微注射成形制品质量影响因素分析

在不同工艺条件下进行聚合物和粉末微注射成形试验,制得微米级的聚丙烯和二氧化锆陶瓷微结构,微型腔采用感应耦合等离子深槽刻蚀技术在硅模具镶块上加工。分析微注射成形工艺及硅模具对微结构的填充、尺寸精度及表面质量的影响。不合理的工艺参数容易导致微结构出现填充不足、表面粗糙、气孔等缺陷,提高模具温度和注射压力以及注射前模具抽真空有利于微型腔的填充,模具抽真空还可以改善微结构件的表面质量。深槽刻蚀后的硅模具表面粗糙度为0.31 μm,填充完好的聚丙烯微结构及陶瓷微结构素坯表面粗糙度不再受注射工艺参数的影响,其值近似于刻蚀后的硅模具,亚微米级粉末的使用可以明显改善烧结后陶瓷微结构的表面粗糙度。     

微细胞皿注塑模具变温系统设计

采用微细电火花技术铣削加工了细胞皿模具型腔,以聚丙烯(PP)为例进行了成形工艺数值模拟分析,结果表明,注射速率、模具温度、熔体温度对充模过程影响较大,模具温度需要达到120℃型腔才能充满。提出了油水电相结合的变模温技术,变模温实验结果表明,型腔温度从80℃变化到120℃大约需要6min。填充实验表明,油水电相结合的变模温技术对实现微注塑模具成形过程的变模温是可行的。     

注射成型工艺参数对微结构零件复制度的影响

为改善微结构零件的复制度,以具有广泛应用前景的精细微结构零件——微透镜阵列为案例,将制品成型重量作为制品复制度的量化衡量指标,运用单因素实验方法实验研究了注射成型工艺参数（熔体温度、模具温度、注射时间、保压压力、保压时间）对微结构零件制品重量的影响规律。实验结果表明,增加熔体温度和模具温度能使保压压力更有效地通过浇注系统传递到微型腔,增加制品重量;成型重量大的制品,微结构的填充要好于重量轻的制品,微结构零件复制度与成型重量存在对应关系。制品重量可初步评价微结构零件的复制度,研究各工艺参数对制品重量的影响规律对提高微结构零件的复制度有重要意义。     

注射成型过程熔体前沿充填不平衡现象的试验研究

注射成型的充填平衡性问题是影响塑料制品成型精度的主要因素之一.注射成型过程中,塑料熔体充填型腔时流动前沿会产生左右偏移的现象,从而导致充填的不平衡.为研究这种充填不平衡现象的机理,设计出一套装有红外线纤维传感器的移动式温度测量系统,采用该系统及可视化手段对一模两腔注塑成型过程熔体流动前沿在型腔内的偏移现象进行观察和分析.试验结果表明,不同注射速率下流动前沿的偏移现象及偏移程度也不同,流动前沿的偏移与熔体在流道内的流动行为以及温度场的变化有关.根据试验结果及剪切热理论所建立的流道内熔体流动行为模型可以较好地描述熔体前沿充填不平衡现象的生成机理.流道内熔体流动的示踪试验表明该模型与实际情况相吻合.     

多型腔注射模充填不平衡试验

多型腔注射模在实际生产中有着广泛应用,充填平衡是保证多型腔模塑制品质量均匀一致的关键。自然平衡流道中也会发生充填不平衡现象,其原因可能是熔体流动产生的剪切热所致,但一直没有试验结果予以证明。基于此,利用可视化注射模具和红外温度传感器,通过直接观测熔体在流道和型腔中的动态流动行为并测量型腔入口处熔体的温度变化,对不同注射速率下不同材料在自然平衡多型腔注射模的充填不平衡进行研究。结果表明,由于剪切热的作用,主流道中不均匀但对称的熔体温度分布在分流道中失去对称性是产生充填不平衡的根本原因;充填不平衡程度不但取决于主流道中熔体的温度分布,还取决于分流道中凝固层的分布及熔体粘度对温度变化的敏感性。解决自然平衡多型腔注射模充填不平衡问题的根本,在于改善或消除分流道中熔体温度分布在流动平面的不对称性。     

