SCREENING CRITERIA FOR CO2 STORAGE IN OIL RESERVOIRS

ABSTRACT

Oil fields are likely to the first category of geologic formation where carbon dioxide (CO₂) is injected for sequestration on a large scale, if geologic sequestration proves feasible. About 1.4 BCF per day (69 300 tonnes/day) of CO₂ are currently injected for oil recovery in the U.S. Replacing this naturally occurring CO₂ with anthropogenic CO₂ would have a minor, but measurable, effect on overall CO₂ emissions. However, CO₂ is injected into only a small fraction of reservoirs and it is estimated that upwards of 80% of oil reservoirs worldwide might be suitable for CO₂ injection based upon oil recovery criteria alone. These facts combined with the generally extensive geologic characterization of oil reservoirs and the maturity of CO₂–oil recovery technology make oil reservoirs attractive first targets as CO₂ sinks. This paper lays the groundwork necessary to evaluate whether an oil reservoir might be suitable for CO₂ storage. As such, a series of criteria for injection into currently producing, depleted, or inactive reservoirs are proposed. Aspects considered include the reservoir depth, storage capacity, water and oil volumes in place, formation thickness, and permeability. Importantly, the effect of oil production on reservoir properties, especially fault movement and induced fractures must be gauged and included in assessments. It is demonstrated that CO₂ density with depth alone is not a sufficient criterion for choosing candidate sites. It is necessary to consider also porosity and the amount of water and oil that are displaceable. The end result is a criteria table for rapid screening of candidate reservoirs.     

重力分异和非均质性对天然气藏CO2埋存的影响——以中国南方ＸＣ气藏为例

在含CO₂的天然气藏中实施CO₂长期稳定埋存并提高天然气采收率,实现CO₂的规模化综合利用,具有重大的现实意义。为此,以一个真实的含CO₂浅层废弃气藏为埋存靶场,运用数值模拟方法,设计了纵向非均质气藏剖面模型,用于研究气藏储层在正韵律、反韵律以及复合韵律条件下气体运移对超临界CO₂稳定埋存的影响,并重点研究了重力分异和地层非均质性条件下的流体运移规律。结果表明：不同韵律剖面模型在注超临界CO₂埋存及开采剩余天然气过程中,作为反韵律的目标气藏注超临界CO₂埋存过程在生产井突破最晚,吸入的超临界CO₂量最大,天然气累计采出量最多,其超临界CO₂埋存潜力相对最大;重力分异可引起超临界CO₂与天然气之间产生非平衡态相的分离,天然气向气藏高部位运移,CO₂最终趋向于形成“超临界CO₂垫气”,可以很稳定地沉积在气藏下部形成“垫气”埋存。该成果为实现CO₂减排、降低CO₂捕集与埋存技术（ＣＣＳ）成本提供了技术支撑。     

CO2的埋存与提高天然气采收率的相行为

CO₂捕集与埋存可实现大气中CO₂的有效降低,但成本高昂,而处于特定温度压力范围的气藏可保证超临界CO₂的稳定埋存,是其理想的埋存靶场。研究认为：气藏中所储存的具有开发潜力的天然气会挤占超临界CO₂的地层空间,影响其稳定埋存;选择适合的超临界CO₂稳定埋存深度,在埋存的同时利用CO₂驱替开采天然气,有利于CO₂埋存并降低成本;在向气藏注入CO₂提高天然气采收率的过程中,CO₂驱替地层天然气的过程是“混相驱替”。根据PY干气藏温度、压力条件,在CO₂与天然气混合体系PVT相态特性实验测试基础上,运用状态方程模拟方法,分析了3种不同流体带特别是超临界CO₂天然气过渡带的偏差系数、地下体积比、密度、黏度的变化,明确了利用气藏实施超临界CO₂稳定埋存与注CO₂提高天然气采收率相互配套的必要性和可行性,并据此给出PY气藏在实施注入CO₂提高天然气采收率技术时,超临界CO₂可行的注入深度和采气压力范围。     

