模拟煤气中氧化铁吸附单质汞的影响因素

在固定床吸附机理研究实验台上,利用汞在线分析仪研究了超声波辅助沉淀法制备的氧化铁吸附剂在N2和模拟煤气气氛下对单质汞的吸附作用,分析煤气中气体成分对氧化铁吸附剂脱汞性能的影响.实验结果表明:氧化铁吸附剂在纯N2气氛下的脱汞效率较低;H2S可以促进氧化铁吸附剂对汞的吸附脱除,脱汞效率能够长时间维持在90%以上;在吸附床温度为150℃条件下,模拟煤气中的还原性气体CO和H2对氧化铁吸附剂的脱汞性能影响不大;模拟煤气中水蒸气抑制了氧化铁吸附剂对单质汞的吸附脱除;随着吸附床温度的升高,氧化铁吸附剂的脱汞效率先增高,而后逐渐降低.     

燃煤汞排放的测量及其控制技术

综述了目前燃煤锅炉汞排放的测量及其控制技术的研究现状。介绍了几种汞测量分析方法，其中Ontario Hydro方法目前被认为是湿化学分析方法中测量汞形态分布最有效的方法之一。烟气汞排放的控制方法有多种，利用活性炭以及其它新型吸附剂的吸附作用除汞；利用现有污染物控制装置通过颗粒捕集、洗涤等方法除汞。分析表明：降低脱汞成本而有效控制汞排放是今后的主要研究方向。该文在基础研究的基础上，提出了以半干法为基础的综合控制燃煤汞排放的方案。     

燃煤电厂现有污染物控制设备对汞形态转化和脱除研究

概述了目前燃煤电厂主流的污染物控制设备SCR脱硝装置、除尘设备和湿法脱硫装置中汞形态转化及污染物控制设备对汞的脱除的研究现状.指出SCR催化剂促进元素态汞的氧化,除尘设备和湿法脱硫装置对汞有一定的脱除作用.认为在除尘设备上游喷入低廉而高效的脱汞吸附剂和发展WFGD脱硫脱汞吸附剂是2015已建成电厂脱汞具有前景的烟气污染物控制技术.     

燃煤烟气脱汞吸附剂研究进展

概述了目前当今世界燃煤烟气中脱汞吸附剂的研究现状,介绍了碳基吸附剂、钙基吸附剂、石油焦、飞灰,以及一些新型吸附剂对汞的脱除效果。指出活性炭对汞的脱除效率高,但成本也高;飞灰吸附剂对汞脱除的成本低,但脱除效率也低。用于燃煤电厂汞吸附的吸附剂研究处于实验室研究阶段,因此开发价廉和高效脱汞吸附剂和吸附剂的再生等是吸附剂发展过程中的一个重要研究课题。     

燃煤烟气中汞脱除技术的研究进展

针对目前燃煤锅炉烟气中汞的排放状况,综述了燃煤电厂烟气中汞脱除技术的研究进展.介绍了现有常规污染物控制设备对燃煤烟气中汞的脱除能力;探讨了活性炭、改性活性炭、飞灰、钙基吸附剂、矿物类吸附剂以及一些新型吸附剂对汞的脱除效果.结合国内外研究经验,依靠现有污染物控制设备、改良常见吸附剂特性和开发高效廉价的吸附剂将成为今后我国脱除烟气汞的主要发展趋势.     

燃煤飞灰吸附气态汞影响因素的试验研究

利用汞渗透管产生的汞蒸气和基本气体成分,在小型固定床试验台上研究了飞灰用量、吸附温度、汞进气浓度及飞灰颗粒大小等因素对燃煤飞灰吸附气态汞的影响.研究表明:在40~120℃内,飞灰对汞的吸附主要是物理吸附,飞灰对汞的吸附效率随着温度的上升而下降;随着汞入口浓度的增大,飞灰的汞吸附效率先降低再升高,飞灰的汞相对吸附量增加;飞灰粒径在50~74μm时可能达到最佳的汞吸附效果.较高的飞灰量、较低的汞进气浓度和吸附温度,以及合适的粒径范围均有利于飞灰对汞的吸附.     

模拟煤气中铁基吸附剂脱汞实验研究

在固定床吸附机理研究试验台上,利用汞在线分析仪研究了铁基吸附剂在氮气和模拟煤气气氛下对单质汞的吸附作用。实验结果表明,N2气氛下,铁基吸附剂的煅烧抑制了吸附剂对单质汞的脱除;铁基吸附剂在模拟煤气气氛下有着较高的脱汞效率,脱汞效率能够长时间维持在90%以上;吸附床温度会影响Fe2O3吸附剂对单质汞的吸附,随着吸附床温度升高,Fe2O3吸附剂的脱汞效率先升高后下降。     

燃煤痕量元素排放的控制研究

对燃煤中痕量元素的控制方法进行了综述；对各国制订的燃烧源中痕量元素的排放标准做了概述；总结了常用的痕量元素排放的控制方法，包括吸附剂对痕量元素排放的控制和吸附机理、非常难以捕获的气态汞的若干种控制方法。经研究发现：硅铝酸盐、钙基吸附剂在高温下会与痕量元素同时发生物理吸附和化学反应，因而它们对痕量元素的排放控制效果较好；并着重描述了低温下活性炭、二氧化钛等对气态汞的减排效果。图l表7参l0     

