Application of Condensing Heat Utilizers at Heat-Power Engineering Objects (Review)

Increasing the efficiency of fuel use in the production of electricity and heat can be achieved by carrying out activities aimed at modernizing existing power plants. Such highly effective measures include equipping boilers with a condensing heat utilizer (CHU) that allows the use of low-potential heat of outgoing flue gases. When the flue gases are cooled in CHU below the dew point temperature of the water vapor contained therein, up to 12–15% of the heat recovery can be obtained, which can be used to heat the return-network water in the heat network. It is most effective to use CHU in boilers burning natural gas and biofuel whose combustion products contain a large amount of water vapor. The temperature of the return-network water has a great influence on the efficiency of the CHU use. Three characteristic ranges of utilization efficiency of low-potential heat, which depends on the temperature of the reverse network water, are selected. Various solutions are given that allow ensuring a high degree of utilization in CHU of the heat released during condensation of water vapor contained in the combustion products at the temperature of the reverse-network water close to the dew-point temperature. Examples of the successful application of CHU of various brands at power plants in the Nordic countries, namely Sweden, Denmark, Latvia, and Estonia, that have similar climatic conditions with Russia and similar district heating systems are considered. CHU with preheating and humidification of air supplied to the boiler for combustion, which will not only effectively utilize low-potential heat but also significantly reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere, are also considered.     

逆流式空气湿化器加湿性能的实验研究

为了详细研究HAT循环关键部件湿化器的加湿性能，改进设计并搭建了适于利用激光PDA研究湿化器内部流场特性的逆流喷雾式空气湿化器实验系统。通过该实验系统测量了湿化器本身结构和喷雾场带来的总压损失。在不同进口气流温度、流量和相对湿度以及不同进口水温度和流量等工况下，测量湿化器内气流和水出口温度、水滴蒸发量、气流相对湿度沿湿化器高度的分布等，分析了进出口参数对湿化器加热、加湿性能的影响。设计加工了可以分开测量气相和液相温度的热电偶，并测量了湿化器几个位置的气相和液相的温度。研究发现较大的气液逆流速度有助于传热、传质，但会带来较大总压压损，且气流会带走大量小水滴进入回热器和燃烧室吸收高品质的热，从而降低系统效率。水温的升高和增大水气比有助于加热和加湿。在喷嘴出口，水、气有较大的温差。远离喷嘴后，水、气温差逐渐减小，且在某个位置水、气温度都会低于进口气温。     

Thermal gain of CHP steam generator plants and heat supply systems

Heating calculation of the surface condensate heat recovery unit (HRU) installed behind the BKZ-420-140 NGM boiler resulting in determination of HRU heat output according to fire gas value parameters at the heat recovery unit inlet and its outlet, heated water quantity, combustion efficiency per boiler as a result of installation of HRU, and steam condensate discharge from combustion products at its cooling below condensing point and HRU heat exchange area has been performed. Inspection results of Samara CHP BKZ-420-140 NGM power boilers and field tests of the surface condensate heat recovery unit (HRU) made on the bimetal calorifier base КСк-4-11 (KSk-4-11) installed behind station no. 2 Ulyanovsk CHP-3 DE-10-14 GM boiler were the basis of calculation. Integration of the surface condensation heat recovery unit behind a steam boiler rendered it possible to increase combustion efficiency and simultaneously decrease nitrogen oxide content in exit gases. Influence of the blowing air moisture content, the excess-air coefficient in exit gases, and exit gases temperature at the HRU outlet on steam condensate amount discharge from combustion products at its cooling below condensing point has been analyzed. The steam condensate from HRU gases is offered as heat system make-up water after degasification. The cost-effectiveness analysis of HRU installation behind the Samara CHP BKZ-420-140 NGM steam boiler with consideration of heat energy and chemically purified water economy has been performed. Calculation data for boilers with different heat output has been generalized.     

300MW CFB锅炉外置式换热器特性分析

与小型循环流化床锅炉相比,300MW CFB锅炉增加了外置式换热器.介绍外置式换热器的结构、作用及投停过程,并以燃烧理论为基础,结合实际投停外置式换热器的运营经验,对汽温、床温的控制方法进行探讨,并深入论述了外置式换热器在运行中出现问题的原因及处理方法.     

