超声珩齿指数型变幅器的动力学特性

超声振动可以有效地减小珩磨力,超声空化现象与切削液的共同作用对珩磨轮实现实时动态清洗,从而减小珩磨轮堵塞、提高加工效率,超声和珩齿进行复合加工是一种应用前景良好的齿轮精加工方法.超声珩齿的加工对象--齿轮,是一类特殊负载(直径大,厚度小),且对振动系统的加工频率影响大,在超声振动系统设计时,必须将变幅杆和齿轮组成变幅器进行全面考虑.鉴于此,根据应力耦合,将齿轮作为圆盘,采用指数型变幅杆,推导频率方程,对变幅杆的设计长度和变幅器振动频率进行数值分析,发现变幅杆的共振频率恰好是变幅器的失谐频率,变幅器的共振频率与变幅杆的固有频率也不相同,这能够为超声珩齿变幅器的设计提供理论依据.     

非均匀介质超声铣削系统振动特性研究

采用纵扭复合超声振动铣削进行加工时,由于加工中心等空间受限场合对超声振动系统的尺寸限制,利用四分之一波长理论设计集换能器和复合变幅杆为一体的非均匀介质超声振动变幅系统,在变幅杆部分设计螺旋槽结构实现纵扭共振,并研究纵扭模态转换理论。对非均匀介质变幅系统进行有限元分析,仿真结果表明纵振系统固有频率理论值与仿真值接近,偏差仅为0.245%;对螺旋槽结构进行仿真发现槽深对其对超声变幅系统固有频率、扭纵幅值比例影响较大,螺旋角的影响次之,槽宽影响最小,振动系统测试实验表明固有频率和扭纵幅值比的仿真结果与实验结果变化趋势一致。分别对TC4钛合金和C/C碳纤维进行纵扭超声振动铣削和传统铣削实验对比,结果显示相对于传统铣削,在纵扭超声振动铣削加工中两组材料表面粗糙度值Ra分别下降78%和47%。纵扭复合非均匀介质超声振动铣削系统结构简单紧凑、振动幅值和方向可控性较好,采用纵扭超声振动铣削能有效提高工件表面加工质量。     

蜂窝材料超声波切割声学系统研究

根据超声波加工原理,设计了一种新型Nomex蜂窝材料数控超声波切割主轴。采用四端网格法对变幅杆进行了有限元分析和位移节点修正。建立了超声波切割声学系统有限元模型,并进行了模态分析。从振型图可以看出变幅杆法兰盘处位移变化较小,输出端振幅较大。利用激光位移传感器测量了刀具的振动位移,圆形刀振幅a=22.37μm,满足加工要求。利用超声波切割主轴对Nomex蜂窝材料进行了大量切割实验,取得了加工表面平整光滑、加工精度高、切削过程中没有粉尘污染等显著效果。     

Rotary ultrasonic machining: effects of tool natural frequency on ultrasonic vibration amplitude

Rotary ultrasonic machining (RUM) is a hybrid machining process that combines the material removal mechanisms of grinding and ultrasonic machining. RUM has been applied to hole-making for a wide range of materials. It is known that ultrasonic vibration amplitude has significant effects on cutting force, torque, and surface finish in RUM. One experimental observation that has been reported in the literature multiple times states that different tools show different vibration amplitudes on the same ultrasonic power level. However, no analyses can be found in the literature to explain this observation. The existence of this knowledge gap makes it difficult to explain some experimentally obtained trends or to conduct more realistic physics-based modeling work. The objectives of this research are to understand the effects of tool natural frequency on ultrasonic vibration amplitude in RUM, to provide an explanation to the observation and verification of measurement methods, and also to guide tool design and selection in RUM. Ultrasonic vibration amplitudes of tools are measured by three methods and compared. It is found that tool natural frequency significantly affects ultrasonic vibration amplitude. The tool with its natural frequency closest to that of the ultrasonic power supply (20?kHz) generates the highest ultrasonic vibration amplitude on every ultrasonic power level tested.     