天然气藏 CO2驱及地质埋存技术研究进展

目前,随着 CO₂ 排放量的增加,全球温室效应日趋显著, CO₂ 的处理问题显得愈加重要。 中国现阶段的 CO₂ 埋存点均为油藏或盐水层,将干气藏 CO₂ 驱与其埋存相结合的研究甚少,现场试验更是没有。为此,调研了大量国外的相关研究,综述了目前已有的衰竭干气藏 CO₂ 驱及地质埋存示范工程,并结合已发表的气藏 CO₂ 驱室内实验与数值模拟研究成果,分析了影响 CO₂ 驱提高气藏采收率(EGR）的各个因素, CO₂ 驱的优缺点及发展方向,以及今后在低渗致密气藏 CO₂ 驱方面应做的工作。 结果表明： CO₂ 埋存于干气藏中安全可靠、存储量大、成本低,同时可采出部分剩余天然气;束缚水可减弱储层非均质性对干气藏 CO₂ 驱的影响;在中高渗气藏中,与气态 CO₂ 驱相比,液态或超临界态 CO₂ 驱效果更好;进行气CO₂ 驱开注时气藏压力越小,注入压力和注入速度越大,其提高采收率效果越好。     

高含水油藏CO_2驱油机理

CO_2驱油能够有效提高原油采收率,但在高含水油藏中,水能够溶解CO_2,并影响CO_2与原油接触,从而影响驱油效果。针对这一问题,开展了CO_2在油、水中的浓度分配实验,通过建立CO_2在油、水中扩散的数学模型,使用核磁共振研究CO_2驱替实验,探索了CO_2在高含水油藏中的溶解扩散机理以及对综合驱油效果的影响。结果表明,在高含水油藏中,CO_2在水中溶解损失的比例不高,同时CO_2能够快速渗透水膜,与被水屏蔽的剩余油接触,波及水驱未波及区域内的剩余油。由于水膜阻隔了原油与CO_2的直接接触,在CO_2驱替过程中会首先驱出水膜,使油、气直接接触,再驱出剩余油。其宏观表现为注气早期含水率较高、采油速度较低,当CO_2突破后,含水率急剧下降,采油速度升高。研究明确了高含水油藏CO_2驱油机理,解释了其见效特征,并为改善高含水油藏CO_2驱油效果提供了参考。     

Screening of Oil Pools on Alaskan North Slope and Phase Behavior Study of Viscous Oil and CO2 System in Conjunction with CO2 Sequestration

Carbon dioxide gas, a greenhouse gas (GHG), is released in the atmosphere by combustion of solid waste, wood, and fossil fuels for energy generation. Due to conspicuous absence of CO₂ sequestration studies for Alaska, the study of CO₂ sequestration options on North Slope has a very important role to play. The screening of the oil reservoirs to evaluate the technical feasibility with respect to their CO₂-EOR potential was performed by calculating the rank of the oil reservoirs with parametric approach. CMG-WinProp® simulator was used to predict phase behavior for CO₂ injection in viscous oil by tuning the equation-of-state.     

地层水对凝析气藏注CO_2相态的影响

常规的凝析气藏衰竭开发和注CO_2开发研究中均忽略了地层水的影响,这与真实情况存在偏差,有可能导致研究结果的不确定性加大。为此,基于CO_2—烃—水相平衡热力学模型,以一个实际近临界凝析气藏为例,通过相态模拟研究了地层水存在对凝析气藏反凝析相态特征和注CO_2相态的影响规律;计算了考虑地层水存在的凝析气定容衰竭反凝析液饱和度和剩余流体组成,以及注CO_2过程中凝析油气相体积分数和CO_2在凝析油气相中体积分数的变化规律。结果表明:1考虑地层水时定容衰竭的反凝析油饱和度更大,剩余流体重组分含量更高;2近临界凝析气藏压力衰竭过程中,由凝析气转变为挥发油的相变发生得更早;3在注CO_2过程中,地层水的存在使得CO_2对凝析油的反蒸发作用降低;4考虑地层水存在时凝析油相体积分数高约14%,CO_2在凝析油中溶解量比不考虑地层水大6%,CO_2含量高和压力较高时差异更明显,同时,地层水的存在也增强了CO_2的溶解封存能力。该研究成果对凝析气藏注CO_2提高采收率和温室气体CO_2埋存评价具有指导意义。     