微结构模芯的精密磨削及其在微注塑成形中应用

针对微结构聚合物元器件的批量化生产与制造效率低等问题,采用精密修整成V形尖端的金刚石砂轮,在自润滑性和脱模性良好的钛硅碳陶瓷模芯表面加工制造出形状精度可控的V沟槽阵列结构,然后利用微注塑成形工艺将模芯表面的V沟槽阵列结构一次成形复制到聚合物表面,高效注塑成形制造出倒V形阵列结构的聚合物工件。分析了微模芯的表面加工质量与形状精度,研究了熔体温度、注射速度、保压压力、保压时间等微注塑成形工艺参数对微结构聚合物注塑成形角度偏差和填充率的影响。实验结果表明：通过微细磨削加工技术和微注塑成形工艺可以高效率、高精度地制造出规则整齐的微结构注塑工件,注射速度对微成形角度偏差的影响最大,保压压力对微成形填充率的影响最大,微结构模芯的微细磨削形状精度值为4.05 μm,微成形的最小角度偏差和最大填充率分别为1.47°和99.30%。     

注射模具调温系统设计

模具温度(模温)指模具型腔和型芯的表面温度。不论是热塑性塑料还是热固性塑料成型,模具温度对塑料熔体的充模流动、固化定型、生产率及塑件的形状和尺寸精度都有重要的影响。主要介绍一防护罩制件注射模具调温系统设计方法,通过有效的对模具温度进行调节,对模具进行冷却或加热,必要时两者兼有,从而达到控制模温的目的。     

Effects of machined cavity texture on ejection force in micro injection molding

The friction force developed in the demolding phase of the micro injection molding process is mainly determined by mold surface finish, which affects the tribological phenomena occurring at the polymer–tool interface. In this work, the effects on the ejection force of two cavity surfaces machined with different technologies (viz. micro milling and micro electro discharge machining), but with similar value of Ra, were investigated. The relations between different surface topography parameters and the ejection force were then analyzed, in order to identify the parameters that most appropriately describe the friction at the polymer–tool interface. The experimental results showed the strong interactions between the mold surface texture and the micro injection molding process parameters that promote the replication, such as mold temperature and holding pressure. The different machining technologies generated two mold textures that have a similar value of Ra, but their influence on friction can be properly described only using several other surface topography parameters.     

Three-dimensional numerical simulation for plastic injection-compression molding

Compared with conventional injection molding, injection-compression molding can mold optical parts with higher precision and lower flow residual stress. However, the melt flow process in a closed cavity becomes more complex because of the moving cavity boundary during compression and the nonlinear problems caused by non-Newtonian polymer melt. In this study, a 3D simulation method was developed for injection-compression molding. In this method, arbitrary Lagrangian- Eulerian was introduced to model the moving-boundary flow problem in the compression stage. The non-Newtonian characteristics and compressibility of the polymer melt were considered. The melt flow and pressure distribution in the cavity were investigated by using the proposed simulation method and compared with those of injection molding. Results reveal that the fountain flow effect becomes significant when the cavity thickness increases during compression. The back flow also plays an important role in the flow pattern and redistribution of cavity pressure. The discrepancy in pressures at different points along the flow path is complicated rather than monotonically decreased in injection molding.     

微注塑散热器流动诱导热导率变化的多尺度数值预测

为进一步提高聚合物复合材料热导率,采用多尺度数值预测法研究了微注塑聚酰胺/碳纤维(PA66/CFs)散热器内部CF的流动诱导取向及其对制品热导率的影响规律。首先,利用Moldflow获取CF取向张量,并以Comsol Multiphysics构建与之对应的复合材料微元胞。利用正交实验法研究熔体温度、模具温度、最大注射压力及注射流率对微散热器热导率的影响。然后,对预测数据进行分析获得最优注塑参数组合。最后,对优化结果进行模拟实验,验证了多尺度数值预测法的有效性。结果显示:上述各参数重要程度由大到小依次排列为熔体温度、注射流率、最大注射压力和模具温度;最佳组合为熔体温度360℃、模具温度70℃、最大注射压力220 MPa及注射流率3×10–4 cm3/s。另外,流动诱导热导率变化最大值达0.36 W/(m·K),为基体热导率的1.5倍。得到的研究结果为从工艺调控的新角度来改善聚合物复合材料的导热性能提供了理论依据与数据支撑。     

Three-dimensional modeling of roughness effects on microthickness filling in injection mold cavity

Effects of cavity surface roughness on filling polymer flow in macrocavities are generally not significant. However, in a microcavity, surface roughness may become very important and ignoring it could lead to inaccurate or even misleading results. As an extension to our previous work, a three-dimensional roughness model for filling polymer flow in microinjection molding is proposed that takes into consideration the cavity surface roughness effects. A numerical procedure, which implements the finite volume and level set methods and integrates the proposed roughness model, is presented. The numerical model was validated by comparing its predicted results with experimental and/or analytical results. The numerical results obtained using the three-dimensional roughness model were in good agreement with experimental observations and were more accurate than those obtained using the two-dimensional roughness model.     

