Life-cycle cost optimal design of passive dissipative devices

The cost-effective performance of structures under natural hazards such as earthquakes and hurricanes has long been recognized to be an important topic in the design of civil engineering systems. A realistic comprehensive treatment of such a design requires proper integration of (i) methodologies for treating the uncertainties related to natural hazards and to the structural behavior over the entire life-cycle of the building, (ii) tools for evaluating the performance using socioeconomic criteria, as well as (iii) algorithms appropriate for stochastic analysis and optimization. A systematic probabilistic framework is presented here for detailed estimation and optimization of the life-cycle cost of engineering systems. This framework is a general one but the application of interest here is the design of passive dissipative devices for seismic risk mitigation. A comprehensive methodology is initially presented for earthquake loss estimation; this methodology uses the nonlinear time-history response of the structure under a given excitation to estimate the damage in a detailed, component level. A realistic probabilistic model is then presented for describing the ground motion time history for future earthquake excitations. In this setting, the life-cycle cost is uncertain and can be quantified by its expected value over the space of the uncertain parameters for the structural and excitation models. Because of the complexity of these models, calculation of this expected value is performed using stochastic simulation techniques. This approach, though, involves an unavoidable estimation error and significant computational cost, features which make efficient design optimization challenging. A highly efficient framework, consisting of two stages, is discussed for this stochastic optimization. An illustrative example is presented that shows the efficiency of the proposed methodology; it considers the seismic retrofitting of a four-story non-ductile reinforced-concrete building with viscous dampers.     

The effect of uncertainties in seismic loss estimation of steel and reinforced concrete composite buildings

The objective of this work is to study the influence of various sources of uncertainties on the seismic response of structural systems. For this purpose, four test examples are considered, in particular two steel and two steel–concrete composite buildings. In order to study the impact of uncertainty on this type of structure, life-cycle cost analysis is performed for each structure, which is a measure of the damage cost due to future earthquakes that will occur during the design life of a structure. The calculation of the life-cycle cost of structural systems requires the calculation of the structural capacity in multiple earthquake hazard levels. Multicomponent incremental dynamic analysis (MIDA) is considered as one of the most efficient procedures for estimating the seismic capacity of 3D structural systems; therefore, in this work, MIDA is incorporated into the seismic loss estimation procedure. In order to take into account uncertainty on the mass, the material properties, the damping and the record-incident angle, the Latin hypercube sampling method is integrated into the MIDA framework.     

Life‐cycle cost assessment of mid‐rise and high‐rise steel and steel–reinforced concrete composite minimum cost building designs

The traditional trial‐and‐error design approach is inefficient to determine an economical design satisfying also the safety criteria. Structural design optimization, on the other hand, provides a numerical procedure that can replace the traditional design approach with an automated one. The objective of this work is to propose a performance‐based seismic design procedure, formulated as a structural design optimization problem, for designing steel and steel–reinforced concrete composite buildings subject to interstorey drift limitations. For this purpose, eight test examples are considered, in particular four steel and four steel–reinforced concrete composite buildings are optimally designed with minimum initial cost. Life‐cycle cost analysis (LCCA) is considered as a reliable tool for measuring the damage cost due to future earthquakes that will occur during the design life of a structure. In this study, LCCA is employed for assessing the optimum designs obtained for steel and steel–reinforced concrete composite design practices. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高性能结构抗多次多种灾害全寿命性能分析与设计理论研究进展

为促进高性能结构抗多次多种灾害全寿命性能设计理论研究在我国的发展,详细介绍了该领域的国内外研究现状并建立了其基本研究框架。对高性能结构在全寿命周期内可能遭受的多种灾害单独作用和联合作用的发生概率模型的研究成果进行了阐述,以碳化腐蚀作用和风致疲劳作用为例,论述了在结构全寿命周期内由环境作用引起材料及构件退化的时变模型研究现状,为开展多次多种灾害作用下高性能结构的全寿命性能分析研究提供了方向,并系统介绍了多种灾害作用下结构易损性分析方法和考虑灾害损失成本的结构全寿命抗灾性能优化设计方法的研究进展。基于全寿命周期的结构抗多次多种灾害性能设计方法,能够合理地解决传统设计方法中未考虑多种灾害联合作用和结构性能退化问题,对于建筑结构设计领域的发展具有重要意义。     

Life-cycle optimization in the establishment of performance-acceptance parameters for seismic design

A life-cycle formulation is presented for the determination of optimum values of the mechanical properties of a structural system exposed to seismic risk. The resulting values are intended for providing support for the establishment of performance-acceptance criteria and parameters for seismic design. A method is developed for the determination of expected damage functions in terms of simplified reference models of the complex nonlinear systems that are typical of engineering practice. The uncertainties associated with the use of the simplified model to estimate peak dynamic responses of the system of interest are accounted for by means of first-order second-moment probabilistic criteria. An illustrative application of the criteria proposed is presented, together with a discussion about the translation of the results of the optimization studies into engineering criteria and methods expressed in conventional design formats.     

