FISH ASSEMBLAGES RESPOND TO HABITAT AND HYDROLOGY IN THE WABASH RIVER,INDIANA

Detailed relationships between fish assemblages and habitat and hydrology variation are largely unknown for large rivers. We evaluated hydrology, habitat variation and fish assemblages at 28 sites on the Wabash River, Indiana, USA, during 2005–2008. We calculated hydrologic variation with the Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration software and tested for temporal hydrologic effects on habitat variation of substrate particle size, water depth and water velocity by reducing data into principal component axes that were tested for differences among years with ANOVAs. We then tested for effects of habitat and hydrology variation on fish assemblages with canonical correspondence analysis. These analyses showed significant relationships between hydrologic variation and local habitats, and hydrology and habitat variables had significant relationships with fish assemblage structure. Our Mantel tests resulted in significant concordance among hydrology, local habitat variation and fish assemblage structure, suggesting associations of these variables. These results supported strong connections for hydraulic control over habitat variation and subsequent effects on fish assemblages. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三地理信息系统中的水文数据模型研究与探讨

地理信息系统（GIS）中的水文数据模型是GIS在水文水资源应用中的核心和基础。结合GIS在水文水资源中应用的现状与需求,分析和总结了2种GIS水文数据模型;从构造GIS水文地理空间数据库的角度出发,对与水文现象相关的各种地理特征进行深刻认识和理解,在此基础上提出了面向对象的GIS水文数据模型设计的结构和要点。     

Hydrologic spiralling: the role of multiple interactive flow paths in stream ecosystems

We develop and illustrate the concept of ‘hydrologic spiralling’ using a high‐resolution (2 × 2 m grid cell) simulation of hyporheic hydrology across a 1.7 km² section of the sand, gravel and cobble floodplain aquifer of the upper Umatilla River of northeastern Oregon, USA. We parameterized the model using a continuous map of surface water stage derived from LIDAR remote sensing data. Model results reveal the presence of complex spatial patterns of hyporheic exchange across spatial scales. We use simulation results to describe streams as a collection of hierarchically organized, individual flow paths that spiral across ecotones within streams and knit together stream ecosystems. Such a view underscores the importance of: (1) gross hyporheic exchange rates in rivers, (2) the differing ecological roles of short and long hyporheic flow paths, and (3) the downstream movement of water and solutes outside of the stream channel (e.g. in the alluvial aquifer). Hydrologic spirals underscore important limitations of empirical measures of biotic solute uptake from streams and provide a needed hydrologic framework for emerging research foci in stream ecology such as hydrologic connectivity, spatial and temporal variation in biogeochemical cycling rates and the role of stream geomorphology as a dominant control on stream ecosystem dynamics. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于.Net?的?WAP?水文信息查询系统的架构与实现

开展WAP应用是目前水利信息化的热点方向之一.分析WAP水文信息查询系统构建的关键技术,建立系统体系架构,探讨基于.Net的WAP水文信息查询系统的功能、具体实现方案,以及水文信息的实时发布,详密测试开发的WAP应用,结合云南省大理分局水文信息查询系统的应用实例阐述并验证具体的实现过程     

A Review on Monthly Water Balance Models for Water Resources Investigations

Research on the development and application of monthly water balance models has been carried out since the 1940s. A good body of experience has been gained for many models, and a review of these models is needed. Beginning with the development of monthly water balance models from the earliest times, this paper discusses the relevance of various aspects of the practical application of such models. Monthly water balance models were introduced originally to evaluate the importance of different hydrologic parameters under a variety of hydrologic conditions. Present applications of water balance models are directed along three main lines: reconstruction of the hydrology of catchments, assessment of climatic impact changes, and evaluation of the seasonal and geographical patterns of water supply and irrigation demand.     

Assessment of Stochastic Operation Optimization for Reservoirs of Contrasting Scales

Deriving optimal release policies for dams and corresponding reservoirs is crucial for the sustainable water resources management of a region as they directly control the distribution of water to several users. Mathematical optimization algorithms can help in finding efficient reservoir operating strategies taking into account complex system constraints and hydrologic uncertainty. The robustness of operation optimization models may be influenced by physical reservoir characteristics such as size and scale and the effectiveness of a model for a particular case study does not always guarantee the same level of success for another application. This research focused on assessing the applicability of an implicit stochastic optimization (ISO) procedure to derive rule curves for two different dams of contrasting reservoir scales in terms of physical and operational characteristics. The results demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed technique for both small- and large-scale systems in view of the lower vulnerability provided by the ISO-derived policies in contrast to operations carried out by the standard reservoir operating policy as well as the proximity of the ISO operations with those by perfect-forecast deterministic optimization. The ISO procedure also provided operating rules similar to, and even less vulnerable than, those derived by stochastic dynamic programming.     