金-塑微结构注射成型仿真与试验研究*

金属-塑料(聚合物)复合高强件具有强度高、质量小、易成型复杂结构等优点,在航空航天、汽车制造、通信等领域日益得到重视。介绍金-塑复合微结构注射成型原理,建立聚合物熔体在金属表面微结构填充流动的数值模型。采用两相流水平集方法追踪获得了微尺度下聚合物熔体在金属表面的流动前沿,研究金属表面微结构尺寸大小、注射速度和金属表面温度等参数对聚合物熔体填充微结构能力的影响规律,为实际产品的生产成形提供理论基础。根据金-塑复合件的成型理论与技术,构建金-塑复合成型试验装置,采用物理喷砂的方式制备了金属表面的微结构,并注射获得了金属-塑料成型的试验试样。通过对获得的试验试样进行拉伸剪切试验,验证了本文仿真结果的合理性。所取得的研究结果对优化金-塑成型工艺参数和改善产品质量有着重要的启发和指导意义。     

微注塑成形中壁面滑移对熔体充模流动影响的研究

分析了微尺度下熔体壁面滑移机理，研究了微注塑成形中壁面滑移对熔体充模流动行为的影响。利用有限元方法进行数值模拟，确定了不同特征尺寸微通道中熔体的滑移系数，分析了入口剪切速率和长径比与滑移速度之间的关系。研究结果表明：壁面滑移使熔体速度曲线趋于平滑；当熔体入口速率一定时，其壁面滑移速度随微通道特征尺寸的减小而减小；入口剪切应力相同时，壁面滑移速度随微通道的长径比的增大而增大。     

变模温注塑热响应模拟与模具结构优化

变模温注塑可根据不同工艺阶段的特点和要求,随时调整模具温度。在塑料熔体充模过程中,如果模具表面温度保持在塑料玻璃化转变温度以上,可以彻底解决常规注塑工艺存在的熔接痕、喷射痕、流动痕、翘曲和浮纤等缺陷。同时在冷却阶段,通过快速冷却已赋形的塑料熔体,以减小注塑成型周期。从而在不影响注塑生产效率的基础上,提升注塑件的品质。基于这种思想,在深入研究变模温注塑工艺原理的基础上,提出一套新的利用蒸汽辅助加热的模具温度控制方法,制定其工艺流程,并构建相应的动态模温控制装置和系统。通过研究蒸汽辅助加热变模温注塑模具的结构特点,提出了4种不同的模具设计方案,利用有限元软件ANSYS构建了变模温注塑模具传热分析模型,分别对变模温注塑工艺的加热、冷却过程进行温度响应模拟。以减小成型周期和提高温度均匀性为目标,对模具设计方案进行优化分析。将模拟分析获得的结果应用于平板电视机面板的注塑生产,验证分析结果的有效性。     

An experimental work on the effect of injection molding parameters on the cavity pressure and product weight

The injection molding process is one of the most efficient processes where mass production through automation is feasible and products with complex geometry at low cost are easily attained. In this study, an experimental work is performed on the effect of injection molding parameters on the polymer pressure inside the mold cavity. Also, the effect of these parameters on the final products' weight is studied. Different process parameters of the injection molding are considered during the experimental work (packing pressure, packing time, injection pressure, injection time, and injection temperature). Two polymer materials are used during the experimental work (polystyrene (PS) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE)). The mold cavity has a cuboidal form with two different thicknesses. The cavity pressure is measured with time by using pressure Kistler sensor at different injection molding cycles. The results indicate that the cavity pressure and product weight increase with an increase in the packing pressure, packing time, and injection pressure for all the analyzed polymers. They also show that the increase of the filling time decreases the cavity pressure and decreases the product weight in case of PS and LDPE. The results show that the increase of packing pressure by 100 % increases the cavity pressure 50 % in the case of PS and 70 % in the case of LDPE. They also show that the increase of injection pressure by 60 % increases the cavity pressure 36 % in case of PS and 90 % in case of LDPE at an injection temperature of 220 °C. The results indicate that process parameters have an effect on the product weight for LDPE greater than PS. The results obtained specify well the developing of the cavity pressure inside the mold cavity during the injection molding cycles.     