结构生命周期的可靠性管理

结构的抗力性能、使用条件、环境作用等都是随时间变化的过程。结构的运行规律复杂且具有大量的不确定性和不确知性,单纯依靠设计来保证结构的安全性是不够的,而应该综合考虑设计、检测、维护等策略对结构生命周期的可靠性进行管理。首先分析了目前的可靠度设计方法的优点和局限性,对可靠性管理的概念和必要性进行了阐述。继而引入时变可靠度和时点可靠度指标,建立一套考虑安全控制和风险优化的结构生命周期可靠性管理框架,并对其中的若干理论问题进行了讨论。该框架的特点在于,由静态思路转向动态思路,强调信息的更新和充分利用,与现有设计理论和工程实践保持协调。     

Seismic life-cycle cost analysis of ageing highway bridges under chloride exposure conditions: modelling and recommendations

Chloride-induced corrosion of highway bridges constitutes a critical form of environmental deterioration and may result in significant escalation of seismic life-cycle costs due to increased fragility during earthquake events. Most of existing literature tends to adopt simplistic uniform area loss assumptions in lieu of potentially complex, yet realistic and more detrimental, pitting corrosion models for seismic vulnerability analysis. Since the degree of deterioration depends on the severity and duration of exposure, there exists a need to investigate the influence of uniform vs. pitting corrosion assumption on seismic life-cycle costs for varied chloride exposure conditions. A case-study example of a highway bridge in Central and Southeastern US reveals consideration of pitting corrosion as critical for extreme exposures compared to relatively minor settings. Subsequently this study provides recommendations to aid bridge engineers and stakeholders to balance between computational cost and accuracy of results to aid prompt decisions on rehabilitation of ageing bridges in different exposure conditions. A framework is also included to compute seismic life-cycle costs from generic measures of corrosion, independent of assumed exposure scenario. This framework is particularly helpful for seismic loss assessment of highway bridges in chloride exposure zones with periodic field measurements to estimate the extent of structural deterioration.     

Seismic behavior of tall buildings using steel–concrete composite columns and shear walls

For the seismic design of tall building structures, the behavior under severe earthquakes should be carefully considered and the upper limit of inter‐story deformations are often defined by the design codes. To improve the performance of structures under severe earthquakes, composite structural members, including steel reinforced column and steel plate reinforced shear wall, are often adopted. In the present work, the seismic behavior of tall buildings using steel–concrete composite columns and shear walls is investigated numerically. Fiber beam–column element models and multilayer shell models are adopted to establish the finite element model of structure, and the material nonlinearities are described by the plasticity and damage models. The accuracy of the developed models is verified by the experimental results of a single shear wall. Systematic numerical simulations are performed for the tall building structures subjected to different earthquakes. The comparative study indicates that the nonlinear redistribution of internal forces plays a very important role for the performance of tall buildings under severe earthquakes.     

大空间砖-混凝土组合结构弹塑性地震反应与计算倒塌研究

建立了大空间砖-混凝土组合结构弹塑性分析模型,分别采用纤维单元、多弹簧单元和斜撑单元模型模拟大空间结构的墙体完成结构弹塑性地震反应计算,研究了大空间结构计算模型和计算方法的适用性,提出了结构计算倒塌概念,认为纤维单元与多弹簧单元模型不适合用于模拟强震下大空间结构的连续墙体。进行了大空间砖-混凝土组合结构的弹塑性地震反应计算,研究了结构在小震、中震和大震作用下的受力特性和破坏形态,结果表明,这一大空间结构可以满足小震不坏和大震不倒的基本设计要求,分析发现了结构的薄弱部位,为结构抗震设计提供了依据。     