相变换热器应用于电站锅炉的探讨

阐述了复合相变换热器是一种新型的换热器,可以控制低温受热面金属不发生低温腐蚀,降低烟气的排放温度,该技术可用于各种燃煤、燃油、燃气锅炉、窑炉、注气炉、加热炉等换热设备,目前复合相变换热器应用于工业锅炉和循环流化床已有不少成功案例[1-3],而应用于大型电站锅炉还很少有报道,结合某330 MW电站锅炉尾部加装复合相变换热器的运行情况,对复合相变换热器应用于电站锅炉的运行情况及优缺点做了简要探讨。     

Investigation of failures in operation of heat networks of large heat supply systems

The effect of deviations in heat network parameters on operation of heating system and hot-water supply systems in buildings is examined. The consequences of a decrease in the water temperature in a heat network under extreme weather conditions in a range below the design ambient air temperature, the efficiency of disconnection of a hot water supply system (HWSS) heater in this period, and deviations in the normal heat supply in the transition period at relatively high outdoor temperatures are considered. The specific and scope of failures depend on the design-heating load to design hot water supply load ratio for the heat network. A mathematical model was developed, and numerical investigation was performed of modern schemes of heat points which are designed primarily for covering the hot water supply load and recovering the heating system heat output in case of low or no hot water consumption in HWSS. The performed calculations demonstrate that the heating system has no time to restore its heat output, thereby considerably reducing air temperature in the heated premises. The lower the ambient air temperature and the lower the ratio of the design loads for hot water supply and heating, the greater is this decrease. At the same time, in case of a sudden decrease in the outdoor temperature and an accident in the heat supply system, the heating system must be the priority consumer, since a heating failure not only decreases the thermal comfort of consumers but can cause emergency situations in local utility systems, such as a cold water supply system. Correction of failures in a heat supply system requires calculation of operating conditions of heat networks.     

Design of high-pressure direct contact heater for promising power supply units: Experimental substantiation

The results of experimental studies of superheated steam condensation on feed water jets in a highpressure, direct-contact heat exchanger are presented. Direct contact feed water heater (DCFWH) can be used in a dual-flow diagram of a steam-power unit with ultrasupercritical steam parameters (35 MPa, 700/720°C). The direct contact feed water heater is included in the flow diagram of the II circuit in a promising power unit; it provides feed water heating to 340°C in all maintenance and emergency operation modes of the unit. The reliability of the high-pressure direct contact heater operation in this flow diagram is of major importance in relation to the danger of lead solidification in the tube space of the steam generator. Technical requirements to the design of the high-pressure direct contact heater for increasing the heat exchange efficiency are formulated based on the results of earlier studies with steam–water mixture as the heating medium. The results of studies of superheated steam condensation on jets presented in this study testify that feed water is additionally heated to the required temperature at the output of the installation. The influence of initial feed water parameters (outflow velocity and temperature) on the jet heating length is elucidated. The numerical approximation of the experimental data for determination of the jet heating length in the nominal and partial power unit loads is obtained. The results of the calculations are used to simplify the design of the water-supplying element for the direct contact feed water heater. The proposed design of direct contact feed water heater is characterized by simplicity and low metal intensity, which provides the installation reliability at the considered pressure level due to the minimum number of structural elements.     

国产330MWCFB锅炉的调节和变负荷性能

首台国产330 MW 循环流化床（CFB）锅炉为带有紧凑式分流回灰器的CFB锅炉。为保证锅炉的稳定可靠及经济运行,对该台CFB锅炉的调节方案进行了研究。分析了床温、床压、风量及石灰石量的调节方法,提出了控制策略和实施方案。控制策略的主要特点是锅炉的床温和再热蒸汽温度采用紧凑分流回灰换热器进行控制和调节。实际运行结果表明,锅炉调节方式灵活可靠,热循环回路温度分布均匀,并具有高效燃烧和良好的变负荷性能。     

大型循环流化床锅炉外置换热器运行特性分析

为掌握大型循环流化床(circulating fluidized bed,CFB)锅炉外置换热器(fluidized bed heat exchanger,FBHE)的运行特性,在2台实际运行的300MW CFB锅炉上进行了运行特性测试研究,包括FBHE对CFB锅炉床温、汽温的调节及其传热特性的研究。结果表明:带FBHE的CFB锅炉炉膛温度沿炉膛高度分布比较均匀,且在60%锅炉最大连续蒸发量(boiler maximum continue rate,BMCR)以上运行时床温无明显变化,而无FBHE的CFB锅炉床温随负荷变化明显,炉膛温度沿炉膛高度差别较大,且随着锅炉负荷的降低,差别更明显;锥型阀的开度随锅炉负荷的增加而增大;在负荷不变的情况下,过热器的喷水量和再热器的吸热量随床温的升高递减,但减少幅度较小;不同负荷下FBHE内不同受热面的传热系数不同,其值均随负荷的增加单调增大。     