Application of HEC-HMS for flood forecasting in Misai and Wan'an catchments in China

The hydrologic model HEC-HMS(Hydrologic Engineering Center,Hydrologic Modeling System),used in combination with the Geospatial Hydrologic Modeling Extension,HEC-GeoHMS,is not a site-specific hydrologic model.Although China has seen the applications of many hydrologic and hydraulic models,HEC-HMS is seldom applied in China,and where it is applied,it is not applied holistically.This paper presents a holistic application of HEC-HMS.Its applicability,capability and suitability for flood forecasting in catchments were examined.The DEMs(digital elevation models)of the study areas were processed using HEC-GeoHMS,an ArcView GIS extension for catchment delineation,terrain pre-processing,and basin processing.The model was calibrated and verified using historical observed data.The determination coefficients and coefficients of agreement for all the flood events were above 0.9,and the relative errors in peak discharges were all within the acceptable range.     

新一代水文模拟系统的流域嵌套式强化观测方案设计 —以新安江水文水资源实验改建项目为例

气候变化和高强度的人类活动对水文循环及其时空演变规律产生了重要影响,原有研究成果已不能真实反映现代条件下的水文变化规律.作为概念性模型的代表,新安江模型已不能适应变化环境下流域综合水文要素的模拟,因此有大量应用基础研究工作亟需加强.为解决这一难题,文章以新安江水文水资源实验站改建项目为例,阐述嵌套式强化观测流域设计方案的应用,在原有设施基础上,嵌套增建了原型小流域及坡地水文综合要素观测场、嵌套式强化观测流域、水文综合实验与分析测试中心及远程接收中心.结果表明该设计方案能够有效的提升数据资源类型及涵盖面,为发展新一代水文模型系统提供数据支撑,为建设流域大气-水文-生态综合模型提供科学依据.     

绿水评估方法研究进展

在回顾绿水量计算方法的基础上,阐述了水分平衡法、植物生理学法、微气象学法、模型法、遥感法及仪器法的适用条件和特点,认为遥感信息支持下的微气象学法和模型法实际可操作性更大;提出了绿水计算面临的两个关键问题是时间和空间尺度、生产性绿水与非生产性绿水的分离,分析了气候变化和下垫面景观变化对绿水评估的影响,同时展望了绿水评估对水资源一体化管理的应用前景。     

长江上游变化条件下的流域水文预报模型系统研究

随着长江上游水库建设以及自然条件气候变化的影响,近些年长江上游各支流水文条件发生了较大变化,长系列历史资料以及基于天然河道所编制的水文预报方法不能完全适应新形势下生产调度的需要。必须开展三峡水库上游流域自然条件、流域径流等多方面变化的总结分析工作,建立考虑受气候变化和人类活动影响的流域水文预报模型,解决变化条件下的三峡入库径流预测问题,为实现流域梯级水电站群的安全高效运行和洪水资源化利用,提供科学和技术支撑。     

城市化与城市水文学面临的问题

随着经济社会的快速发展,目前我国正处在城镇化快速发展的时期,由此引发的城市水问题愈发突出,相关研究需求也愈加迫切.本文初步分析了城市化对降水和极端暴雨、流域产汇流规律及洪水、需水、供水及水资源保障、水质水环境及水生态系统等方面的影响.在分析城市水文效应的基础上,从学科发展和应用的角度,提出了当前城市水文学需要重点研究的问题,如城市极端暴雨的成因分析、城市暴雨洪水计算方法、城市雨洪资源化应用方法和关键技术等.     

A Genetic Programming Approach to Rainfall-Runoff Modelling

Planning for sustainable development of water resources relies crucially on the data available. Continuous hydrologic simulation based on conceptual models has proved to be the appropriate tool for studying rainfall-runoff processes and for providing necessary data. In recent years, artificial neural networks have emerged as a novel identification technique for the modelling of hydrological processes. However, they represent their knowledge in terms of a weight matrix that is not accessible to human understanding at present. This paper introduces genetic programming, which is an evolutionary computing method that provides a transparent and structured system identification, to rainfall-runoff modelling. The genetic-programming approach is applied to flow prediction for the Kirkton catchment in Scotland (U.K.). The results obtained are compared to those attained using two optimally calibrated conceptual models and an artificial neural network. Correlations identified using data-driven approaches (genetic programming and neural network) are surprising in their consistency considering the relative size of the models and the number of variables included. These results also compare favourably with the conceptual models.     

月水量平衡模型在中国不同气候区的应用

概念性水文模型是目前评价环境变化对区域水文水资源影响的有力工具,大尺度水文模拟是气候变化影响评价中的关键技术.利用10个位于我国不同气候区的代表性流域的水文气象资料.验证了月水量平衡模型在不同气候区的应用效果.结果表明:月水量平衡模型能够适用于我国不同气候区的月流量过程模拟,其中,对湿润半湿润地区的模拟精度好于干旱半干旱地区的模拟效果;若流域内降水径流量关系密切,则水文模拟的效果也会较好.人类活动的影响,使得长序列水文模拟误差增大,但不同人类活动类型对流域水文模拟效果的影响是不同的.     

