Xylitol-assisted ball milling of graphite to prepare long-cycle and high-capacity graphene nanosheet as lithium-ion anode materials

Journal of Materials Science - A simple and effective xylitol-assisted mechanochemical stripping method has been used to peel graphite into graphene nanosheets (GNSs). Using xylitol as a ball...     

An environment-friendly preparation of reduced graphene oxide nanosheets via amino acid

Chemically modified graphene has been studied in many applications due to its excellent electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. Among the chemically modified graphenes, reduced graphene oxide is the most important for its structure and properties, which are similar to pristine graphene. Here, we introduce an environment-friendly approach for preparation of reduced graphene oxide nanosheets through the reduction of graphene oxide that employs L-cysteine as the reductant under mild reaction conditions. The conductivity of the reduced graphene oxide nanosheets produced in this way increases by about 10(6) times in comparison to that of graphene oxide. This is the first report about using amino acids as a reductant for the preparation of reduced graphene oxide nanosheets, and this procedure offers an alternative route to large-scale production of reduced graphene oxide nanosheets for applications that require such material.     

球磨共混制备优异抗原子氧性能的氧化石墨烯/聚酰亚胺复合薄膜

通过简单的机械共混（球磨共混）和高温压制的方法,制备了一系列具有良好抗原子氧（AO）性能的氧化石墨烯/聚酰亚胺（GO/PI）复合薄膜。微量（0.5wt%） GO的引入可使GO/PI复合薄膜的抗AO性能提高17.9%。同时,含0.5wt% GO的GO/PI复合薄膜也表现出良好的热稳定性能和力学性能。热重分析表明,含0.5wt% GO的GO/PI复合薄膜在质量损失为5%时的温度（T_d5）为519.4℃,比纯PI薄膜高14.7℃;拉伸强度为111.9 MPa,杨氏模量为2.1 GPa,与纯PI薄膜相比,分别提高了4.3 MPa和0.1 GPa。与传统的原位聚合法相比,机械共混-高温压制的方式更易于操作和控制,使具有优异综合性能的GO/PI复合薄膜的大规模量产成为可能。     

Laterally confined graphene nanosheets and graphene/SnO<Subscript>2</Subscript> composites as high-rate anode materials for lithium-ion batteries

High-rate anode materials for lithium-ion batteries are desirable for applications that require high power density. We demonstrate the advantageous rate capability of few-layered graphene nanosheets, with widths of 100–200 nm, over micro-scale graphene nanosheets. Possible reasons for the better performance of the former include their smaller size and better conductivity than the latter. Combination of SnO₂ nanoparticles with graphene was used to further improve the gravimetric capacities of the electrode at high charge-discharge rates. Furthermore, the volumetric capacity of the composites was substantially enhanced compared to pristine graphene due to the higher density of the composites.     

Structural disorder and phase transformation in graphite produced by ball milling

Nanocrystalline graphite with a crystallite size of about 2 nm is formed after 8 h of ball milling. Further milling produces a mixture of nanocrystalline and amorphous phases. The nanocrystalline graphite is relatively stable against heating when compared with some nanocrystalline metals.     

AS/石墨纳米薄片复合材料的制备

通过把膨胀石墨进行超声处理制备了石墨纳米薄片(FG).并对挤出成型制备AS/石墨纳米薄片导电复合体系的工艺过程进行了研究,测试了纳米复合材料的渗滤阈值,其渗滤阈值为9～10%(质量分数).     

超声剥离二次膨胀石墨制备石墨烯纳米片

以天然鳞片石墨为原料,氧化插层制备可膨胀石墨,微波热解膨胀后,对膨胀石墨进行二次氧化插层并微波膨胀,采用超声剥离法制备出包含大量少层数碳原子的石墨烯纳米片。采用傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)和拉曼光谱(Raman)对其结构和形貌进行分析。结果表明,氧化插层增大了石墨层间距,膨胀石墨更易于进一步氧化插层引入含氧基团;在微波作用下,石墨内部含氧基团热分解放出气体,进一步增大石墨层间距,甚至部分剥离;对二次膨胀处理的石墨薄片进行超声剥离可得到石墨烯纳米片,大部分石墨烯层数低于5层。     

Composites of graphene and encapsulated silicon for practically viable high-performance lithium-ion batteries

A facile and scalable approach to synthesize silicon composite anodes has been developed by encapsulating Si particles via in situ polymerization and carbonization of phloroglucinol-formaldehyde gel, followed by incorporation of graphene nanoplatelets. As a result of its structural integrity, high packing density and an intimate electrical contact consolidated by the conductive networks, the composite anode yielded excellent electrochemical performance in terms of charge storage capability, cycling life and coulombic efficiency. A half cell achieved reversible capacities of 1,600 mAh·g^?1 and 1,000 mAh·g^?1 at 0.5 A·g^?1 and 2.1 A·g^?1, respectively, while retaining more than 70% of the initial capacities over 1,000 cycles. Complete lithium-ion pouch cells coupling the anode with a lithium metal oxide cathode demonstrated excellent cycling performance and energy output, representing significant advance in developing Si-based electrode for practical application in high-performance lithium-ion batteries.      