燃煤烟气中汞吸附的研究综述

概述了燃煤烟气中汞的吸附特性,综述了活性炭、飞灰和其它吸附剂对汞的吸附机理和影响因素,探讨了汞的吸附模型。指出活性炭对汞的脱除效率可达到90%以上,但成本高,飞灰吸附成本虽然低但脱除效率有限,其它吸附剂研究尚处于初级阶段,因此寻找廉价高效的吸附剂十分必要,同时开发烟气中污染物的联合脱除技术是研究方向。     

分级燃烧对固体吸附剂吸附痕量金属的影响

在一维煤粉燃烧炉实验研究了分级燃烧方式对吸附剂控制重金属元素排放的影响。试验发现分级燃烧会增加亚微米颗粒中重金属的浓度,不利于对痕量重金属元素的控制,尤其对挥发性大的元素(如Cu和Ni)影响越明显;固体吸附剂对煤中重金属的排放具有吸附作用,并且吸附剂对不同的重金属元素的吸附有选择性;最后对吸附剂吸附重金属元素的机理做了阐述,吸附剂吸附重金属元素是通过物理吸附和化学吸附,其中它们在吸附过程中是共存的。     

Investigation on elemental mercury removal by cerium modified semi-coke

Coal-fired power plant is the largest anthropogenic mercury source. Active carbon injection technique has been widely used to control the mercury emissions. However, high operation cost limits its development and it is necessary to find other potential mercury sorbents. In this study, raw semi-coke and a series of novel cerium (Ce) modified semi-cokes were synthesized and utilized for removing elemental mercury (Hg⁰) from simulated flue gas. It is noteworthy that the efficiencies were tested without hydrogen chloride (HCl) in order to evaluate the sorbents efficacy for low-chlorine (Cl) coal. The results show that the modified sorbents exhibited the best performance at 150 °C. The performance of sorbent could be reinforced due to the existence of oxygen (O₂), nitric oxide (NO) and HCl. The adverse effect caused by sulfur dioxide (SO₂) reduced dramatically after Ce modification. The negative impact of ammonia (NH₃) on Hg⁰ removal in this study could be neglected owing to the tiny concentration of NH₃. Raw semi-coke provided sufficient carbon content, which is favorable to mercury adsorption. As Ce loading increased, the carbon structure changed and the crystal of cerium oxide was formed in the modified semi-coke. The mass fraction of cerium oxide on the sorbent was over 4.4% when the concentration of Ce modification solution was higher than 0.2 mol L⁻¹. The redox reaction activity and the oxygen storage ability of Ce³⁺/Ce⁴⁺ gave a huge boost to the performance of modified semi-coke. The addition of Ce also had an impact on the proportion of oxygen species.     

Numerical analysis and evaluation of an open-type thermal storage system using composite sorbents

A family of composite sorbents has been acknowledged as promising thermal storage materials for low grade thermal energy storage owing to its high specific storage capacity and low regenerating temperature. This paper reports a simplified numerical model aiming to determine the dynamic characteristics of the composite sorbents and evaluate the specific capacity and COP of the open-type thermal energy storage system. The computational results were validated with the experimental measurements carried out on an open-type thermal energy storage set-up filled with composite sorbents. By using the simplified numerical model, the dynamic characteristics of the composite sorbents in the thermal energy storage process were determined. The effects of the composite sorbents and the operating parameters on thermal energy storage system performance were also evaluated.     

Development and evaluation of magnetic iron-carbon sorbents for mercury removal in coal combustion flue gas

In order to get a cost effective and recyclable sorbent for mercury removal, a series of magnetic iron-carbon (Fe–C-x) sorbents was developed by co-precipitation. The physical and chemical properties of obtained sorbents were evaluated through various characterization methods. According to the results, Fe₃O₄ precipitate on carbon weakens the surface properties, but mercury removal performance in simulated flue gas is excellent. For flue gas components, HCl promotes mercury oxidation and adsorption on sorbents, O₂ has limited effect on mercury removal and SO₂ plays an inhibitive role. NO could enhance mercury oxidation with O₂ existence because of the generation of NO₂, which could react with Hg⁰ through heterogeneous reaction over iron-carbon surface. Besides, effects of temperature and regeneration performance were further researched under simulated flue gas. Apart from higher temperature will decompose mercury compounds and cause the removal efficiency decrease, Fe–C-3 sorbent shows excellent Hg⁰ removal performance at the temperature window of 100–200 °C. Exceptional regeneration performance on Hg⁰ removal indicates that spent sorbent could be regenerated.     

