湿度起伏对可见光波段C2n影响的再研究

用Li7500 CO2/H2O分析仪直接测量了近海边湿度起伏数据,结合温度脉动仪和超声风速计测量的数据,计算出湿度、温度和温湿相关项的结构常数,研究了湿度起伏对C2n的影响.结果表明:对于可见光,相对于温度起伏而言,湿度起伏和温湿相关项的贡献都很小.实验期间不论是白天还是夜晚,都有与Kolmogorov-5/3谱相近的温度谱和湿度谱存在,并且,在低波数区出现-1次方谱幂率,绝大部分湿度谱幂率值处于-5/3土0.2的区间内.     

近海边湍流谱特征分析

采用三维超声风速仪测量了近海边三维风速和虚温数据.谱分析表明:近海边近地层湍流基本满足局地均匀各向同性的假定.提出了一种确定谱幂率的方法-连续滑动线性回归法,对利用此法算出的风速谱谱幂率和温度谱谱幂率进行统计分析发现,风速谱谱幂率概率分布于以"-5/3"为中心的置信区间内,基本上满足Komogorov的"-5/3"定律;而温度谱幂率的概率分布则偏离"-5/3".结合层结稳定度分析发现:在稳定层结下,44.3%的温度谱幂率满足"-5/3";在不稳定层结下,16.1%的谱幂率满足"-5/3".据此认为,大气层结状态可能是造成温度谱幂率偏离"-5/3"的主要原因.     

雪面上湍流谱特征研究

采用35 m铁塔上的超声风速仪数据,分析了雪面上近地层速度和温度谱,发现不同稳定度的湍流谱在高频时合并在一起,而低频谱并没有随稳定度呈现规律性变化,但随平均风速分开.给出了与稳定条件无关的雪面上湍流谱的拟合公式.并检验了雪面上局地各项同性假设.用归一化谱拟合谱幂率,拟合结果与-5/3的符合度高达85%.速度谱和温度谱惯性区谱幂率都集中分布在-5/3附近.惯性子区速度谱幂率与稳定度没有明显关系,温度谱中性时偏离比较大.     

复杂地形近地面温度谱

本文统计分析了复杂地形近地面大量温度脉动功率谱，结果表明，在复杂地形情况下，不一定总能用Kolmgorov的湍流谱来描述，相当多的时间温度谱的幂率偏陡，在-5/3至-3之间，有时还会在惯性区出现两段-5/3幂率，其中频率高的一段强度更强。本文还讨论了偏离Kolmogorov的条件和原因。     

激光实际大气传输湍流效应相位校正一些实验结果

进行了近地面水平大气中激光传输湍流效应及其自适应光学相位校正实验，对光束振幅起伏、到达角起伏及其远场Strehl比进行了测量分析。实验结果表明，光束到达角起伏功率谱在低频段（f＜0．4υ／d）近似地满足-2/3次幂关系，而在高频段（f＞0．4υ／d）则近似满足-8／3次幂关系。在较弱湍流效应情况下时数振幅起伏方差小于0．3），相位补偿是有效的，而在较强湍流效应树数振福起伏饱和）时，自适应光学系统常常不能实现稳定闭环。由于传输场景地形复杂，湍流效应及其相位校正效果定量规律的描述还需进一步研究。     

大气闪烁的时间频域特性研究

为了深入认识大气闪烁的时间频域特性,给在大气中工作的光学系统的工程设计和性能评估提供参考,理论推导了大气闪烁功率谱的通用解析表达式,数值研究了不同传输条件下大气闪烁的时间频域特性.孔径接收下,对于水平均匀路径,平面波闪烁功率谱高频区近似呈现-17/3幂率,球面波近似呈现-11/3幂率;对于整层下行路径,高频区均近似呈现-17/3幂率,低频区与高频区之间存在一缓变区,孔径越大,缓变区越宽.典型大气条件下低频区加上缓变区的频谱宽度约为150 Hz.     

利用闪烁和到达角起伏测量横向风速的对比研究

基于湍流冻结假说,利用时空相关函数分析了使用大气相干长度仪(DIMM)测量横向平均风速的原理,并通过闪烁和到达角起伏测量风速的路径权重函数确定风速传感器的安装位置。在弱湍流条件下,根据水平1 km传输实验测量的到达角起伏和光强起伏数据,分别计算横向风速并与风速传感器同时测量的参考风速对比,发现利用到达角起伏计算的风速与参考风速有一定的相关性。该实验拓展了大气相干长度仪的使用功能。     

用于光传输实验研究的湍流箱的设计和特性分析

大气中折射率起伏主要由温度的随机变化引起,因此可通过调节气流的温度和速度来人工地产生湍流并控制其强度,基于此原理设计并研制了一种用于光传输实验研究的大气湍流箱.通过同时测量传榆光波的到达角起伏和闪烁,得到了箱内光传输路径上大气折射率结构常数C2n和湍流内尺度l0.实验结果显示,C2n和l0分别受箱内温度和风速的影响.C2n在温度45℃、风速0.48 m/s时达到1.58×10-11 m-2/3,lo在温度25℃、风速1.04 m/s情况下为2.33 mm.对对数光强时间功率谱的分析表明,此湍流箱所产生的湍流适合用于光波大气传榆湍流效应的实验研究.     