地质封存过程中CO2泄漏途径及风险分析

CO₂捕集和地质封存可望成为减少温室气体排放的重要且有效的方法,但其安全性一直受到广泛关注。在研究各种CO₂地质封存体及其圈闭机理的基础上,根据不同封存体中潜在的泄漏途径及主控因素,结合实例对可能的CO₂泄漏进行了描述和相应的风险分析。研究结果表明,枯竭油气藏的地质封闭性已得到证实,井的失效将是CO₂泄漏的主要途径。通过与提高油气采收率技术相结合,在油气藏中封存CO₂具有一定的经济性,但由于油气田分布不广,封存潜力有限,仅适合于中短期的CO₂处置。深部盐水层分布较广,可选择的圈闭和封存机理较多,泄漏途径和未知因素也较多,泄漏风险较高,但封存潜力巨大,是最具前景的CO₂封存体。煤层通过吸附可达到封存CO₂的目的,但其圈闭机理单一,对煤层压力的依附性较大,且影响未来煤资源的利用,其安全性和经济性相对较差。海底水合物封存方案具有热力学可行性,但海底水合物层埋深浅,地质圈闭性差,CO₂泄漏风险较高,其封存和泄漏机理以及CO₂注入方法有待进一步研究和关注。     

一种基于组分闪蒸运算的CO2驱动态埋存潜力计算方法

CO₂驱油与埋存具有经济效应和环保作用,计算CO₂埋存潜力对油藏开发方案设计和安全封存意义重大。已有的潜力计算方法主要针对CO₂的静态埋存潜力进行粗略估算,不能考虑油田的生产实际。为此,提出了一种基于组分闪蒸运算的CO₂驱动态埋存潜力计算方法, 方法基于组分闪蒸运算,考虑了油田的生产实际和CO₂驱的埋存机理,可以计算溶解CO₂、束缚CO₂、自由CO₂和总的CO₂埋存潜力。研究表明:随着埋存时间的增加,会有自由CO₂转变成束缚CO₂和溶解CO₂;经历过水驱开发的油藏,地层水含量高,不能忽略CO₂在地层水中的溶解。基于组分闪蒸运算的CO₂驱动态埋存潜力计算方法可以计算不同种类油藏不同开发方式的动态埋存潜力,方法简单实用且符合生产实际。     

非均质多层储层中CO2驱替方式对驱油效果及储层伤害的影响

低渗透油藏注CO₂开发过程中沥青质沉淀和CO₂-地层水-岩石相互作用引起的储层堵塞加剧了非均质多层砂岩储层中驱替特征的复杂性，影响CO₂和CO₂-水交替驱（CO₂-WAG）驱油过程中流体在储层中的渗流和最终的原油采收率。研究中的CO₂和CO₂-WAG驱油实验是在混相条件下（70℃、18 MPa）模拟的具有相似物性的多层储层系统中进行的，从油气产量、剩余油分布和渗透率损害3方面评价了两种驱替方式。实验结果表明，CO₂驱后整个系统的采收率较低，产油主要来自高渗透层，剩余油分布在中、低渗透层。CO₂-WAG驱过程中CO₂突破时间较晚，整个系统的原油采收率显著改善。此外，CO₂驱后高渗透层的渗透率下降了16.1%，95.1%的下降幅度是由沥青质沉淀引起。在CO₂-WAG驱后，各层的渗透率下降幅度分别为29.4%、16.8%和6.9%，沥青质沉淀仍是主要因素，且引起的储层堵塞更严重，但高渗透层中CO₂-地层水-岩石相互作用引起的渗透率下降不容忽视，占20.7%的因素。因此，对于具有强非均质性的多层储层，CO₂-WAG具有更好的驱油效果，但是对沥青质沉淀的预防和控制措施是必要的。     

Modeling Time Lapse Seismic Monitoring of CO2 Sequestration in Hydrocarbon Reservoirs Including Compositional and Geochemical Effects