Design of ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting system for tungsten heavy alloy

Nanoscale surface roughness of tungsten heavy alloy components is required in the nuclear industry and precision instruments. In this study, a high-performance ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting (UEVC) system is developed to solve the precision machining problem of tungsten heavy alloy. A new design method of stepped bending vibration horn based on Timoshenko’s theory is first proposed, and its design process is greatly simplified. The arrangement and working principle of piezoelectric transducers on the ultrasonic vibrator using the fifth resonant mode of bending are analyzed to realize the dual-bending vibration modes. A cutting tool is installed at the end of the ultrasonic vibration unit to output the ultrasonic elliptical vibration locus, which is verified by finite element method. The vibration unit can display different three-degree-of-freedom (3-DOF) UEVC characteristics by adjusting the corresponding position of the unit and workpiece. A dual-channel ultrasonic power supply is developed to excite the ultrasonic vibration unit, which makes the UEVC system present the resonant frequency of 41 kHz and the maximum amplitude of 14.2 μm. Different microtopography and surface roughness are obtained by the cutting experiments of tungsten heavy alloy hemispherical workpiece with the UEVC system, which validates the proposed design’s technical capability and provides optimization basis for further improving the machining quality of the curved surface components of tungsten heavy alloy.     

振幅对超声振动钻削力的影响研究

超声复合机械加工机理与普通切削加工有本质的区别。主要表现在超声加工是一种脉冲式切削加工,对延长刀具寿命、提高表面加工质量、改善刀具切削性能有很大意义。其本身的优良性能已经被国内外专家学者所认可。但是超声振动振幅的大小对孔的钻削质量和刀具寿命的影响非常重要。文中自行设计了一套超声复合钻削装置,且对超声钻削加工装置设计中存在的问题和关键工艺进行了分析,并对不同振幅对钻削力与扭矩的影响进行了对比研究。实验结果对超声加工有一定的指导作用。     

非谐振单元变幅器的设计及其动力学研究

在超声珩齿加工中,由变幅杆和被加工齿轮组成的变幅器的设计是一项关键技术,变幅器的动力学特性对齿轮的加工质量有很大影响。齿轮作为变幅杆的负载,一方面其尺寸和质量大,对变幅器谐振频率的影响不能忽略,另一方面,齿轮的尺寸是由使用要求决定的,不能被任意设计,因此现有的功率超声变幅杆的设计方法不能适用于这种情况。以Mindlin厚板理论为基础,将齿轮简化为一厚圆板,圆板外径等于齿轮分度圆直径,根据齿轮与变幅杆在连接面的耦合关系及各自的动力学方程,建立变幅杆和齿轮组合系统的动力学模型,在此基础上设计变幅器,并进行动力学特性的分析,分析结论为超声珩齿变幅杆的设计提供了理论依据。通过有限元分析验证了设计理论完全可行。     

超声变幅杆有限元谐振分析

对超声变幅杆的设计进行了理论分析,着重计算了指数形变幅杆的振幅放大系数、节点及应力极大点等参数。采用有限元软件ANSYS对变幅杆作了模态和谐振分析,得到的结果与理论结果比较,满足工程设计的需要。为超声变幅杆的设计和优化提供了新的途径。     

The use of ultrasonic cavitation peening to improve micro-burr-free surfaces

Advances in machining technology, particularly in the field of micro-machining, have led to the design and creation of miniature components suitable for use in the precision engineering industry. However, the need to contain ubiquitous burrs still exists and has to be addressed. Previous studies on deburring have mostly focused on the parametric investigations of orientation, temperature, type of liquid media and abrasives, frequency, deburring time and power. It is hypothesized that by inducing compressive residual stresses on a pre-machined workpiece surface, the resulting burrs caused by machining can be minimized or even eliminated. The paper presents the findings of an investigative study into the possibility of inducing compressive residual stresses on machined surfaces by the use of ultrasonic cavitation, with the aim of reducing or eliminating burr formation. The paper also briefly reviews the development of ultrasonic cavitation and covers published work on deburring by ultrasonic cavitation. Experimental results are presented on the performance of ultrasonic cavitation peening on the residual stress in Stavax stainless steels and on micro-burr formation.     

基于RSM的SiC单晶片表面粗糙度预测及参数优化

通过响应面分析法(RSM)对超声振动辅助金刚石线锯切割SiC单晶体的工艺参数进行分析和优化。采用中心组合设计实验,考察线锯速度、工件进给速度、工件转速和超声波振幅这4个因素对SiC单晶片表面粗糙度值的影响,建立了SiC单晶片表面粗糙度的响应模型,进行响应面分析,采用满意度函数(DFM)确定了切割SiC单晶体的最佳工艺参数,验证试验表明该模型能实现相应的硬脆材料切割过程的表面粗糙度预测。     

Analytical and experimental study on the integration of ultrasonically vibrated tool into the micro electro-chemical discharge drilling

Electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM) is a non-traditional machining process which is used to create micro-features on non-conductive materials. Micro holes and micro channels are the most interested features that have been fabricated by researchers. In recent years, some technical augmentations have been added to the ECDM process to achieve a more efficient machining process, but the employment of each augmentation in the most efficient way is not subjected. In this research, ultrasonic vibration is concentrated on the tool tip which directly and continuously effects on the machining zone and avoids global undesirable effects. For this purpose, modal analysis is used to design a special configuration which achieves the maximum amplitude of vibration in the tool tip. Also, an analytical model is presented for both of the electro-chemical discharge machining (ECDM) and ultrasonic assisted electro-chemical discharge machining (UAECDM) to study the effect of ultrasonic vibration on the thickness of gas film. Practical gas film thickness, machining speed, entrance overcut and tapering zone are studied for both of the ECDM and UAECDM to comprehensive understanding the effect of integration of ultrasonic vibration into the traditional ECDM process. Captures of gas film in different condition confirmed that ultrasonic vibration has reduced the thickness of gas film. Same behavior was achieved by employment of the analytical modeling. As a result, numerous small discharges were achieved which increased the material removal rate (MRR) and hole accuracy, simultaneously. Results showed that ultrasonic vibration can increase MRR up to 82%. Also, tapering zone and entrance overcut deviation as accuracy parameters improved 50% and 40%, respectively.     

变幅杆连接工艺对旋转超声加工质量影响的研究

超声旋转加工是一种适用于脆硬材料加工的新技术,它强化了原加工过程,其加工效率随着材料脆性的增大而提高,实现了低耗能的目标。在超声旋转加工中,超声加工工具与变幅杆的连接对超声振动共振频率和超声波加工性能有很大影响。本文在深入研究旋转超声加工基本原理的基础上,分析了旋转超声加工时能量传递系统的关键制件-变幅杆和工具杆对超声加工精度的影响,并对变幅杆和工具杆制造工艺及连接的方法进行了初步研究。     

超声加工技术的应用现状及其发展趋势

根据近年来超声加工技术的发展状况,综述了超声加工技术的应用现状及其发展趋势。超声加工技术具有其极强的切削能力、极小的切削抗力、极细微的光整能力以及极高的强化能力。国内外学者对超声振动系统中的超声换能器和变幅杆进行研究,目的在于增加系统的功率与变幅杆的振幅,以及适用于特定的加工环境。超声加工技术以其工艺优势在难加工材料加工、深小孔加工、薄壁件加工、超声表面光整强化、超声焊接和磨粒冲击等加工领域获得越来越广泛的应用,并且其应用涉及半导体工业、高速列车、汽车制造、航空航天、光学元器件、医疗工业等产业领域。随着超声加工技术应用的日益普遍,超声复合加工、微细超声加工、旋转超声加工以及超声骨切削技术也将得到进一步的发展和运用。     

超声纵—扭振动铣削系统的研制

研究了超声声学系统,斜槽式变幅杆形成纵—扭振动的基本原理,对变幅杆的振动形式进行仿真,对超声纵扭振动装置系统进行了研制和测试。试验结果表明:斜槽式变幅杆能有效地将纵向振动转化为纵—扭振动。研制的超声纵扭振动系统匹配特性好,振动稳定性高,能够满足加工要求。     

带轴锥齿轮超声研齿振动系统的设计与试验

为了满足带轴锥齿轮超声研磨加工的谐振频率要求,利用波动理论对不同结构的3种带轴锥齿轮的超声变幅系统进行谐振设计,建立了统一的谐振频率方程,并对位移放大系数和最大应力进行了比较。运用有限元方法,对由复合变幅杆和换能器组成的超声激励-变幅振动系统进行了模态分析和谐响应分析。最后对超声振动系统进行了阻抗分析和频率测试。试验结果表明：实际超声振动系统的谐振频率为23.269kHz,与设计频率误差约1.17%,试验结果与有限元分析和理论分析结果基本吻合,验证了理论设计的准确性。     

SURFACE INTEGRITY CHARACTERIZATION AND PREDICTION IN MACHINING OF HARDENED AND DIFFICULT-TO-MACHINE ALLOYS: A STATE-OF-ART RESEARCH REVIEW AND ANALYSIS

This paper presents a review of the state-of-art research on surface integrity characterization, especially the characteristics of residual stresses produced in machining of hardened steels, titanium and nickel-based superalloys using the geometrically defined tools. The interrelationships among residual stresses, microstructures, and tool-wear have been discussed. Current research on residual stress modeling and simulation using finite element method has been critically assessed. Also, the rationale for developing multi-scale simulation models for predicting residual stresses in machining has been presented. At the end, possible future work has been proposed.     

