Supplemental Literature Review of Binary Phase Diagrams: Cs-In, Cs-K, Cs-Rb, Eu-In, Ho-Mn, K-Rb, Li-Mg, Mg-Nd, Mg-Zn, Mn-Sm, O-Sb, and Si-Sr

Recent literature on Cs-In, Cs-K, Cs-Rb, Eu-In, Ho-Mn, K-Rb, Li-Mg, Mg-Nd, Mg-Zn, Mn-Sm, O-Sb, and Si-Sr phase diagrams is reviewed in this article in order to update the 1990 compilation Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd edition, by T.B. Massalski, et al. For some systems reaction tables and crystal structure data have been included, as well. Diagrams have been checked for consistency with rules for phase diagram construction and modified when necessary. In addition, diagrams needing more work have been identified.     

Supplemental Literature Review of Binary Phase Diagrams: Cd-Se, Cu-Hg, Cu-Ho, Eu-Mg, H-Sr, Hf-Si, La-Mn, Mn-Nd, Nb-Y, Ni-Y, Pb-Se, and Sc-Sr

Recent literature on Cd-Se, Cu-Hg, Cu-Ho, Eu-Mg, H-Sr, Hf-Si, La-Mn, Mn-Nd, Nb-Y, Ni-Y, Pb-Se, and Sc-Sr phase diagrams is reviewed in this article in order to update the 1990 compilation Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd edition, by T.B. Massalski, et al. For some systems reaction tables and crystal structure data have been included, as well. Diagrams have been checked for consistency with rules for phase diagram construction and modified when necessary. In addition, diagrams needing more work have been identified.     

Comment on As-Cu (Arsenic-Copper)

This Section is intended to provide the most current phase diagram data. Guidelines for the inclusion of new information in this section are (1) systems for which no phase diagrams are given in Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, second edition; (2) complete diagrams that are substantially different from earlier versions published in Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, second edition, the Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams, or single-topic monographs; (3) partial diagrams that alter or clarify earlier versions in the above-mentioned publications; and (4) relevant new literature of interest Thermodynamic consistency of the new phase diagrams was checked based on phase rules, and the diagrams were modified if necessary. However, the diagrams and texts have not gone through the ordinary reviewing process, and the final evaluations may be carried out by relevant category editors of the Alloy Phase Diagram Program. For convenience, reaction tables and crystal structure data are added when new information is available.     

Survey of current literature

This Section is intended to provide the most current phase diagram data. Guidelines for the inclusion of new information in this section are (1) systems for which no phase diagrams are given in Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, second edition; (2) complete diagrams that are substantially different from earlier versions published in Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, second edition, the Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams, or single-topic monographs; (3) partial diagrams that alter or clarify earlier versions in the above-mentioned publications; and (4) relevant new literature of interest Thermodynamic consistency of the new phase diagrams was checked based on phase rules, and the diagrams were modified if necessary. However, the diagrams and texts have not gone through the ordinary reviewing process, and the final evaluations may be carried out by relevant category editors of the Alloy Phase Diagram Program. For convenience, reaction tables and crystal structure data are added when new information is available.     

Experimental Investigation and Thermodynamic Calculation of Phase Equilibria in the Mg-Pb-Sn Ternary System

The phase equilibria of the Mg-Pb-Sn ternary system were investigated using a combined method of electron probe microanalyzer and x-ray diffraction. Three isothermal sections of the Mg-Pb-Sn ternary system at 200, 300 and 400 °C were experimentally established. The phase equilibria of Mg-Pb-Sn ternary system were thermodynamically assessed by using CALPHAD (Calculation of Phase Diagrams) method on the basis of the presently determined experimental data. A consistent set of thermodynamic parameters has been derived for describing the Gibbs free energies of each solution phase and intermetallic compound in the Mg-Pb-Sn ternary system. The calculated phase diagrams and thermodynamic properties in the Mg-Pb-Sn ternary system are in good agreement with experimental data.     

Mo-RE二元合金相图的热力学数据库

利用CALPHAD方法,选择和建立合理的热力学模型,并结合相平衡及热力学性质的相关实验信息,对Mo-RE (RE: Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu)各二元系相图进行了热力学优化与计算。其中,液相和端际固溶体相的Gibbs自由能采用亚正规溶体模型描述,气相的Gibbs自由能采用理想气体模型描述。计算结果与实验数据取得了良好的一致性,最终得到了一组自洽的合理描述Mo-RE二元系各相自由能的热力学参数,建立了Mo-RE (RE: Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu)二元合金相图的热力学数据库。该热力学数据库可以提供相平衡及热力学性质等多种信息,为外推计算三元以及更多组元体系的相平衡提供理论基础,并为相关体系的合金设计及制备提供重要的理论指导。     

