Comparison of thermal testing of MS9001FA type GTPs at shatura and nizhnevartovsk GRES

Domestic power plants use combined-cycle plants in which a gas-turbine plant (GTP) and a steam turbine rotate a common electric generator. In this instance, it is impossible to measure the power of each of them, so we have to resort to some assumptions. We have succeeded to check the validity of these assumptions and possible errors of their application testing combined-cycle plants (CCP) with the same GTP and a steam turbine but operating each on its own electrical generator. Comparative tests of a MS901FA GTP of the PGU-400 power-generating unit commissioned at Shatura GRES (a thermal power station) and a GTP of the same type installed at Nizhnevartovsk GRES were performed. As a result of these tests, dependences of the electric power of both gas-turbine plants and a turbine outlet temperature on the inlet temperature were obtained. A relation of the GTP efficiency, heat and air rate on the load are determined, and characteristics of compressors and turbines of both GTPs are defined. The performed tests have confirmed the accuracy of the determined characteristics of the two GTPs using both a direct measurement of net power (Nizhnevartovsk GRES) and an indirect measurement (Shatura GRES).     

Combined cycle power unit with a binary system based on waste geothermal brine at Mutnovsk geothermal power plant

The Russian geothermal power systems developed in the last few decades outperform their counterparts around the world in many respects. However, all Russian geothermal power stations employ steam as the geothermal fluid and discard the accompanying geothermal brine. In reality, the power of the existing Russian geothermal power stations may be increased without drilling more wells, if the waste brine is employed in combined cycle systems with steam and binary turbine units. For the example of the 50 MW Mutnovsk geothermal power plant, the optimal combined cycle power unit based on the waste geothermal brine is considered. It is of great interest to determine how the thermodynamic parameters of the secondary steam in the expansion unit and the pressure in the condenser affect the performance of the equipment in the combined cycle power unit at Mutnovsk geothermal power plant. For the utilization of the waste geothermal brine at Mutnovsk geothermal power plant, the optimal air temperature in the condensers of the combined cycle power unit is +5°C. The use of secondary steam obtained by flashing of the geothermal brine at Mutnovsk geothermal power plant 1 at a pressure of 0.2 MPa permits the generation of up to 8 MW of electric power in steam turbines and additional power of 5 MW in the turbines of the binary cycle.     

Thermal tests of the SGT5-4000F gas-turbine plant of the PGU-420T power-generating unit at Combined Heat And Power Plant 16 of Mosenergo

In December 2014, the PGU-420T power-generating unit was put into operation at the Combined Heat and Power Plant 16, an affiliated company of PAO Mosenergo. In 2014–2015, thermal tests of the SGT5- 4000F gas-turbine plant (GTP) integrated into the power-generating unit were carried out. In the article, the test conditions are described and the test results are presented and analyzed. During the tests, 92 operating modes within a wide range of electrical loads and ambient air temperatures and operating conditions of the GTP when fired with fuel oil were investigated. In the tests, an authorized automated measuring system was applied. The experimental data were processed according to ISO 2314:2009 “Gas turbines—Acceptance tests” standard. The available capacity and the GTP efficiency vary from 266 MW and 38.8% to 302 MW and 39.8%, respectively, within the ambient air temperature range from +24 to–12°С, while the turbine inlet temperature decreases from 1200 to 1250°С. The switch to firing fuel oil results in a reduction in the turbine inlet temperature and the capacity of the GTP. With the full load and a reduction in the ambient temperature from +24 to–12°C, the compressor efficiency decreases from 89.6 to 86.4%. The turbine efficiency is approximately 89–91%. Within the investigated range of power output, the emissions of nitrogen oxides do not exceed 35 ppm for the gas-fired plant and 65 ppm for the fuel-oil-fired plant. Within the range of the GTP power output from 50 to 100% of the rated output, the combustion chamber operates without underburning and with hardly any CO being formed. At low loads close to the no-load operation mode, the CO emissions drastically increase.     