HEC-HMS模型在南水北调东线水资源调度中的应用

介绍了HEC-HMS水文模型系统，利用HEC—GeoHMS模块，由数字高程模型（DEM）生成洪泽湖、骆马湖、南四湖及东平湖上游数字流域，并对每个流域进行降雨径流模拟，模型考虑了流域内水利工程及河道取水的影响。结果表明：HEC-HMS模型应用方便，对南水北调东线沿线地区有较好的适用性，计算结果和观测入湖流量有较好的拟合，能为东线工程的水资源调度决策提供区间来水模拟预报。     

Comparison of Computer Models for Estimating Hydrology and Water Quality in an Agricultural Watershed

Various computer models, ranging from simple to complex, have been developed to simulate hydrology and water quality from field to watershed scales. However, many users are uncertain about which model to choose when estimating water quantity and quality conditions in a watershed. This study compared hydrologic/water quality models including Spreadsheet Tool for the Estimation of Pollutant Load (STEPL)-Purdue, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), High Impact Targeting (HIT), Long-Term Hydrologic Impact Assessment (L-THIA), Pollutant Load (PLOAD), Spatially and Temporally Distributed Model for Phosphorus Management (STEM-P), Region 5, and ensemble modeling (using STEPL-Purdue, SWAT, L-THIA, PLOAD, and STEM-P). Model capabilities, inputs, and underlying methods to estimate streamflow, surface runoff, baseflow, nutrients, and sediment were examined. Uncalibrated, calibrated, and validated outputs of these models and uncalibrated ensemble modeling in estimating water quantity and quality for a 41.5 km² agricultural watershed in Northeastern Indiana were explored, and suggestions were provided on the selection and use of models. Models need to be selected carefully based on the simulation objectives, data availability, model characteristics, time constraints, and project budgets.

     

GIS技术在水文水资源领域的应用现状与展望

水文水资源领域引入GIS地理信息系统,为水文水资源管理、查询、分析和模拟提供了一条加快捷有效的途径。GIS地理信息系统在水文水资源领域的应用主要有五个方面:地表水资源及地下水资源的空间分布和调配;流域面雨量计算;地下水资源勘查;水文模拟及水情预报。GIS地理信息系统在水文水资源领域应用的主要发展趋势包括四个方面:加强应用标准和规范的研究和制定;建立具有水文水资源特色的地理空间数据库;GIS融合水文水资源专业模型;GIS软件向多维发展。     

Runoff Reduction Capabilities and Irrigation Requirements of Green Roofs

In this study, the hydrologic and hydraulic processes occurring in green roofs are analyzed and the similarities and differences in the rainfall-runoff transformation between green roofs and regular catchments are identified. Analytical equations, which can be used to evaluate the long-term average runoff reduction rates, fractions of time when irrigation is needed, and irrigation water requirements of both extensive and intensive green roofs with or without storage layers, are derived by modifying or extending the analytical probabilistic model which was previously developed to model probabilistically the rainfall-runoff processes occurring on regular catchments. The accuracy of these analytical equations is verified by comparing with continuous simulation results. Also demonstrated in this paper are the performances of green roofs with widely different hydrologic designs under arid and humid climate conditions.     

城市化过程中的水环境问题研究综述

城市化的快速发展对城市区域水环境产生了重要影响。为此,从城市化过程中的地表水文过程变化、城市化与地表水环境、城市化与城市水资源等方面论述了目前国内外的研究现状,并分析了目前研究中存在的不足,提出了城市水资源可持续利用对策。     

复合生态系统的降雨截留过程模拟

在水文水资源分析计算中，对降雨损失的处理，往往只对蒸散发和土壤下渗量进行计算，忽视了植被的降雨截留损失，这样至少说在理论上是不完善的。因而，在水文分析计算中，准确模拟植被的降雨截留过程，对合理评价水资源量，具有现实意义和理论价值。在系统分析复合生态系统的降雨截留过程的基础上，建立了半理论的复合生态系统截留计算模型，用于小型生态流域模拟降雨截留过程，不仅丰富了水文学的内容，而且完善了降雨损失计算的理论。     

稀缺资料流域水文计算若干研究:以青藏高原为例

稀缺资料流域水文计算是长期困扰国际水文学界的难题之一,其根本难点在于降雨径流过程的复杂性、流域下垫面与气象要素的时空变异性以及人类对流域水循环规律认知水平的局限性。本文从稀缺资料流域的类型、缺乏降水和径流观测数据的水文计算研究等方面综述了稀缺资料流域水文计算的研究进展。以我国水文气象资料最为稀缺的青藏高原为例,结合水文综合模拟系统(Hydro-Informatic Modeling System,HIMS)在水情预报中的应用,阐述了稀缺资料流域的水文计算方法,包括卫星遥感降水产品的水文模拟能力评估、基于日平均径流数据推求瞬时洪峰流量、洪水调查数据的区域综合和水文模型参数移植等研究,展示了稀缺资料流域水文计算的相关研究进展。