Distribution of strong earthquake input energy in tall buildings equipped with damped outriggers

The seismic design of optimal damped outrigger structures relies on the assumption that most of the input energy will be absorbed by the dampers, whilst the rest of the structure remains elastic. When subjected to strong earthquakes, nevertheless, the building structure may exhibit plastic hinges before the dampers begin to work. In order to determine to which extent the use of viscously damped outriggers would avoid damage, both the host structure's hysteretic behaviour and the dampers' performance need to be evaluated in parallel. This article provides a parametric study on the factors that influence the distribution of seismic energy in tall buildings equipped with damped outriggers: First, the influence of outrigger's location, damping coefficients, and rigidity ratios core‐to‐outrigger and core‐to‐column in the seismic performance of a 60‐story building with conventional and with damped outriggers is studied. In parallel, nonlinear behaviour of the outrigger with and without viscous dampers is examined under small, moderate, strong, and severe long‐period earthquakes to assess the hysteretic energy distribution through the core and outriggers. The results show that, as the ground motion becomes stronger, viscous dampers effectively reduce the potential of damage in the structure if compared to conventional outriggers. However, the use of dampers cannot entirely prevent damage under critical excitations.     

高层建筑的等效设计风荷载与风振响应研究

基于某典型高层建筑详细的风洞试验结果,计算分析了该结构的基础等效静风荷载及结构顶部峰值加速度响应,与前期的风洞试验结果相对比,评估了不同风洞试验条件和周边建筑对试验结果的影响,获得的结果可以用于此结构的抗风设计以及居住者舒适度评估。     

有大型中庭空间的超高层建筑风荷载试验研究

某超高层建筑高228m,在建筑中部设置大型中庭空间用于建筑的自然通风和采光等。对该建筑进行了风洞模型试验,根据试验结果分析了中庭内风压分布的特点、相关性及概率特征,并对比了有无中庭情况下结构的整体风荷载。结果表明:中庭内风压分布均匀,相关性高,其概率特征可按高斯分布进行处理,中庭的存在对结构整体风荷载没有影响。根据试验结果,并结合规范的分析,给出了中庭内风压的局部体型系数和阵风系数。     

高层建筑风荷载相干性研究

利用高层建筑刚性模型测压风洞试验结果,对顺风向风荷载竖向、水平相干性,迎背风面相干性以及横风向、扭转方向风荷载相干性的主要特征进行研究。利用算例说明了迎背风面相干性以及横-扭风荷载相干函数对于风振响应的影响。从计算结果来看,迎背风面全相干假定将使顺风向风振响应计算结果偏于保守;当结构刚心和质心偏离时,假定横扭风荷载相干性等于零会低估横风向和扭转方向风振响应。     

山地风场中超高层建筑风荷载幅值特性试验研究

针对山地风场中超高层建筑风荷载特点,在1.4m×1.4m风洞中进行了11个不同高宽比、厚宽比矩形截面和圆形截面超高层建筑表面测压风洞试验,分析了阻力系数平均值、均方根值和升力、扭矩系数均方根值受来流风湍流度、建筑高宽比、厚宽比和层相对高度等因素的影响。结果表明：矩形截面建筑各气动力幅值特性明显随湍流度、建筑高宽比、厚宽比、层相对高度的改变而变化,而圆形截面建筑各气动力幅值特性仅随湍流度、层相对高度的改变而变化。根据风洞试验结果,建立了正方形截面和圆形截面风荷载幅值特性的数学模型,通过比较说明与风洞试验结果吻合较好,可为山地风场中的超高层建筑风致响应计算提供依据。图11表5参10     

超高层建筑群风荷载干扰效应数值模拟

针对超高层建筑群体的风荷载干扰效应问题,采用计算流体动力学方法,建立了多种典型干扰工况的超高层建筑模型进行风荷载分析,其结果显示出明显的干扰效应,分析结果对于类似工程具有一定的参考意义。     