分析强制冷却对200 MW汽轮机高压转子寿命损耗的影响

运用数学模型方法计算沙角A电厂200MW汽机停机后空气快速强制冷却过程中高压转子的温度场、应力场,得出一定快冷速率下汽轮机的寿命损耗,从而评估快冷速率对汽轮机高压转子的寿命影响程度．并对冷却速率是否可以进一步加快作出分析和论证。计算结果表明：强制冷却过程中高压转子的寿命损耗值在合理的范围之内,冷却过程是安全的,而且冷却速率有进一步提高的潜力,可以产生更大的效益。     

Proposal and characteristics evaluation of a CO2-recovering hybrid power generation system utilizing solar thermal energy

A CO₂-recovering hybrid power generation system utilizing solar thermal energy is proposed. In the system, relatively low temperature saturated steam around 220°C is produced by using solar thermal energy and is utilized as the working fluid of a gas turbine in which generated CO₂ is recovered based on the oxygen combustion method. Hence, solar thermal utilization efficiency is considerably higher as compared with that of conventional solar thermal power plants in which superheated steam near 400°C must be produced for use as the working fluid of steam turbines; the requirement for solar radiation in the location in which the system is constructed can be significantly relaxed. The proposed system is a hybrid energy system using both the fossil fuel and solar thermal energy, thus the capacity factor of the system becomes very high. The fuel can be used exergetically in the system; i.e., it can be utilized for raising the temperature of the steam heated by utilizing the turbine exhaust gas more than 1000°C. The generated CO₂ can be recovered by using an oxygen combustion method, so that a high CO₂ capturing ratio of near 100 percent as well as no thermal NO_x emission characteristics can be attained. It has been shown through simulation study that the proposed system has a net power generation efficiency of 63.4 percent, which is higher than 45.7 percent as compared with that of the conventional power plant with 43.5 percent efficiency, when the amount of utilized solar energy is neglected and the temperature of the saturated steam is 220°C.     

燃气轮机机组进气冷却技术分析评估

简要介绍几种主要的燃气轮机进气冷却技术,包括蒸发冷却、吸收式制冷、压缩式制冷、冰蓄冷。考虑燃气轮机的气温特性、当地的气象条件、燃料价格、电价等因素,提出了评估不同进气冷却方案的方法。以某地区气象条件下GE Frame 6B型燃气轮机为例进行了计算,给出了不同方案的经济分析结果。     

适应整体煤气化联合循环燃气轮机改型方法分析

整体煤气化联合循环(IGCC)是多种设备、多种技术集成的一个复杂系统,整合了化工、发电等各方面技术为一体,包括了气化炉、空分系统、燃气轮机、余热锅炉、蒸汽轮机等设备。通过分析煤气化合成气与天然气的差异以及煤气化合成气对燃气轮机的影响,展开燃用天然气燃气轮机改型设计为燃用合成气的方法探索,总结改型设计经验,为整体煤气化联合循环燃气轮机设计奠定基础。     

燃气-蒸汽联合循环进气冷却系统对机组性能影响研究

以PG9171E型燃气-蒸汽联合循环电厂为研究对象,对联合循环及进气冷却系统进行建模。分析了该机组加装进气冷却系统后燃机侧、余热锅炉侧和蒸汽轮机侧系统性能的变化情况。结果表明该E型联合循环机组加装进气冷却系统后,进气温度每降低10 ℃,燃机侧出力上升约9%,余热锅炉效率下降约3%。通过蒸汽参数的调整充分利用余热资源能使汽轮机多出力2.1 MW,联合循环效率上升约0.3%。     

1 000 MW 直接空冷凝汽器变工况研究

以1 000 MW直接空冷机组为例,基于效能—传热单元数方法,建立了直接空冷机组凝汽器变工况数学模型。通过分析排汽管道压降及机组对环境散热量等因素对汽轮机末级排汽压力的影响,得出汽轮机末级排汽压力与环境温度、迎面风速、排汽流量间的关系曲线。分析了汽轮机末级排汽压力与其影响因素之间的线性关系,为1 000 MW空冷机组在变工况下选择合适的排汽压力和提高经济性提供参考。     