Multi-hazard loss analysis of tall buildings under wind and seismic loads

This paper presents a framework for life-cycle loss estimation for non-structural damage in tall buildings under wind and seismic loads. Life-cycle cost analysis is a useful design tool for decision- makers, aimed at predicting monetary losses over the lifetime of a structure, accounting for uncertainties involved in the problem definition. For tall buildings, sensitive to dynamic excitations like earthquake and wind, it can be particularly suitable to base design decisions not only on initial cost and performance but also on future repair expenses. The proposed approach harmonises the procedures for intervention costs evaluation of structures subjected to multiple-hazards, taking into account the peculiar differences of wind and earthquake, in terms of load characterisation, type and evolution of damage. Relative effect of the two hazards on damage to drift- and acceleration-sensitive non-structural elements are examined. The influence of uncertainty in structural damping is also taken into account. It is shown that, although it is commonly believed that the design of a given structure is usually dominated by either winds or earthquakes, when LCC-based design is performed, both winds and earthquakes may be important.     

Life-cycle cost analysis and life-cycle assessment of the second-generation benchmark building subject to typhoon wind loads in Hong Kong

Tall buildings located in Hong Kong can suffer great damage caused by typhoon hazards throughout their lifetimes. In addition, the effect of wind hazards may be exacerbated due to increases in the typhoon intensity and frequency caused by the climate change effect. Therefore, developing a framework to evaluate and quantify the damage caused by wind hazards on tall buildings from the economic perspective is critical for engineers and building owners in designing a cost-effective tall building. In this study, an economic damage indicator, life-cycle cost, is measured by using a probabilistic method called life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA). Moreover, the building sector is one of the biggest contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and the environmental impact that may be generated in intervention activities after wind-induced damage occurs is analyzed. An environmental impact indicator, embodied carbon emission, is quantified by employing another probabilistic method called life-cycle assessment (LCA). Therefore, an integrated methodology combining the LCCA and LCA is proposed to evaluate potential damage costs and environmental impact caused by typhoon hazards on tall buildings.     

竖向承重与水平抗侧相分离的组合框架-剪力墙结构体系抗震性能研究

为提高传统钢结构体系在住宅产业化应用中的标准化程度、装配化效率以及安全性能,提出了竖向承重与水平抗侧相分离的组合框架-剪力墙结构体系,并对其抗震性能进行了分析与评价.以某高层住宅楼工程为结构方案原型,基于多遇地震作用下弹性层间位移角相同的控制标准,分别按传统组合框架-剪力墙结构体系和按竖向承重与水平抗侧相分离的组合框架...     

Damage‐controlled performance‐based design optimization of steel moment frames

In the present paper, performance‐based design of steel moment‐resisting frames (SMRFs) is implemented to minimize total cost of the structures. The total cost is summation of the initial construction cost and the seismic damage cost in operational lifetime of the structures subjected to seismic loading. In order to evaluate the seismic damage cost, Park–Ang damage index (DI), as one of the most realistic measures of structural seismic damage, is utilized. To calculate the DI, nonlinear time‐history response of the structure needs to be evaluated during the optimization process. As the computational burden of the process is very high, neural network techniques are utilized to predict the required nonlinear time‐history structural responses. As the design constraints, besides the drift checks at immediate occupancy and collapse prevention performance levels, the global DI is also checked at collapse prevention level to control the amount of seismic damage. In order to achieve the optimization task, a sequential enhanced colliding bodies optimization II is proposed. Numerical studies are conducted to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed methodology involving 2 illustrative examples of a 6‐story SMRF and a 12‐story SMRF.     

钢筋混凝土-砖砌体组合墙抗震性能

以往的研究表明,钢筋混凝土-砖砌体组合墙是一种抗震性能好、造价低的优良结构形式。本研究通过22片不同高宽比、不同竖向压应力、不同竖向配筋率和不同水平配筋率的钢筋混凝土-砖砌体组合墙的抗震性能研究,并通过国内其它65片类似墙体的分析,对这种墙体在竖向和水平荷载作用下的破坏特征、墙体的正截面承载力、斜截面承载力及抗震性能进行了分析研究,给出了墙体抗震承载力计算公式,可为该类房屋的设计提供参考。     

基于遗传算法的钢-竹组合工字形梁截面优化设计

以钢-竹组合构件的计算理论与设计方法为研究背景,结合结构优化设计的相关理论对钢-竹组合工字形截面梁进行优化设计。此次优化有成本最小化和抗弯刚度最大化两个目标,采用加权系数法将两个目标转化为单一优化目标,并加以承载力和构造要求的约束条件,最终建立钢-竹组合工字形截面梁多目标优化设计的数学模型。利用遗传算法搜索得到设计参数的最优解,对组合梁的含钢率、翼缘宽厚比和腹板高厚比随加权系数变化的规律及其取值进行分析研究。优化结果表明：采用遗传算法进行优化后的钢-竹组合工字形截面梁的截面参数取值合理,其中组合梁的含钢率范围在9%~20%之间;翼缘宽厚比取5左右为宜;腹板高厚比的取值不小于10且不大于40,同时高厚比随着组合梁跨度的增加逐渐减小,其中跨度较小时取30左右,跨度较大时约取15。优化设计实例表明了所采用的优化思路和优化方法对钢-竹组合工字形梁截面的优化是有效可行的。     