The sequestration of CO₂ into geologic formations, specifically existing and depleted oil and gas reservoirs, is a promising solution for reducing environmental hazards from the release of greenhouse gases into the earth's atmosphere. A critical component of long-term sequestration will be our ability to adequately monitor the movement of CO₂ fronts in the subsurface. In this article, we examine the viability of time-lapse seismic monitoring using an integrated modeling of fluid flow, including chemical reactions and seismic response. Modeling of CO₂ injection is complicated by the various interactions between CO₂, reservoir fluids, and the minerals in the formation. These interactions change fluid and bulk rock properties with time, which in turn impact the seismic signatures. We perform a comprehensive simulation of the gas injection process accounting for the phase behavior of CO₂-reservoir fluids, the associated precipitation/dissolution reactions, and the accompanying changes in porosity and permeability. The simulation results are then used to model the changes in seismic response with time. The general observation is that gas injection decreases bulk density and wave velocity of the host rock system. Seismic amplitude attributes therefore change with time as well, and these effects provide a tool for tracking the movement of the CO₂ front. Analysis of the results also confirms that much of the change can be attributed to chemical effects that should therefore be considered in studies of long-term sequestration projects.     

超临界CO2驱提高致密油藏采收率实验研究

针对玛湖地区致密油藏衰竭式开发后期采油速度快速递减的问题,提出利用超临界CO₂驱替开发致密油藏的研究思路,通过开展超临界CO₂萃取致密油实验、最小混相压力实验及长岩心驱替实验,探究了超临界CO₂驱替提高致密油采收率的作用机理、开发特征及影响因素,优选了注气速度、CO₂转注时机等重要操作参数。实验结果表明:CO₂萃取轻质组分能力随萃取次数的增加而减弱;注气速度对最终采收率影响较大,最优注气速度为0.10 cm³/min;原油与超临界CO₂最小混相压力为34.18 MPa;当前油藏压力条件为最佳CO₂转注时机。该研究成果对致密油藏高效开发具有一定指导意义。     

二氧化碳驱替与埋存一体化数值模拟

目前数值模拟无法同时计算CO2在油、气、水相中的分配及水相中溶解CO2对储层物性的影响.针对该问题,应用CO2驱替与埋存一体化数值模拟,通过耦合油气两相闪蒸、CO2在水中的溶解和溶蚀作用,同时模拟CO2在油气水三相中的分配、溶解CO2对储层物性的影响、CO2驱油与埋存全过程.研究结果表明:CO2溶于地层水后形成碳酸溶蚀...     

鄂尔多斯盆地油沟区长4+51低渗透油藏二氧化碳驱先导试验

鄂尔多斯盆地低渗透油藏储量丰富,但注水驱油效果不佳且陕北地区水资源匮乏,亟需新的驱油技术降本增效。为此,基于吴起油沟油区长4+51油藏特征,利用20 m细管在60 ℃下进行了CO₂驱替模拟实验,在此基础上,结合油藏特征设计了施工参数,并选取了5个井组进行CO₂驱先导试验,通过注CO₂前后地层压力对比、CO₂驱油效果、实施区CO₂泄露监测对现场施工情况进行了分析。研究表明:长4+51低渗透油藏满足CO₂混相驱的要求,井口压力8 MPa、流速0.6 t/h的施工参数可保障其混相,CO₂可在储层中均匀推进,地层压力稳步回升,注气2年同比注水驱油增产原油2 935.6 t,其换油比为3.03∶1,且在试验区土壤中未监测到CO₂泄漏。该研究可为碳捕集、利用与封存(CCUS)技术在鄂尔多斯盆地的安全推广提供技术支持,为保障延长油田稳产及陕北地方经济可持续发展提供技术参考。     

致密油藏超临界二氧化碳吞吐开发特征实验研究

针对鄂尔多斯盆地致密油藏采油速度快速递减、油藏压力无法保持的问题,探索采用超临界CO2吞吐开发方式开展超临界CO2吞吐长岩心实验研究,探讨了超临界CO2吞吐方式提高致密油采收率的作用机理、开发特征、影响因素等,探究了注气速度、注气相态、N2辅助保压、衰竭压力等重要操作参数对提高致密油采收率的影响.研究表明:超临界CO2...     