幂率谱噪声的离散仿真生成

幂率谱噪声的生成一直是原子钟性能仿真领域研究的一个薄弱环节。在分析了原子钟的幂率谱噪声基础上,提出两种在时域和频域上生成幂率谱噪声的离散仿真方法,并通过仿真实现了5种幂率谱噪声的生成。仿真结果证明,该方法的实际仿真值与理论值之间的最大相对误差不超过2%,且随着取样点数N的增加,仿真值将更加接近理论值。同时由于该方法具有一般性,对于其他有色噪声的仿真生成同样具有重大的参考意义。     

高阻GaN薄膜电阻率测量

建立了绝缘电阻大于1013Ω和温度起伏小于0.1℃的高阻GaN薄膜电阻率装置,并简述了其测量电阻率的原理.研究了环境温度、湿度、漏电流、数据读取时间、测量电压、样品尺寸等因素对电阻率与迁移率的影响,并讨论了各种因素所引起的测量误差.     

Acoustic methods for the remote probing of the lower atmosphere

The potential usefulness of acoustic methods for the remote probing of the lower atmosphere is reviewed. Starting with a comparison of the effects of temperature, wind, and humidity fluctuations upon the refractive index of air to electromagnetic and acoustic waves, it is shown that the fluctuations in acoustic refractive index may be expected to be about 1000 times stronger than in the radio case. The opportunities for passive and for line-of-sight remote acoustical sensing of the troposphere offered by this relatively strong interaction are briefly identified. Since the scattered power is proportional to the square of the refractive index fluctuations, the scatter of acoustic waves may be expected to be roughly one million times stronger than for radio waves. Based on the theoretical work of Kallistratova (but including the effects of atmospheric absorption), the system parameters required for effective acoustic echo-sounding of the lower atmosphere are deduced. It is concluded that the acoustic sounding technique could be developed to monitor, to heights of at least 1500 meters, 1) the vertical profile of wind speed and direction, 2) the vertical profile of humidity, 3) the location and intensity of temperature inversions, 4) the three-dimensional spectrum of mechanical turbulence, and 5) the three-dimensional spectrum of temperature inhomogeneity (i.e., of optical refractive index fluctuation). Typical time and height resolutions for the proposed acoustic echo-sounders could be of the order 10 seconds and 10 meters; the spatial wave number explored could range from about 10^-2m^-1to about 400 m^-1.     

泵浦功率对掺铒光纤光源性能影响的实验研究

超荧光掺铒光纤光源技术是高精度光纤陀螺的关键技术之一,其优劣直接影响陀螺的性能。在完成铒纤长度优化设计的基础上,实验分析了泵浦功率对掺铒光纤光源平均波长以及带宽的影响,同时在-20-60℃的温度范围内,测量了不同泵浦功率条件下掺铒光纤光源平均波长、带宽和输出功率随温度的漂移。实验结果表明,当泵浦功率在60—120mW范围内时,平均波长受泵浦功率的影响约为-6．5ppm／mW,可以根据光纤陀螺对输出功率和带宽大小的要求在此范围内选择合适的泵浦功率。最终装配样机的平均波长的长期稳定性（6h）达到5ppm（峰-峰值）,短期稳定性（1h）达到2ppm,可以在此基础上定制合适的光纤光栅滤波器,对ASE光谱进行滤波,使谱形满足高精度光纤陀螺的要求．     

Temperature Dependence of High Frequency and Noise Performance of Sb-Heterostructure Millimeter-Wave Detectors

The temperature dependence of the microwave and noise performance of zero-bias Sb-heterostructure backward diodes for millimeter-wave detection have been investigated experimentally. Both the junction capacitance and junction resistance were found to decrease with decreasing temperature, while the intrinsic cutoff frequency and sensitivity are observed to increase as the temperature is lowered. A simple physical model that captures these effects is described. The directly measured voltage sensitivity at 50 GHz for a 2times2 mum ² device increased from 3650 V/W at room temperature to 7190 V/W at 4.2 K. The measured noise equivalent power (NEP) decreased from 4.2 to 0.2 pW/Hz^1/2 as the temperature was lowered from 298 K to 4.2 K when driven from a 50- Omega source. Based on the measured RF sensitivity, S-parameters, and noise spectrum, a NEP of 0.3 pW/Hz^1/2 is projected for room-temperature operation at zero bias using a conjugately matched RF source     

下行传输孔径接收光强起伏的统计特性

为了研究星地下行激光链路接收光强起伏的统计特性,进行了恒星观测实验,分析了下行传输孔径接收下实际接收光强起伏的归一化方差、概率密度和闪烁频谱,并讨论了接收端瞄准偏差对接收光强的影响和星地下行大气信道的传播特性。实验结果表明,在下行传输孔径接收的条件下,天顶角从0°增至55°时接收光强的归一化方差从0.015增到0.102,不同天顶角下的接收光强起伏概率分布均服从对数正态分布,稳定大气条件下闪烁频谱的高频幂指数为-5/3,不稳定大气条件下为-11/3。     