电站锅炉尾部烟气余热回收与梯级利用系统特性分析

燃煤电站锅炉实际运行排烟温度一般在130~150 ℃,进一步回收烟气余热有利于降低发电煤耗,减少污染物排放。针对电站锅炉尾部不同位置烟气参数不同的情况,设计了安装在空气预热器后及湿法脱硫装置后的两级热交换器余热回收系统,并结合330 MW燃煤电站锅炉,分析了不同负荷下,两级热交换器的换热量、冷凝水量、两侧介质静压差及发电标准煤耗降低值的变化情况,同时监测了二级热交换器前后烟气中固体颗粒物含量。结果表明：一级热交换器的换热量明显高于二级热交换器,烟气中水分主要在二级热交换器冷凝;标准煤耗降低值高达3.09 g/（kW·h）;同时烟气经过二级热交换器后固体颗粒物含量明显降低。为燃煤电站锅炉尾部烟气余热回收利用提供了参考。     

两级压缩热泵空调器的回油性能实验研究

两级节流循环的理论制冷系数要高,是小型低温热泵机型理想选择。对两级压缩循环二级节流中间不完全冷却系统,通过对其进行实际回油性能实验研究表明,小型两级压缩二级节流系统及压缩机的回油性能良好,冷媒迁移不会对压缩机启动产生不良影响,系统回液正常,运行中闪蒸器无积存润滑油,该系统可适应超低温制热的要求。对于小型两级压缩热泵系统,即使在零下30℃的环境中运行,压缩机回油良好,运转可靠,对实现热泵空调器的超低温制热的意义重大。     

热电联产电厂热网节能经济运行方式浅析

阐述了热网节能控制技术的原理,即根据室外日平均温度,通过调节一级网供、回水温差,控制热源供热量的经济运行方式,并对所产生的经济效益进行了分析.实践证明,该种控制方法能够使供热企业获得较大的经济效益.     

Investigation and optimization of the depth of flue gas heat recovery in surface heat exchangers

Economic issues associated with designing deep flue gas heat recovery units for natural gas-fired boilers are examined. The governing parameter affecting the performance and cost of surface-type condensing heat recovery heat exchangers is the heat transfer surface area. When firing natural gas, the heat recovery depth depends on the flue gas temperature at the condenser outlet and determines the amount of condensed water vapor. The effect of the outlet flue gas temperature in a heat recovery heat exchanger on the additionally recovered heat power is studied. A correlation has been derived enabling one to determine the best heat recovery depth (or the final cooling temperature) maximizing the anticipated reduced annual profit of a power enterprise from implementation of energy-saving measures. Results of optimization are presented for a surface-type condensing gas–air plate heat recovery heat exchanger for the climatic conditions and the economic situation in Tomsk. The predictions demonstrate that it is economically feasible to design similar heat recovery heat exchangers for a flue gas outlet temperature of 10°С. In this case, the payback period for the investment in the heat recovery heat exchanger will be 1.5 years. The effect of various factors on the optimal outlet flue gas temperature was analyzed. Most climatic, economical, or technological factors have a minor effect on the best outlet temperature, which remains between 5 and 20°С when varying the affecting factors. The derived correlation enables us to preliminary estimate the outlet (final) flue gas temperature that should be used in designing the heat transfer surface of a heat recovery heat exchanger for a gas-fired boiler as applied to the specific climatic conditions.     

磨煤机再循环风门开度对锅炉经济性和安全性的影响

在制粉系统的运行中,三次风温和三次风率往往不能同时满足设计值,磨煤机再循环风门开度直接影响三次风温和三次风率。为了解磨煤机再循环风门开度对锅炉炉膛温度、飞灰含碳量以及高温受热面壁温的影响,特进行了专项试验。试验表明三次风率的大小对锅炉燃烧的影响较大,较佳的磨煤机再循环风门开度可以提高锅炉的经济性和安全性。     

炉内喷钙脱硫对锅炉性能影响的试验研究

研究了一台150MW供热锅炉炉内喷钙脱硫对运行性能的影响。追踪了喷钙脱硫投运前后三年来排烟温度的变化,定量分析喷钙脱硫引起受热面异常沾污对锅炉性能的影响;并通过专项试验,研究炉内喷钙脱硫对燃烧、炉膛和空气预热器传热的影响,结果表明,炉内喷钙脱硫使锅炉效率降低约1.72%,炉膛吸热量略有增加。     