薄壁气体辅助注塑件气体穿透过程的研究

基于气体穿透实验技术的研究分析，针对气体辅助注射成形中气体穿透气道的复杂过程，对薄壁气辅注塑件沿圆形截面气道穿透推进并形成模壁表层熔体的充模流动过程进行了研究。通过引入合理的简化和假设，建立了反映充模流动压力梯度、材料性能、表层熔体厚度比、非牛顿指数等影响因素的计算穿透速度和时间的数学方程．对气体注射压力、熔体温度、非牛顿指数影响气体穿透充模过程进行了实例数值模拟研究。结果表明，增大气体注射压力，其气体穿透方向所形成的表层熔体厚度比值也增大，降低熔体注射温度和非牛顿指数会增大气体穿透的壁厚值，其值接近国外试验测定值，也比较符合实际的气辅注射成形工艺结果。     

Experimental and numerical analysis of the temperature distribution of injection molded products using protruding microprobes

Injection molding has been one of the most important polymer processing methods for manufacturing plastic parts. In the process, the temperature is an important parameter that influences process features such as cycle times, crystallization rates, degree of crystallinity, melt flow properties, and molded product qualities. This study aims to, experimentally and numerically, examine the three-dimensional temperature distribution along the melt flow path of injection molded parts. A special experimental set-up, which includes an injection mold equipped with protruding microprobes for guiding embedded thermocouples, was designed and built to measure the temperature field along the flow path, i.e., inside the runner and the cavity, of injection molded products. The experimental results suggested that the disturbance induced by the probes remained negligible and precise temperature profiles could be measured at various positions inside the cavity. A significant increase of melt temperature was found to result from the viscous dissipation of the polymeric materials in the runner. Additionally, a commercially available code was employed to simulate and predict the temperature variation in injection molded parts. It was shown that the numerical simulation predicted better the temperature distributions inside the cavity than those along the runner.     

The study on the tribological properties of fiber-reinforced PBT composites for various injection molding process parameters

This study investigates the influence of various, injection molding process parameters on the tribological properties of the 15 wt.% to fiber-reinforced polybutylene terephthalate (PBT). The tribological properties of the friction coefficient and volume loss are measured by using a Schwingung Reibung Verschleiss (SRV) “ball-on-plane” wear tester. The parameters of injection molding process are filling time, melt temperature, mold temperature and packing pressure. The observation of the solidified-intermediate-core morphology is mainly by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to define the layer thickness and to explain the influence of the fiber orientation on the tribological properties. It is found that the variation of friction coefficient and wear volume loss for the sliding direction parallel to the melt flow in different injection molding conditions have the same trend with the solidified layer change and the variation of Vickers hardness at the specimen surface. The tribological properties in the specimens of the sliding direction perpendicular and parallel to the melt flow are different. Also, the worn surfaces are observed by SEM. Grooves, cracks, cut fibers, and debonded fibers are the major wear mechanisms.     

Three-dimensional numerical modeling of an induction heated injection molding tool with flow visualization

Using elevated mold temperature is known to have a positive influence of final injection molded parts. Induction heating is a method that allow obtaining a rapid thermal cycle, so the overall molding cycle time is not increased. In the present research work, an integrated multi-turn induction heating coil has been developed and assembled into an injection molding tool provided with a glass window, so the effect of induction heating can directly be captured by a high speed camera. In addition, thermocouples and pressure sensors are also installed, and together with the high speed videos, comparison of the induction heating and filling of the cavity is compared and validated with simulations. Two polymer materials ABS and HVPC were utilized during the injection molding experiments carried out in this work. A nonlinear electromagnetic model was employed to establish an effective linear magnetic permeability. The three-dimensional transient thermal field of the mold cavity was then calculated and compared with the experiments. This thermal field was transferred to an injection molding flow solver to compare simulations and experimental results from the high speed video, both with and without the effect of induction heating. A rapid thermal cycle was proved to be feasible in a mold with an integrated induction coil. Furthermore, it was shown that the process can be modeled with good accuracy, both in terms of the thermal field and of the flow pattern.     

Minimization of variation in volumetric shrinkage and deflection on injection molding of Bi-aspheric lens using numerical simulation

The profile of a bi-aspheric lens is such a way that the thickness narrows down from center to periphery (convex). Injection molding of these profiles has high shrinkage in localized areas, which results in internal voids or sink marks when the part gets cool down to room temperature. This paper deals with the influence of injection molding process parameters such as mold surface temperature, melt temperature, injection time, V/P Switch over by percentage volume filled, packing pressure, and packing duration on the volumetric shrinkage and deflection. The optimal molding parameters for minimum variation in volumetric shrinkage and deflection of bi-aspheric lens have been determined with the application of computer numerical simulation integrated with optimization. The real experimental work carried out with optimal molding parameters and found to have a shallow and steep surface profile accuracy of 0.14 and 1.57 mm, 21.38-45.66 and 12.28-26.90 μm, 41.56-157.33 and 41.56-157.33 nm towards Radii of curvatures (RoC), surface roughness (Ra) and waviness of the surface profiles (profile error Pt), respectively.