基于SHT10的温湿度监测系统的设计

本温湿度监测系统以AT89C51为核心,以温湿度传感器SHT10作为测量元件,采集并实时显示传感器的测量数据,另外它还具有调节上下限并进行报警设置等功能。文章给出了硬件的设计过程和软件流程图,并进行了仿真,仿真结果表明,当温度变化范围为0~40℃,测量精度为±1℃;湿度变化范围为10%~100%RH,测量精度为±5%RH。该系统结构简单、携带方便、精度高,非常适合温室大棚及粮食存储等工厂企业应用。     

Extinction Behavior of Dry Snow in the 18-to 90-GHz Range

The extinction properties of several dry snow types were examined in the 18-to 90-GHz range. The snow types ranged from newly fallen snow to refrozen snow, and the density and mean grain size varied from 0.17 to 0.39 g/cm3 and from 0.2 to 1.6 mm, respectively. From measurements of the transmission loss as a function of sample thickness at a temperature of -15°C, the extinction coefficient and the surface scattering loss (due to surface roughness at the front and back surfaces of the snow slab) were determined for each snow type. The experimental values were compared against theoretical results computed according to the strong fluctuation theory. In general, good agreement with the experimental data was obtained at 18, 35, and 60 GHz when the grain size used in the theoretical calculations was chosen to be slightly smaller than the observed snow-particle size. However, the extinction coefficient of large-grained refrozen snow as predicted by the strong fluctuation theory is much larger at 90 GHz than the values determined experimentally. The attenuation in snow was observed to increase only slightly with increasing temperature in the -35 to -1°C range.     

近地层大气光学湍流自动观测系统

利用CSAT3三维超声风速仪与WXT520多功能气象传感器组成近地层光学湍流自动观测系统,使用太阳能电池供电和无线传输实现无人值守,可同时测量常规气象参数和大气折射率结构常数Cn2。系统包含一个控制中心和三个测量子站,可同时对三个测量点进行观测。通过对超声虚温进行湿度修正后得到真实温度,采用单点温度脉动法计算大气折射率结构常数Cn2,计算结果与温度脉动仪实测Cn2吻合较好。本系统可适应复杂恶劣的测量环境,性能稳定可靠,且测量子站可扩展。     

声波扰动激发湍流效应的研究

声波扰动能影响大气折射率结构常数，激发大气湍流效应.文章结合声波方程和Kolmogorov湍流模型的"2/3定律"，分析了声波激发功率和大气折射率结构常数之间的数值关系，分析了波长、温度和压强对大气折射率指数的影响.结果表明:压强的变化对大气折射率指数的影响最大，其次是温度，波长的影响最小.在标准大气压下，光波长为0.65 μm，声波扰动功率小于30 kW时，声波在距离声源1 m左右产生的大气折射率结构常数量级在10-17上下波动，属于大气弱湍流效应，表明声波扰动能产生湍流，激发湍流效应.     

Traveling-Wave Masers for Radio Astronomy in the Frequency Range 20-40 GHz

Tunable rutile traveling-wave masers (TWM's) have been developed for the frequency ranges 20-25 GHz and 29-35 GHz. Operating data for iron-doped rutile are given and the optimum concentration of iron has been determined. A new type of dielectric image line slow-wave structure (SWS), particularly useful in the frequency range 10-50 GHz, is used in two of the masers. This SWS is found superior to the other structure tested, the dielectrieally loaded waveguide. For both types of masers, a ferromagnetic isolator is used in order to ensure the gain stability of better than /spl plusmn/ 0.2 dB at 30 dB net gain, required for radio astronomical applications. The instantaneous 3dB bandwidth is 30-60 MHz, depending on the maser. The maser package noise temperature at the input waveguide flange was measured to 27 /spl plusmn/ 4 K.     

基于大偏置熔接的全光纤法布里珀罗湿度传感器

利用大偏置熔接方法在两段单模光纤(SMF)中间熔接一小段单模光纤作为支撑梁制作了一种开腔式法布里珀罗（F-P）干涉传感器。提出在干涉腔内填充一种湿度敏感型物质聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）从而形成一种高灵敏度的微型湿度计。当PAM通过吸收空气中的水蒸气而引起自身折射率发生改变,从而导致F-P干涉谱发生漂移,通过检测干涉谱的漂移量可以实现对环境相对湿度的测量。实验结果表明,这种湿度传感器在38%~78%的相对湿度范围内,在PAM折射率变化范围内其干涉谱漂移了约4 nm,漂移量与相对湿度的灵敏度约为0.1 nm/%;而在88%~98%的相对湿度范围内可实现高灵敏度的湿度测量,其干涉谱漂移了约59 nm,漂移量与相对湿度的灵敏度为5.868 nm/%。