Three-zonal engineering method of heat calculation for fluidized bed furnaces based on data on commercial investigations of heat generation distribution during biomass combustion

A three-zonal method of heat calculation of furnaces for combustion of biomass and low-caloric fuel in the fluidized bed is described. The method is based on equations of thermal and material balances that account for heat generation by fuel in the zone, heat-and-mass transfer heat exchange between the furnace media and surfaces that bound the zone, and heat-and-mass transfer between furnace zones. The calculation procedure for heat generation by fuel in the fluidized bed (FB) using the heat generation portion by the fuel is proposed. Based on commercial investigations, the main factors that affect the average temperature in the FB and the portion of fuel heat that is released in the FB are determined. Results of commercial investigations showed that the airflow coefficient in the FB should be recognized as the main operation parameter that affects the average temperature in the FB and, consequently, heat generation in the FB. The gas flow rate in the FB can be marked out as the second factor that affects the consumption degree of oxidizer supplied in the FB. Commercial investigations revealed that mixing is affected by the gas flow rate in the FB and the bed material particle size, which may be changed during the boiler operation because of the agglomeration of particles of sand and ash. The calculation processing of commercial investigations on a KM-75-40M boiler of a CHP-3 of an Arkhangelsk Pulp and Paper Mill (APPM), which was carried out using the inverse problem procedure by means of a developed computer program, determined the range of the fuel heat release share in the FB, which was 0.26–0.45 at an excess air factor of 0.59–0.93 in the bed, and the heat release share in the maximum temperature zone in the total heat release in the superbed space. The heat release share in the bed is determined as an approximating function of the excess air factor in the bed and the fluidization number. The research results can be used during designing boilers with the fluidized bed on biomass.     

Reserves for improving the utilization efficiency of regenerative extractions from turbines at cogeneration stations

It is shown that considerable reserves for improving energy efficiency are available at the majority of Russian cogeneration stations, because the arrangements using which heat is supplied for the needs of water treatment plants are far from being optimal. New solutions are proposed that allow heat to be supplied to these loads in a more economically efficient manner with the use of low-potential regenerative extractions from cogeneration steam turbines, as well as technologies for improving the efficiency of combined-cycle plants the exhaust gases from which are discharged into a boiler.     

基于水动力分析的锅炉水冷壁壁温控制研究

以某电厂八角双切圆燃烧方式锅炉为研究对象,计算50％THA负荷下锅炉水动力特性,前墙回路中各管流量偏差最大约20％,前墙水冷壁局部超温区域管流量较其周边回路管流量偏低约10％～12％,同时该些回路对应的区域为炉膛燃烧热角区域,热负荷分布高,更加容易造成该区域水冷壁局部超温.综合分析可以看出,低负荷时锅炉前墙各水冷壁管流...     

某700MW切圆燃烧机组低氮燃烧贴壁风系统数值计算与应用分析

针对某2′700MW超临界四角切圆锅炉高温腐蚀问题,提出了加装贴壁风系统及低NOx燃烧优化改造方案,并通过对改造方案满负荷炉膛燃烧状态进行一系列数值计算,以及对主燃区近壁O2、CO、H2S等组分和烟气温度分布进行分析。结果显示,增加2层/8只反切布置贴壁风喷口后,上层燃烧器至还原区上部近壁O2浓度显著增加,CO、H2S浓度明显下降,烟气温度降低。贴壁风系统可以有效防治还原区侧墙水冷壁高温腐蚀。结合改后的现场调整试验,分析发现贴壁风可以改善炉膛出口烟气温度分布,降低左右两侧烟气温度偏差,对于四角切圆锅炉水平烟道对流过热面安全运行具有重要意义。增加贴壁风后,锅炉在保证经济性的条件下,可以提高锅炉运行的安全性和环保性。     

锅炉高温腐蚀实验研究

锅炉高温腐蚀，对锅炉的安全经济运行有很大危害。该文分析了造成山东省电站锅炉水冷壁高温腐蚀的主要原因。经过研究，提出了改进措施，并进行了实炉实验研究。该文提出的措施为：(1)底层双通道燃烧器区域采用侧边风技术；(2)部分一次风反切；(3)采用富集型煤粉燃烧器强化三次风燃烧。经过实炉的热态实验表明，该文所提出的改造方案，能够解决高温腐蚀问题。改造后，低负荷稳燃及热效率不受影响。采用该文提出的方法，解决高温腐蚀问题，是成功的。