超声波加工中变幅杆的设计方法分析

变幅杆是超声加工振动系统中的一个重要组成部件。利用ANSYS软件对圆柱圆锥复合型变幅杆进行了模型建立、单元选择和网格划分,并通过谐响应分析得出变幅杆输出端面产生的位移响应。分析可知有限元法能有效提高所设计的变幅杆的整体性和适应性。     

轴向超声辅助端面磨削金属表面形貌及粗糙度预测

轴向超声辅助端面磨削被广泛应用于难加工材料加工,而磨削后的表面粗糙度对构件摩擦、疲劳等服役性能有重要影响。超声振幅的大小对轴向超声辅助端面磨削金属表面形貌和粗糙度有较大影响,但是现有模型中并未考虑实际加载对振幅的影响,因此提出了一种考虑加载状态下振幅变化的轴向超声辅助端面磨削金属表面形貌及粗糙度预测方法。根据砂轮粒度及尺寸建立了考虑磨粒随机分布的砂轮端面模型,并对轴向超声辅助端面磨削磨粒的三维磨削轨迹进行了数学描述,生成了加工后的表面三维数据矩阵并对表面粗糙数值进行了计算。在此基础上,研究了粗糙度随振幅的变化规律,提出了振幅衰减形貌映射系数这一概念,并给出了其标定方法。通过振幅衰减形貌映射系数近似计算出加载状态下的振幅并代入到所建立的轴向超声辅助端面磨削表面形貌及粗糙度预测模型中,实现了金属表面形貌模拟及粗糙度预测。最后,通过试验对所建模型的正确性进行了验证。     

Chipping minimization in drilling ceramic materials with rotary ultrasonic machining

Ultrasonic machining (USM) has been considered as a new cutting technology that does not rely on the conductance of the workpiece. USM presents no heating or electrochemical effects, with low surface damage and small residual stresses on workpiece material, such as glass, ceramics, and others; therefore, it is used to drill microholes in brittle materials. However, this process is very slow and tool wear dependent, so the entire process has low efficiency. Therefore, to increase microhole drilling productivity or hole quality, rotary ultrasonic machining (RUM) is considered as a strong alternative to USM. RUM, which presents ultrasonic axial vibration with tool rotation, is an effective solution for improving cutting speed, precision, tool wear, and other machining responses beyond those of the USM. This study aims to reduce the microchipping or cracking at the exit of the hole, which inevitably occurs when brittle materials are drilled, with consideration of tool wear. To this end, response surface analysis and desirability functions are used for experimental optimization. The experimental results showed that the proposed RUM scheme is suitable for microhole drilling.     

Development of an management information system as knowledge base model for machining process characterisation

The current paper intends to use the typical problems of parameter selection and optimization in machining processes to bring out the design ideas that form the foundation of n-tier management information systems (MIS). These ideas can be used for creating data-driven, scalable enterprise information systems. The current phase (phase I) of the implementation highlights the capabilities of these design ideas in improving three key functional parameters of MIS, i.e. multi-dimensionality, isolation and scalability. The problem area of machining process characteristics of non traditional machining has been chosen with two specific goals in mind: A typical machining process has multiple parameters and various corresponding relationships can be found among such parameters. This will be used to highlight the degree of multi-dimensionality that can be achieved from a simple design pattern. The phase II of this paper can actually shift focus from the design of a generic management information system to a specific problem area of machining. This incorporates the features of an expert system in providing the customer or end user with maximum encapsulation of technical data and much improved decision-making capabilities within the system. Some complex machining processes such as abrasive water jet machining (AWJM), wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) and electro discharge machining (EDM) are characterized by a large number of parameters which are not available in a structured fashion, thus, all the data associated with AWJM, WEDM and EDM systems has been conglomerated and presented in a normalized fashion. The essential features of the current research include the extraction of the relevant data from a large pool of data, with a distinct architecture of MIS, having three scalable layers. The normalization of the available data has been dealt with management information system and presented in the form of a software named “machining expert”. The code for the software provided is easy to understand, being written in Visual Basic and Access server for implementation. The developed “machining expert” for handling non traditional machining (NTM) data can also be extended with suitable design extensions to handle business logic by interacting with the end user. The current paper is applicable to any research on the structure and design of MIS in manufacturing technology.