群体高层建筑的峰值风压分布特征

基于同步测压技术,研究了不同宽度比和不同高度比（记为Br和Hr,分别表示施扰和受扰建筑的宽度与高度之比）的2个高层建筑在串列、斜列和并列布置时峰值风压干扰效应。结果表明：邻近施扰建筑的侧面峰值风压主要呈现放大效应,且宽度比越大（Br≤1时）,高度比越大,放大效应越明显,立面最高负风压系数绝对值可升高30%。迎风面放大效应区则主要集中在施扰建筑位于横风向间距为3b(b为受扰建筑的迎风宽度)的迎风区域内,立面最高正风压系数可升高40%。当串列间距较小且高度比小于1（Hr=0.8）时产生的三维绕流现象可使得受扰建筑侧面局部风压升高61%,迎风面边缘局部风压升高24%。并列布置时产生的峡谷效应引起足够的重视,试验测得最大干扰因子可达2.13且随并列间距的增大而减少,当并列间距超过9b时峡谷效应才渐趋消失。由试验结果回归得到的并列布置时的侧立面最大峰值风压干扰因子随并列间距变化的关系式具有较高可信度。     

Energy dissipation and performance assessment of double damped outriggers in tall buildings under strong earthquakes

The use of a single set of outriggers equipped with oil viscous dampers increases the damping ratio of tall buildings in about 6–10%, depending on the loading conditions. However, could this ratio be further increased by the addition of another set of outriggers? Should this additional set include dampers too? To answer these questions, several double damped outrigger configurations for tall buildings are investigated and compared with an optimally designed single damped outrigger, located at elevation 0.7 of the total building's height (h). Using free vibration, double outrigger configurations increasing damping up to a ratio equal to the single‐based optimal are identified. Next, selected configurations are subjected to several levels of eight ground motions to compare their capability for avoiding damage under critical excitations. Last, a simplified economic analysis highlights the advantages of each optimal configuration in terms of cost savings. The results show that, within the boundaries of this study, combining a damped outrigger at 0.5h with a conventional outrigger at 0.7h is more effective in reducing hysteretic energy ratios and economically viable if compared with a single damped outrigger solution. Moreover, double damped outrigger configurations for tall buildings exhibit broader display of optimal combinations, which offer flexibility of design to the high‐rise architecture.     

Evaluation of wind loads on super‐tall buildings from field‐measured wind‐induced acceleration response

With the nonstationary wind‐induced acceleration data from full‐scale measurements, an approach for estimation of the wind‐induced overturning bending moments for super‐tall buildings was proposed in this paper. The empirical mode decomposition was employed to decompose the measured acceleration data into a set of intrinsic mode functions and a residual component. To remove the baseline offset, the residual component and the intrinsic mode function components with long‐period were eliminated before their integrations into velocity and displacement components. Then, the intrinsic mode function components, which have the same dominant periods as the natural periods of the studied tall buildings, were extracted from the original signals, and the natural frequency and damping ratio for the first vibration mode of the building were identified. Finally, the wind‐induced overturning bending moments of the building were obtained from the generalized wind loads for the first vibration mode, which could be obtained from the time history analysis of dynamic equation. The Hilbert spectrum of wind‐induced overturning bending moments was utilized to observe its characteristics in both time and frequency domains, and the Strouhal number was thus identified. The proposed scheme and some selected results may be helpful for further understanding of wind effects on super‐tall buildings. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dynamic wind response of tall buildings using artificial neural network

This paper presents an alternative approach for predicting the dynamic wind response of tall buildings using artificial neural network (ANN). The ANN model was developed, trained, and validated based on the data generated in the context of Indian Wind Code (IWC), IS 875 (Part 3):2015. According to the IWC, dynamic wind responses can be calculated for a specific configuration of buildings. The dynamic wind loads and their corresponding responses of structures other than the specified configurations in IWC have to be estimated by wind tunnel tests or computational techniques, which are expensive and time intensive. Alternatively, ANN is an efficient and economical computational analysis tool that can be implemented to estimate the dynamic wind response of a building. In this paper, ANN models were developed to predict base shear and base bending moment of a tall building in along‐ and across‐wind direction by giving the input as the configuration of the building, wind velocity, and terrain category. Multilayer perceptron ANN models with back‐propagation training algorithm was adopted. On comparison of results, it was found that the predicted values obtained from the ANN models and the calculated responses acquired using IWC standards are almost similar. Using the best fit model of ANN, an extensive parametric study was performed to predict the dynamic wind response of tall buildings for the configurations on which IWC is silent. Based on the results obtained from this study, design charts are developed for the prediction of dynamic wind response of tall buildings.     