135MW机组枝状排汽管道系统内湿蒸汽的数值研究

对德国基伊埃(GEA)公司发明专利——枝状(Y型)直接空冷排汽管道技术进行数值研究。建立神华阳光2×135MW机组直接空冷排汽管道内湿蒸汽两相流动和传热的数学模型。利用计算流体力学软件FLUENT,对典型汽轮机工况下的排汽状况进行了数值模拟。结果表明:在设计方案下,水蒸汽在各分配管的流量分配均匀,流动压降较低。对二维管道内湿蒸汽速度场、温度场和两相场的模拟、分析和研究,为直接空冷排汽管道系统的优化设计提供帮助。     

影响联合循环机组性能的主要因素及分析

介绍了工程设计中应对影响F级联合循环机组性能的因素进行分析，确定主、次要因素，对环境条件，燃气轮机空气进口压损及余热锅炉烟气阻力，燃料类型，蒸汽循环方式，循环水温度对性能的影响进行了描述，得出了环境温度，蒸汽循环方式，进口压损为主要因素，循环水温度，出口压损，场地高程，相对湿度为次要因素。     

Construction and power generation characteristics of H2O turbine power generation system utilizing waste heat from factories

A new gas turbine power generation system has been proposed, in which the steam (H₂O) produced by utilizing waste heat from factories is used as the working fluid of gas turbine. A simulation model has been constructed to estimate power generation characteristics of the proposed system by adopting C++ language. It has been shown from simulation results that the proposed system has high exergetic efficiency, that is, the total exergetic efficiency is 46.3% and fuel‐based efficiency is 56.3% for a case where steam with a temperature of 275 °C produced from a garbage incineration plant is used. Sensitivity analysis has also been carried out when usable steam temperature and pressure is changed, together with the case when condenser outlet pressure is changed. Characteristics of a dual fluid gas turbine cycle power generation system (DFGT) have also been estimated in this study. It has been shown that the proposed system has 16.9% higher exergetic efficiency and 41.8% higher fuel‐base exergetic efficiency compared with DFGT. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 130(1): 38–47, 2000     

Prospects for the development of coal-steam plants in Russia

Evaluation of the technical state of the modern coal-fired power plants and quality of coal consumed by Russian thermal power plants (TPP) is provided. Measures aimed at improving the economic and environmental performance of operating 150–800 MW coal power units are considered. Ways of efficient use of technical methods of NO _x control and electrostatic precipitators’ upgrade for improving the efficiency of ash trapping are summarized. Examples of turbine and boiler equipment efficiency upgrading through its deep modernization are presented. The necessity of the development and introduction of new technologies in the coal-fired power industry is shown. Basic technical requirements for a 660–800 MW power unit with the steam conditions of 28 MPa, 600/600°C are listed. Design solutions taking into account features of Russian coal combustion are considered. A field of application of circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers and their effectiveness are indicated. The results of development of a new generation coal-fired TPP, including a steam turbine with an increased efficiency of the compartments and disengaging clutch, an elevated steam conditions boiler, and a highly efficient NO _x /SO₂ and ash particles emission control system are provided. In this case, the resulting ash and slag are not to be sent to the ash dumps and are to be used to a maximum advantage. Technical solutions to improve the efficiency of coal gasification combined cycle plants (CCP) are considered. A trial plant based on a 16 MW gas turbine plant (GTP) and an air-blown gasifier is designed as a prototype of a high-power CCP. The necessity of a state-supported technical reequipment and development program of operating coal-fired power units, as well as putting into production of new generation coal-fired power plants, is noted.     