Phase Diagrams: The Beginning of Wisdom

This work presents a primer on “How to Read and Apply Phase Diagrams” in the current environment of powerful thermodynamic software packages. Advanced aspects in that context are also covered. It is a brief guide into using this cornerstone of knowledge in materials science and engineering and offers assistance in the proper interpretation of results obtained from state-of-the-art Calphad-type thermodynamic calculations. Starting from the very basics it explains the reading of unary, binary and ternary phase diagrams, including liquidus projections, isothermal and vertical phase diagram sections. Application examples are directly derived from these phase diagrams of Fe, Cu-Ni, Mg-Al, and Mg-Al-Zn. The use of stable and metastable phase diagrams and appropriate choices of state variables are explained for the relevant Fe-C and Fe-C-Si systems. The most useful concept of zero-phase fraction lines in phase diagram sections of multicomponent systems is made clear by coming back to the Cu-Ni and Mg-Al-Zn systems. Thermodynamic solidification simulation using the Scheil approximation in comparison to the equilibrium case is covered in context of multicomponent multiphase solidification and exemplified for Mg-Al-Zn alloys. The generic approach is directly applicable for all inorganic materials, but exemplified in this concise work for a small selection of metallic systems to highlight the interdependences among the phase diagrams. The embedded application examples for real material systems and various materials processes also emphasize the use of phase diagrams for the path from initial off-equilibrium state towards equilibrium.     

Thermodynamic assessments of the Cu–Th and Mo–Th systems

The thermodynamic assessments of the Cu–Th and Mo–Th binary systems were carried out by using Calculation of Phase Diagrams (CALPHAD) method on the basis of the experimental data including the thermodynamic properties and phase equilibria. The Gibbs free energies of the liquid, bcc, and fcc phases are described by the subregular solution model with the Redlich–Kister equation and those of the four intermetallic compounds Cu₆Th, Cu_3.6Th, Cu₂Th and CuTh₂ in the Cu–Th binary system were described by the sublattice model. A set of self-consistent thermodynamic parameters are obtained, and the calculated phase diagrams and thermodynamic properties are presented and compared with the experimental data from literatures. The calculated thermodynamic properties as well as phase diagrams are in good agreement with the experimental data.     

guidelines for binary phase diagram assessment

The recent publication of Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams,2nd ed, [90Mas] and our extensive screening of phase diagram graphics for this edition has revealed many phase diagram features, which while not explicitly violating phase diagram rules, are to a lesser or greater extent unlikely to represent thermodynamically acceptable conditions. In two previous papers, several thermodynamically improbable features or boundaries in binary phase diagrams were pointed out [91Oka2], and some unlikely thermodynamic models were shown to be unrealistic, or in error [91Okal]. In the present paper, we discuss some of the unlikely features in more detail in order to develop a set of guidelines that may be useful for checking future proposed phase diagram boundaries, or some specific phase diagram features resulting from both experimental and theoretical work, including also phase diagram assessments.     

guidelines for binary phase diagram assessment

The recent publication of Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams,2nd ed, [90Mas] and our extensive screening of phase diagram graphics for this edition has revealed many phase diagram features, which while not explicitly violating phase diagram rules, are to a lesser or greater extent unlikely to represent thermodynamically acceptable conditions. In two previous papers, several thermodynamically improbable features or boundaries in binary phase diagrams were pointed out [91Oka2], and some unlikely thermodynamic models were shown to be unrealistic, or in error [91Okal]. In the present paper, we discuss some of the unlikely features in more detail in order to develop a set of guidelines that may be useful for checking future proposed phase diagram boundaries, or some specific phase diagram features resulting from both experimental and theoretical work, including also phase diagram assessments.     

YCl_3－AECl_2（AE＝Mg，Ca，Sr，Ba）二元相图的研究

用差热分析法测定了ＹＣｌ_３一ＳｒＣｌ_２体系二元相图，并用Ｘ时线衍射法验证了该二元体系中新相的生成。使用ＣＡＬＰＨＡＤ技术评估和优化了ＹＣｌ_３一ＡＥＣｌ_２（ＡＥ＝Ｍｇ，Ｃａ，Ｓｒ，Ｂａ）系列四个二元相图和热力学性质，取得了热力学性质和相图自相一致的结果。     

The use of phase diagrams and thermodynamic databases for electronic materials

Phase diagrams and a thermodynamic database constructed by the Calculation of Phase Diagrams approach offer powerful tools for alloy design and materials development. This article presents recent progress on the thermodynamic database for microsolders and copper-based alloys, which is useful for the development of lead-free solders and prediction of interfacial phenomena between solders and the copper substrate in electronic packaging technology. In addition, examples of phase diagram applications are presented to facilitate the development of Co-Cr-based magnetic recording media in hard disks and new ferromagnetic shape-memory alloys. For more information, contact K. Ishida, Tohoku University, Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Aoba-yama 02, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.     