Seismic-induced fire resistance of composite welded beam-to-column joints with concrete-filled tubes

Major earthquakes in urban areas have often been followed by significant fires that cause extensive damage to property. Therefore, a seismic-induced fire is a scenario that should be addressed properly in performance-based engineering. In this paper, numerical and experimental results of welded steel-concrete composite full-strength beam-to-column joints under post-earthquake fires are described. This was part of a European project aimed at developing fundamental data and prequalification design guidelines of ductile and fire-resistant composite beam-to-column joints with concrete-filled tubes. In detail, seismic and fire analyses were used to design moment-resisting frames endowed with the proposed joint typology. A total of six specimens were designed and subjected to both monotonic and cyclic lateral loads. The specimens were subassemblages of beam-to-column joints, and performed well. Since the scope of the project was to promote joint typologies able to survive a seismic-induced fire, some specimens were pre-damaged before being subjected to fire loadings by imposing monotonic loads equivalent to damage levels induced by seismic loadings. Thus, after fire testing, valuable information about the performance of the proposed joint typology was obtained, and the adequacy of the concurrent seismic and fire design was demonstrated.     

Strength and post‐yield behavior of T‐section steel encased by structural concrete

In this study, the seismic performance of unsymmetrical steel–concrete composite precast beams with T‐shaped steel section were numerically explored and validated by their earlier experimental investigation. This design is based on the proposed calibrated finite element model in which key damage parameters for the evaluation of the nonlinear, post‐yield behavior of the precast composite steel beams were identified. The proposed nonlinear finite‐element‐based numerical model uses various parameters, including the dilatation angle and concrete‐damaged plasticity, to simulate the nonlinear behavior of unsymmetrical composite precast beams with T‐section steel. Greater seismic capacity with greater ductility, contributing to a maximized structural capacity within the composite precast beams was introduced by the effective use of the 2 materials, steel and concrete, and shown by the nonlinear hysteretic investigation of unsymmetrical steel–concrete composite precast beams that was validated experimentally. The post‐yield structural capacity found via the numerical analysis agrees with experimental results when the concrete‐damaged plasticity of the plastic‐damaged seismic model for concrete and the von Mises criteria of the steel section were introduced into the finite element model. Practical design parameters and recommendations were eventually suggested by examining the influence of precast composite beams with unsymmetrical steel sections on the concrete degradations and damage evolution.     

钢-混凝土组合核心筒的变形性能指标限值研究

以国内28个核心筒的拟静力试验数据为基础，按骨架曲线和破坏现象两种性能状态划分方法得到了核心筒的变形性能指标，并将两种方法所得到的结果进行对比，验证了基于骨架曲线划分性能状态方法的合理性。基于OpenSees软件平台并通过与试验结果对比验证，建立了核心筒的有限元模型并据此进行参数分析，得到了各性能状态的位移角限值，分析了轴压比、高宽比、连梁跨高比、钢板暗支撑含钢率、暗柱含钢率和角部含钢率对钢-混凝土组合核心筒在不同性能状态下位移角的影响。研究结果表明：轴压比与连梁跨高比对变形性能指标限值影响明显,增大钢板暗支撑含钢率能提高变形能力,高宽比和暗柱、角部含钢率对各性能等级的变形指标限值影响较小。对有限元分析结果进行统计分析,得到了钢 混凝土组合核心筒在各性能等级的变形指标限值，可为抗震性能设计提供参考。     

桁架组合梁的优化设计

给出了桁架组合梁计算机辅助优化设计的有效方法,以有限元结构分析和优化算法相结合为手段,提出了一种符合实际情况的桁架组合梁的剪力连接模式,建立桁架简支组合梁有限元分析模型、优化参数模型、优化数学模型,用ANSYS的参数化设计语言编制了分析文件和优化控制文件,经计算获得桁架组合梁最优形式。该方法的优化效果显著,并且效率高,可广泛应用于桁架组合梁的优化设计工程。