大型空冷汽轮机的设计特点

空冷汽轮机运行工况具有平均背压高、背压变化幅度大和背压变化频繁的特点,给汽轮机结构设计带来变化,特别是在低压模块的设计方面与湿冷机组相比具有明显的区别。结合直接空冷600MW两排汽汽轮机的设计,对其结构、功率及辅助系统的选择等问题进行论述,为大型空冷汽轮机的设计提供参考。     

燃气-蒸汽联合循环进气冷却系统技术经济分析

燃气-蒸汽联合循环机组燃气轮机输出功率受环境气温影响明显,对进口空气(进气)进行冷却,可提高输出功率。介绍了一种两种工况交替运行的燃气轮机进气冷却系统:在进气温度高、投用进气冷却工况时,能有效增加燃气轮机输出功率;在进气温度低、投用低压加热器工况时,通过回收烟气余热,增加余热锅炉蒸汽蒸发量,提高汽轮机功率,实现烟气余热的全年回收利用。技术经济分析和初步运行结果表明,该进气冷却系统具有显著的经济效益。     

M701F型燃气轮机冷却空气系统

提高燃气透平进口温度是提高燃气轮机热效率的有效措施,但这在很大程度上受到燃气透平热部件结构强度的限制,而采用先进的冷却技术是提高燃气透平进口温度的有效措施之一。根据实际设备,介绍了日本三菱公司M701F型燃气轮机冷却空气系统的冷却原理和运行方式。     

Effect of the air–fuel mixing on the NO<Subscript> <Emphasis Type="Italic">х</Emphasis> </Subscript> yield in a low-emission gas-turbine plant combustor

The article deals with construction of a simplified model of inhibition of nitric oxides formed in the combustors of the gas-turbine plants (GTPs) operating on natural gas. A combustor in which premixed, lean air–fuel mixtures are burnt is studied theoretically and experimentally. The research was carried out using a full-scale combustor that had parameters characteristic of modern GTPs. The article presents the results computed by the FlowVision software and the results of the experiments carried out on the test bench of the All-Russia Thermal Engineering Institute. The calculations and the tests were conducted under the following conditions: a flow rate of approximately 4.6 kg/s, a pressure to 450 kPa, an air temperature at the combustor inlet of approximately 400°C, the outlet temperature t₃ ≤ 1200°C, and natural gas as the fuel. The comparison of the simulated parameters with the experimental results underlies the constructed correlation dependence of the experimental NO_x emission on the calculated parameter of nonuniform fuel concentration at the premixing zone outlet. The postulate about a weak dependence of the emission of NO_x formed upon combustion of a perfectly mixed air–fuel mixture—when the methane concentration in air is constant at any point of the air–fuel mixture, i.e., constant in the mixture bulk—on the pressure in the combustor has been experimentally proven. The correctness and the practicability of the stationary mathematical model of the mixing process used to assess the NO_x emission by the calculated amount of the air–fuel mixture generated in the premixing zone has been validated. This eliminates some difficulties that arise in the course of calculation of combustion and formation of NO_x.     

M701F机组检修停机后快速冷却策略分析

M701F机组是单轴联合循环燃气轮机组,在机组停机后冷却方面燃机主要采取了高盘冷却,汽机则是在停机过程中采用在低负荷条件下保持主汽调节阀一定开度用相对低温的蒸汽冷却汽轮机.尽管三菱采取了这样的冷却策略,每次检修停机后的结果是,燃机高盘冷却后燃机的温度已经降下来了,而汽机的温度仍然很高,燃机同汽机温度下降不匹配.提出了一种用加热的压缩空气进行汽机冷却的方法,从而缩短整个机组在停机后到停盘车的时间.     

1000MW单轴多缸汽轮发电机组的开发

为优化化石燃料电厂的建设投资,在保证高可靠性和高效率的同时,设备的布置应更加合理。因此１０００ＭＷ化石燃料汽轮发电机组的布置趋向于从双轴布置改为单轴置。本文介绍了日立公司开发的１０００ＭＷ单轴多缸汽轮发电机组部件技术的情况,目前,末级叶片分别为１０１６ｍｍ及１０９２．２ｍｍ的单轴多缸４排汽汽轮机已分别应用到６０Ｈｚ和５０Ｈｚ发电机上。