Mercury removal from geothermal exhaust gas by sulfur-impregnated and virgin activated carbons

Sulfur-impregnated and virgin activated carbons have been used in a laboratory scaled fixed-bed reactor to investigate their capability of removing mercury vapours from a gas mixture containing H₂S, O₂ and moisture that is representative of the exhaust gas emissions of the geothermal power plants of the Monte Amiata field in Italy. The observed deposition of sulfur from H₂S oxidation on the carbonaceous matrix increases the mercury scavenging capacity of the commercial sulfur-impregnated activated carbon and makes virgin activated carbon capable of adsorbing mercury vapours by the formation of HgS contextually to the deposition of sulfur, achieving a mercury adsorption capacity comparable to the commercial sulfur-impregnated activated carbon. This result suggests that the extremely economic virgin activated carbon can be used in this specific application, provided that a suitable carbonaceous matrix is selected to achieve a sulfur deposition rate that can guarantee a high mercury adsorption capacity.     

Mercury emission and adsorption characteristics of fly ash in PC and CFB boilers

The mercury emission was obtained by measuring the mercury contents in flue gas and solid samples in pulverized coal (PC) and circulating fluidized bed (CFB) utility boilers. The relationship was obtained between the mercury emission and adsorption characteristics of fly ash. The parameters included unburned carbon content, particle size, and pore structure of fly ash. The results showed that the majority of mercury released to the atmosphere with the flue gas in PC boiler, while the mercury was enriched in fly ash and captured by the precipitator in CFB boiler. The coal factor was proposed to characterize the impact of coal property on mercury emissions in this paper. As the coal factor increased, the mercury emission to the atmosphere decreased. It was also found that the mercury content of fly ash in the CFB boiler was ten times higher than that in the PC boiler. As the unburned carbon content increased, the mercury adsorbed increased. The capacity of adsorbing mercury by fly ash was directly related to the particle size. The particle size corresponding to the highest content of mercury, which was about 560 ng/g, appeared in the range from 77.5 to 106 µm. The content of mesoporous (4–6 nm) of the fly ash in the particle size of 77.5–106 µm was the highest, which was beneficial to adsorbing the mercury. The specific surface area played a more significant role than specific pore volume in the mercury adsorption process.     

循环流化床燃煤过程汞控制性能的实验研究

在热态循环流化床实验台上进行了不同工况燃煤过程汞控制特性的研究,得出如下结论:循环流化床燃煤过程对燃煤中汞的排放具有一定的控制作用;多煤种混烧在汞的控制方面优于单煤种燃烧;煤中掺入石灰石可以有效地减少汞向大气的排放;燃烧的煤种不同,汞的排放特性也不相同.     

燃煤烟气中形态汞的取样测量方法

为配合我国燃煤电站汞排放特性研究工作的开展,文中对各种燃煤烟气测汞法进行了归纳总结。针对现有测量方法的不足,自行设计并建立了一套FMSS取样测量系统,初步的测试结果说明该系统可用于实际燃煤电站的形态汞浓度测量。最后对FMSS取样测量系统的进一步完善进行了讨论。     

Preliminary study of trace element emissions and control during coal combustion

Hazardous trace element emissions have caused serious harm to human health in China. Several typical high-toxic trace element coals were collected from different districts and were used to investigate the emission characteristics of toxic trace elements (As, Se, Cr, Hg) and to explore preliminary control methods. Coal combustion tests were conducted in several bench-scale furnaces including drop tube furnace (DTF), circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustion furnace, and fixed-bed combustion furnace. Calcium oxide was used to control the emission of arsenic and selenium. The granular activated carbons (AC) and activated-carbon fibers (ACF) were used to remove mercury in the flue gas from coal combustion. The chemical composition and trace element contents of ash and particulate matter (PM) were determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), respectively. The speciation and concentration of mercury were investigated using the Ontario-Hydro method. X-ray diffraction spectrometry (XRD) was used to determine the mineral composition of production during combustion experiments. With the addition of a calcium-based sorbent, arsenic concentration in PM₁ sharply decreased from 0.25–0.11 mg/m³. In fixed-bed combustion of coal, the retention rates of selenium volatiles were between 11.6% and 50.7% using lime. In the circulating fluidized-bed combustion of coal, the content of selenium in ash from the chimney was reduced to one-fourth of its original value and that in leaching water from the chimney decreased by two orders of magnitude using lime. Calcium-based sorbent is an effective additive to control the emission of As and Se during coal combustion. The emission of chromium is influenced by the occurrence mode of Cr in coal. Chromium emission in PM_2.5 during coal combustion is 55.5 and 34.7 μg/m³ for Shenbei coal and mixed Pingdingshan coal, respectively. The adsorptive capacity of granular activated carbon for Hg⁰ is significantly enhanced through ZnCl₂-impregnation. The activated carbon fibers showed decent efficiency in mercury adsorption, on which surface oxygen complex showed positive effects on mercury adsorption.     

钙基脱硫剂空隙结构的分形特性研究

以分形理论为基础,利用2种不同的试验方法测定了脱硫剂的分形维数.在不同反应温度下,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和改进的计盒维数法测定了钙基脱硫剂空隙边界的分形维数,得到了空隙边界分形维数与煅烧温度的关系,并采用压汞法测定了脱硫剂颗粒整体的分形维数,研究了煅烧温度和添加荆对分形维数的影响.结果表明:煅烧温度的升高及添加剂含量的增加均会造成脱硫剂分形维数的下降.说明2种方法均可有效测定脱硫剂的分形维数.