An Integrated Decision Support System for Management of CO2 Geologic Storage in the Weyburn Field

Geologic storage of CO₂ in depleted oil reservoirs is considered to be an effective approach for both facilitating GHG sequestration and enhancing oil recovery. However, as a potential problem in the long run, risks associated with geological storage of CO₂, such as leakage to the groundwater and atmosphere, might pose significant threats to local communities and surrounding environment. Identification and evaluation of such risks are essential for the long-term management of CO₂ storage. Doing so requires a set of advanced technologies in order to well understand the long-range transportation of CO₂ and its impact mechanisms. This study developed an integrated decision support framework for the Weyburn Field. This system included modules of data management, inexact hybrid numerical simulation, optimization for CO₂ EOR processes, hybrid fuzzy-stochastic risk assessment, and post-modeling analysis. A user-friendly interface was designed through visual language programming. Such an effort would provide project managers with a collection of measures for analyzing and visualizing operations and development of different applicable technologies. Valuable information can be provided to EOR project operators about what might be required for new projects or project expansions and how to go about gathering and using the data they will need.     

前置蓄能压裂中的CO2在玛湖凹陷砾岩油藏中的作用

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷砾岩储集层致密,渗流能力差,油藏产量递减快,稳产难度大.CO2前置蓄能压裂比水力压裂效果好,但对CO2与玛湖凹陷原油及储集层岩石间的作用规律尚未有系统研究.因此,对CO2水溶液的置换能力及其对岩心矿物的溶蚀、岩心孔隙度和渗透率的改变等进行了研究.对于玛湖凹陷砾岩油藏,CO2水溶液置换原油率高于纯CO2...     

稠油油藏注CO2提高采收率影响因素研究

与稀油注CO₂提高采收率机理不同,CO₂与稠油无法达到混相,因此影响其开发效果的主要因素差别很大,特别是在热化学复合采油过程中,注入的CO₂主要发挥隔热、降黏、增能的作用。为了进一步研究不同因素对稠油油藏注CO₂驱替效果的影响,在稠油样品物性分析的基础上,利用正交实验方法研究了原油黏度、温度、压力和渗透率对稠油油藏注CO₂提高采收率的影响。温度对采收率影响最大,其他因素由大到小依次为:渗透率、压力、油样类型。根据实验结论及认识,综合考虑地层温度、油藏渗透率等因素,在胜利油田开展了稠油油藏注CO₂吞吐提高采收率矿场试验。从矿场实际生产结果来看,油藏温度增加以及油藏渗透率提高,都有利于注CO₂吞吐开发,都能够有效提高油井产量。      

吉木萨尔页岩油CO2吞吐方案优化及试验效果评价

针对吉木萨尔页岩储层衰竭式开发采收率低,传统提高采收率措施难以有效增产的问题,提出了CO₂吞吐提高采收率的方法。运用数值模拟方法,建立了工区储层油藏数值模拟模型,依据水平段长度及油层厚度优选了适用于CO₂吞吐的试验井,明确了基质增能对于CO₂吞吐的决定性作用,并对CO₂吞吐的工作制度进行了优化。最终将优化方案应用于现场试验,结果表明:试验井间存在裂缝窜扰,导致CO₂吞吐注入阶段气窜严重,CO₂未充分进入基质置换原油,整体开发效果较差。研究内容对页岩油藏注CO₂吞吐提高采收率具有参考意义,可为调整CO₂吞吐开发方案提供借鉴。     

玛湖凹陷致密砾岩油藏CO2异步吞吐提高采收率

CO2具有增能和降黏的特性,CO2异步吞吐是提高致密油藏采收率的有效途径之一,通过注气井组"注—采—焖"相互配合,可提高井间储量动用程度,有望成为准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷致密砾岩油藏提高采收率的接替技术.综合考虑地层压力、饱和压力及最小混相压力,设计双岩心并联的CO2异步吞吐实验,以明确储集层物性、注采压差和吞吐时机对开发效...