减震装置的移位原理及其在黏滞阻尼减震结构设计中的应用

现有消能减震结构的设计方法在确定减震关键参数及其空间分配时需要繁琐的迭代试算.为解决此问题,基于减震结构消能减震装置的"移位"原理,提出了减震结构的系统化设计方法,可高效地实现减震结构中阻尼器的参数确定与分配.基于广义单自由度理论提出了减震主自由度的概念,进而发现了减震结构中消能减震装置的"移位"原理,即若要将减震装置...     

Analysis of a high‐rise steel structure with viscous damped outriggers

Damped outriggers for tall buildings draw increasingly attentions to engineers. With a shaking table test, two models of a high‐rise steel column‐tube structure are established, one with outriggers fixed to the core and hinged at the columns, whereas the other's cantilevering outriggers are connected to columns by viscous dampers. According to their dynamic properties, five earthquake waves are selected from the Ground Motion Database of Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER), and two artificial waves are generated by software SIMQKE_GR. Under various peak ground accelerations (PGAs), nonlinear time‐history analysis is applied to compare structural elastic seismic responses, including accelerations, inter‐story drifts, base shear force, damper's response and additional damping ratios. It is concluded that under minor earthquakes, accelerations, inter‐story drifts and base shear force of structure with damped outriggers are larger than or nearly equal to those of the one with fixed outriggers, and the viscous dampers hardly work. But as PGA increases, the contrary situation happens, and the effect of viscous dampers is enhanced as well. The additional damping ratio reaches around 4% under mega earthquakes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hybrid simulation of a tall building with a double‐decker tuned sloshing damper system under wind loads

This study presents an advanced experimental system, hardware‐in‐the‐loop (HIL), recently referred to as hybrid testing, to validate the effectiveness of a double‐decker tuned sloshing damper (TSD) system with screens applied to a recently constructed tall building. The HIL simulation facilitates a performance analysis of a combined structure‐damper system in which the nonlinear behavior of liquid motion in a TSD is physically modeled, whereas a building system under wind loads that behaves linearly is embedded virtually utilizing a computer model. The scaled model of the TSD is composed of a computer‐controlled system with a shaking table, sensors, and a real‐time communication link. The virtual building system on the computer communicates in real time with the hardware, that is, the physical model of TSD to evaluate on‐the‐fly the performance of a combined building‐TSD system. External excitation including random loading characteristics of winds, waves, or earthquakes can be implemented in HIL to observe the dynamics of the building‐damper system under a host of loading scenarios. An example of a recently completed tall reinforced concrete building with multiple TSDs placed side by side in double‐decker configuration under a suite of external loads and the proposed damping estimation procedure to evaluate the amount of auxiliary damping with TSD for ensuring the TSD design is presented. It examines the habitability of the building in winds and evaluates the effectiveness of the TSD system as well as the efficacy of the first HIL simulation for an actual tall building‐TSD system equipped with screens inside.     

弧形超高层建筑的抗风设计研究

进行了弧形超高层建筑的模型风洞试验,获得了风荷载体型系数、基础等效静风荷载及结构顶部风致加速度响应,并将其与规范相关值进行了对比,所得结果为其他建筑的抗风设计和风洞试验提供技术参考。     

某高层建筑结构风致响应干扰效应研究

结合某高层建筑风洞模型试验,详细分析了不同工况下结构的风致响应,对干扰效应进行了深入研究。结果表明:基底弯矩的干扰效应主要表现为遮挡效应,遮挡使峰值弯矩减小,但是干扰位于侧风向或者下风向时,有可能使结构的峰值弯矩增大。受扰后,基底弯矩背景分量的变化规律与平均分量较为类似,共振分量的变化规律不明显。峰值加速度受扰后的变化也没有规律性。     

