台阶式溢洪道水流空化特性及空化空蚀位置的确定

为探讨台阶式溢洪道水流空化特性,结合某水库实际工程,采用水工模型试验方法,研究了不同流量条件下台阶式溢洪道的流速、压强分布和空化特性。结果表明,在溢流堰段,水流流速沿程逐渐增大,压强沿程逐渐减小,水流空化数也逐渐减小;在台阶段,流速沿程先逐渐增大,在初始掺气点达到最大值后有所下降,随后逐渐增加并趋于某一常数,压强沿程呈波浪式发展,水流空化数也呈波浪式发展;在消力池内,水流流速先逐渐减小,达到最小值后又逐渐增大,压强先逐渐增大,增大到最大值后逐渐减小,然后减小到最小值,再逐渐增大,水流空化数沿程先逐渐增大,达到最大值后逐渐减小;台阶水平面上的空化数从台阶凹角向凸角逐渐增大,竖直面上的空化数从底部向顶部逐渐减小;同时水流空化数随着流量的增加而减小。     

竖井旋流泄洪洞不同衔接段体型对竖井底板压强的影响

结合某超高水头、大泄量竖井旋流泄洪洞的水工模型试验,对竖井与导流洞衔接段体型进行优化研究,重点比较了不同衔接段体型竖井底板的脉动压强。试验表明,当压坡出口面积增大时,水流紊动程度增加,竖井底板所受的最大脉动压强增大,且竖井底板出现最大脉动压强的工况也发生改变;通过分析压坡口面积与竖井底板所受最大脉动压强值之间的关系,引入了单位水体能量消耗量的概念,竖井水垫区单位水体需要消耗的能量越多,竖井底板所受的最大脉动压强就越大;加深消力井深度、沿长压坡长度及改变压坡孔口数量,均不能降低竖井底板所受的最大脉动压强。     

倾斜底板角度对侧向挑入消力池的岸边溢洪道的影响

针对岸边溢洪道从侧面挑入与之平行布置的已有消力池来消能的布置形式,采用数值模拟方法研究了不同倾斜底板角度及挑坎与消力池间高差的溢洪道水力特性及消力池内的水流流态等。结果表明,随着挑坎底板倾角的逐渐增大,水舌左支流量逐渐减小,右支流量逐渐增大,挑坎所受最大压强与挑坎内最大水深均逐渐减小;消力池底板最大压强逐渐增大,但最大冲击点位置逐渐向消力池右侧及上游区域移动,即消力池左侧边墙与尾坎逐渐不受冲。     

掺气坎后水流掺气浓度分布及掺气保护长度试验研究

在掺气减蚀研究中,掺气设施的掺气保护长度是检验掺气减蚀效果的重要指标,而水流掺气浓度及其分布将决定掺气保护长度。通过反弧段泄槽模型试验,研究了不同流量、不同挑坎高度时掺气浓度与掺气保护长度的变化规律。结果表明,掺气坎后水流掺气浓度沿程分布规律为先增大后减小,而在断面上的分布规律为由水流表面到水流底部逐渐减小;泄槽反弧段与泄槽直段及不同水深处掺气浓度的沿程衰减率不同;在其他条件不变时,掺气浓度与流量大小成反比,与挑坎高度成正比;掺气有效保护长度随流量增大而减小,随掺气坎高的增大而增大。     

溢流反弧紊流边界层数值分析

本文在极坐标系下建立了一个模拟溢流反弧水流平均运动特性的数学模型.用Κ—ε紊流模式使基本方程封闭,用控制体积法对计算区域进行离散,最后编制大型计算机通用程序对四种不同反弧半径的紊流流场进行了求解.通过四个算例获得速度分布、边界层厚度、紊动动能变化、紊动能耗散率变化、反弧壁面切应力变化等资料.除紊动资料和反弧壁面切应力资料无实测资料验证外,其余计算均与实验结果吻合良好.     

超深层挡水放空洞复杂体型高速水流水力特性数值模拟

针对某水电站超深层挡水放空洞复杂体型,利用3D紊流数值模拟方法,采用VOF方法追踪自由水面,对泄流能力、沿程水面线、流速、压强等水力特性进行了数值模拟分析。结果表明,该放空洞结构泄流能力满足设计要求,设计体型基本合理,有压洞转弯段出现严重的偏流,需对该段体型进行优化;弧形闸室后部两侧突扩结构最小负压0.1MPa,结构易发生空化空蚀,建议减小突扩结构尺寸,延长侧墙长度,尽量减小侧墙坡度;消能工段出口底板部位最小负压为0.1MPa,建议取消挑坎末端水平段,使水流直接挑出。     

叶巴滩水电站导流洞水压力分布研究

导流隧洞作为泄水建筑物，洞身、洞顶和底板的压力分布对于避免空蚀空化、振动等不良现象至关重要。以叶巴滩水电站导流隧洞为例，基于物理模型试验、RNG k-ω紊流模型、VOF法建立的三维数值模型模拟了导流隧洞压力分布，通过泄流能力、底板沿程压力等试验数据验证了数值模型的可靠性。结果表明，导流隧洞底板和顶部沿程压力分布均呈下降趋势，但在闸室段、堵头段等水力边界突变处，压力值发生了波动；在转弯段，水流受离心力影响显著，主流区位置和水流压力存在偏离轴线，靠近外边墙的趋势。     

组合掺气体型水力特性三维数值模拟

基于Realizableκ-ε紊流模型和VOF方法,以博贡大型龙抬头泄洪洞直线段为例,对挑坎后加矩型、U型和V型掺气槽的水力特性进行了三维数值模拟.结果表明,U型掺气槽水流冲击底板的压强最大,矩型和V型掺气槽对底板的冲击压强相当,矩形掺气槽形成的侧空腔最长.三种掺气槽后水流流态均平顺,水流强烈紊动形成的涡旋卷吸将空气卷吸入水流中.     

消力池内布置双层悬栅的压强特性数值模拟

针对物理模型试验中双层悬栅消力池内水流波动较大、压强场难以测量的问题,利用流体力学软件FLUENT建立RNGκ-ε双方程紊流模型进行数值模拟计算,得到消力池底板的时均压强及悬栅迎水面与背水面的时均压强差。通过对比分析计算结果表明,消力池内布置双层悬栅时,消力池上游段底板、第1根悬栅及下层悬栅受水流冲击较大,在结构稳定性设计时需提高其抗压强度。     

Fluent软件在溢洪道泄流中的应用

运用Fluent软件采用标准k-ε紊流模型和VOF法追踪自由表面,模型进流边界按压力进口边界条件,采用UDF函数定义水流进口断面压强分布,对某水库溢洪道泄洪进行了三维数值模拟,得到了溢洪道泄流量、沿程水面线、底板压强及流速分布,计算值与试验值吻合较好。表明采用压力进口边界条件和UDF函数定义水流进口断面压强分布研究溢洪道泄流是可行的,可在泄水建筑物体形优化设计中广泛应用。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.