Thermodynamic Database and the Phase Diagrams of the (U,Th, Pu)-X Binary Systems

A thermodynamic database for nuclear materials, including U-Th, U-Pu, Th-Pu, and (U, Th, Pu)-X (X = Al, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Mg, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ni, Si, Ta, W, Zr) binary system has been developed by the Calculation of Phase Diagrams (CALPHAD) method. Thermodynamic parameters describing Gibbs free energies of different phases have been evaluated by optimizing experimental data on phase equilibria and thermodynamic properties. The present thermodynamic database can provide much-needed information such as stable and metastable phase equilibria, phase fractions, and various thermodynamic quantities that is important to the design of nuclear materials. This database is also an essential starting point to construct thermodynamic databases for the multicomponent systems.     

YCl3—AECl2（AE=Mg,Ca,Sr,Ba）二元相图的研究

用差热分析法测定ＹＣｌ３－ＳｒＣｌ２体系二元相图，并用Ｘ射线衍射法验证了该二元体系中新相的生成。使用ＣＡＬＰＨＡＤ技术评估和优化了ＹＣｌ３－ＡＥＣｌ２（ＡＥ＝Ｍｇ，Ｃａ，Ｓｒ，Ｂａ）系列四个二元相图和热力学性质，取得了热力学性质和相图自相结果。     

A tutorial on flow diagrams: A tool for developing the structure of multicomponent phase diagrams

The tabular form of multiphase equilibria in temperature- or pressure-ordered sequence, often referred to as flow diagrams, shows the interrelations that exist among the various types or classes of equilibria in a system. These interrelations establish the structures of the various forms of phase diagrams. Flow diagrams have been used to simplify the presentation of complex ternary phase diagrams. However, they have been overlooked as a useful tool in predicting phase diagrams, in developing isotherms and isobars, and in teaching fundamentals of phase diagrams. In principle, flow diagrams can be applied to any system regardless of order. This tutorial will address the development of flow diagrams from simple binary diagrams through multicomponent systems, and will demonstrate application in determining phase diagrams and in establishing isotherms and isobars.     

Modern thermodynamics in CVD of hard materials

The diamond growth together with the graphite etching under low pressure had often been regarded as a “thermodynamic paradox” maybe “violating the second law of thermodynamics”, since the success of the activated chemical vapor deposited (CVD) diamond processes in 1970. After quantitative verification of reaction coupling, a series of nonequilibrium phase diagrams for the activated diamond processes have been quantitatively calculated. These nonequilibrium phase diagrams agree excellently with experiments. However, there is no room for the nonequilibrium phase diagram in both classical equilibrium thermodynamics and traditional nonequilibrium thermodynamics. Therefore, the systematization of modern thermodynamics has been drastically changed and a new field for nonequilibrium phase diagrams emerges. Nonequilibrium phase diagrams for activated CVD cubic boron nitride processes have also been calculated in this paper.     

Homogenization of Highly Alloyed Cu-Fe-Ni: A Phase Diagram Study

Six highly alloyed Cu-Fe-Ni alloys have been processed with different heat treatments and studied by means of electron microprobe and differential thermal analyses. The results are discussed in comparison with an equilibrium phase diagram calculation performed using the CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams) method. An unexpected temperature window for homogenization has been found in the middle of the composition range.     

Equilibrium diagrams of systems O-S,O-Al,O-Cr,O-Fe,O-S-Al,O-S-Cr and O-S-Fe. Towards a thermodynamic predetermination of the circumstances of dry corrosion of metals

Diagrams set up as a function of an electrode potential and temperature show the conditions of thermodynamic equilibrium of all substances which may exist in the three-component systems O-S-Al, O-S-Cr and O-S-Fe. These diagrams give an overall picture of the circumstances where, in the presence of gaseous atmospheres containing SO₃, SO₂ and/or sulphur vapour, aluminium, chromium and iron may be covered by a layer of oxide, sulphate or sulphide. According to some hypotheses, this may lead to a predetermination of the conditions of no-corrosion and corrosion of the metal in the presence of these atmospheres.     

MOLTEN SALT PHASE DIAGRAMS CALCULATION USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK OR PATTERN RECOGNITION-BOND PARAMETERS PART 3.ESTIMATION OF LIQUIDUS TEMPERATURE AND EXPERT SYSTEM

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