadings which are generally higher at the downstream site; however, upstream/downstream differences indicate relatively little loading occurs along the length of the river itself. For total phosphorus (TP), inputs from Lake Erie via the Niagara River account for the majority of loading to Lake Ontario and, in some years, exceed the 7000 MTA Lake Ontario target. Between 2014 and 2018, we calculate the mean Niagara River TP loading to be 5275 MTA. We highlight the major changes in water quality constituents over time, including TP, and reveal increased seasonal consumption of TP and SiO₂, reflecting potential increases in the biological productivity in Lake Erie. The long and rich Niagara River dataset, which comprises year round sampling (including rare winter data), provides detailed tracking of changing Great Lakes water quality and could be further utilized to assess the impacts of climate change, improve understanding of diatom and harmful algal bloom dynamics, and enhance knowledge of in-lake major ion and nutrient dynamics.     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A spatio‐temporal water quality assessment of the Beas and Sutlej Rivers at the Harike Wetland: A Ramsar site in Punjab,India

Lakes play a vital role in regulating water storage, flow of river water, and ultimately maintaining a balanced ecosystem. Spatial and temporal variations in physicochemical parameters of water in Harike Wetland, a Ramsar site in the northwestern state of Punjab, India, were studied. This study was conducted on a monthly basis from January to December 2015. The water quality was studied at ten locations from sites 1 to 10 upstream, central and downstream from Harike Lake for ten physicochemical parameters, including temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen concentration biological oxygen demand, nitrate and phosphate concentrations and salinity. The findings of this study revealed that, except for temperature and pH, all parameters exhibited relatively higher values for the Sutlej River, compared with the Beas River, with sampling sites 5 to site 7 exhibiting intermediate results. The mean seasonal temperature variations ranged from 16.9 to 26.6 °C, the pH from 7.7 to 8.2, electrical conductivity from 223 to 303 μS cm^?1 and TDS concentration from 148.7 to 180.4 ppm. Correlation analysis was conducted to assess the relations between the variables. The electrical conductivity exhibited a high positive correlation with salinity and biological oxygen demand, whereas it correlated negatively with the dissolved oxygen concentration. Box and whisker plots were also plotted for the study results to better examine the data distribution.