The effect of plan ratios on wind interference of two tall buildings

Tall buildings are vulnerable to lateral loading. The facades of these buildings are susceptible to wind loads. It is very difficult to assess the wind condition around the tall building in the presence of other surrounding buildings due to the wind interference effect. An experiment is carried out in the Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel at Tokyo Polytechnic University, Japan, to study the wind interference effect on tall buildings with varying plan ratios. The maximum and minimum local peak pressure coefficient contours on front face of the principal building are plotted. The interference effect is quantified in terms of interference zone charts. It is observed that interference zones extend over a larger area as the building plan ratios increases. The minimum interference factor depends on the plan ratios of the interfering building especially along the oblique direction. The results of this study may be useful for the preliminary design of cladding of tall buildings with interfering buildings.     

地貌对高层建筑(群)风效应影响数值分析

高层建筑(群)风效应与地貌条件相关,分析掌握其内在关系是建筑布局规划和抗风设计的重要前提。基于雷诺时均模拟方法(RANS),引入具有分离流预测优势的SST k-ω湍流模型,以某高层建筑单体及群体风场为对象,模拟4类地貌条件下的风效应场,侧重分析人行高度(2m)风速场以及建筑立面的风压分布特性。分析结果表明,地貌除对人行高度的风速场影响明显外,对高层建筑表面风压系数影响也较为可观,实际工程应适当考虑地貌效应。     

错列布置超高层建筑群的干扰效应研究

对实际超高层建筑群进行群体和单体塔楼两次同步测压风洞试验。通过两次试验测量结果,考察风向及塔楼位置对顺风向、横风向和扭转方向的主体结构承受风荷载以及围护结构的极值风压的影响,并结合风压试验结果及CFD流场计算结果对干扰机理进行说明。研究结果表明,处于中间位置的2号塔楼的扭转干扰放大作用非常显著,较为不利的风向为110°风向,该风向下扭转方向的静力干扰因子达到1.53;沿弱轴Y方向和扭转方向的动力放大因子达到1.32和1.37。     

Effectiveness of passive response control devices in buildings under earthquake and wind during design life

The effectiveness of passive vibration control devices used to retrofit multi-storied steel buildings during their design life is investigated under the dynamic forces induced by earthquake and wind. The passive vibration control devices include steel bracing, viscous and viscoelastic dampers. The buildings without and with the retrofitting devices are modelled as multi-degree of freedom (M-DOF) systems, with inertial masses lumped at each floor level. The governing differential equations of motion for the uncontrolled and controlled buildings are solved using Newmark’s time marching scheme. The obtained dynamic responses for the buildings exposed to the earthquake- and wind-induced forces are subsequently compared. It is concluded that upon retrofitting, the modified dynamic properties, such as modal frequencies and damping ratio play an active role to attract forces during the two hazards, which in turn influences the response reduction achieved. It may be worth noting that the buildings retrofitted for earthquake tend to attract more forces under wind load and vice versa. Therefore, a retrofit strategy providing beneficial effects against a particular hazard may prove to be catastrophic for the other, which underlines the need for careful selection of the retrofit solution and design for a structure considering such multi-hazard scenario.     

CAARC高层建筑标准模型层风荷载谱数学模型研究

用风洞试验方法在B、D两种地貌下研究了CAARC高层建筑标准模型在不同高度处的顺风向和横风向风荷载的功率谱特性和相干特性。结果显示:不同高度的无因次风荷载功率谱密度具有较好的一致性;在顺风向,不同高度风荷载间的相干特性显示出指数式的衰减规律;在横风向,风荷载在漩涡脱落频率附近有很强的相关性,相干函数值接近于1。根据风荷载沿结构高度变化的特征,进一步采用拟合方法确定了各层风荷载的功率谱密度和层间荷载相干函数的经验公式,建立了层风荷载谱数学模型,并给出了以此为基础计算标准模型风振响应的计算流程。将按照本文模型计算得到的广义力功率谱与高频底座力天平试验的结果作比较,结果吻合较好,证明了本文所提出模型的正确性。