Simple facile route for the preparation of graphite oxide and graphene

A simple method is reported for the preparation of graphite oxide (GO) and graphene using KCIO3/NaNO3/H2SO4 and Na2S as oxidizing agent as oxidizing and reducing agents respectively. The formation of GO and graphene have also been confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies, UV-visible, spectroscopy, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. The morphology, surface charge characteristic and thermal stability behaviour have been studied by SEM/TEM, Zeta potential measurements, thermogravimetric analysis.     

One-step in situ synthesis of SnO2/graphene nanocomposites and its application as an anode material for Li-ion batteries

A facile one-step solution-based process to in situ synthesize SnO(2)/graphene (SG) nanocomposites was developed, by using the mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and H(2)O as both solvent and reactant. The reduction of graphene oxide (GO) and the in situ formation of SnO(2) nanoparticles were realized in one step. The electrochemical experiments showed the composites provided a better Li-storage performance. The method presented in this paper may provide an effective, economic, and green strategy for the preparation of metal-oxide/graphene nanocomposites.     

Dispersion kinetics of carbon black for the application in lithium-ion batteries

For production of electrodes for lithium-ion batteries, conductive carbon black (CB) has to be dispersed within the anode and cathode slurry. A sufficient dispersing degree has to be reached in order to ensure the formation of an adequate conductive network within the electrodes. As intermediate product, CB is dispersed in binder solution, prior to addition of active materials. As binder system on anode side carboxymethylcellulose in water is used, whereas on cathode side polyvinylidene fluoride in N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone is applied. The conductive carbon slurry facilitates the characterization of the slurry properties, based on changes of CB. The structure and amount of conductive carbon black influences the slurry properties decisively. Viscosity increases with increasing CB content, which affects the shear stress within the mixing process. Rheological properties and particle size distributions are investigated over time while dispersing CB with various tip speeds in a dissolver. Dispersion kinetics are described on behalf of an existing model for tip speed variations. Based on the investigations of rheological changes due to varying amount of CB, an extended model enclosing the CB concentration as variable was developed. Using the extended model, particle sizes for new process parameters can be predicted.     

石墨烯的制备和应用

石墨烯因具有优良的电学、热学和机械性能,以及高透光率和超大比表面积等而备受人们关注。尤其是2004年稳定存在的石墨烯被成功地获得,更是掀起了石墨烯的研究高潮。获得低成本、大面积、高质量的石墨烯,并将其用于实际生产是研究人员奋斗的目标。主要对近几年一些改进的或新的石墨烯的制备方法以及其主要的潜在应用做了综述,从中可以看到石墨烯的巨大发展潜力。     

Field emission from few-layer graphene nanosheets produced by liquid phase exfoliation of graphite

Graphene nanosheets have been synthesized from commercial expandable graphite by heating in a microwave oven and dispersing in ethanol by ultrasonication. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy and atomic force microscope showed that the nanosheets were about 2 nm in thickness and 10 microm in diameter. The field emission of the graphene sheets has been investigated. An emission current density of 1 mA/cm2 has been achieved at an electric field of 3.7 V/microm with a turn-on field of 1.7 V/microm at 0.01 mA/cm2. The annealing of the samples at 400 degrees C in vacuum greatly improved the field emission performance.     

Synthesis of Ag-ZnO composites via ball milling and hot pressing processes

Ag — 8 wt. % ZnO composites were synthesized by ball milling, heat treating and hot pressing of silver and zinc oxide powder mixtures. The crystalline size and microstrain of the milled powders before and after heat treatment were determined by Debye-Scherrer andWilliamson-Hall methods. It was shown that heat treatment resulted in decrease of microstrain and increase in the crystallite size of the milled powders. The effect of uniaxial pressure magnitude and duration of hot pressing at 550 °C on the final density of the powder compacts were investigated. The results showed that both plastic flow and atomic diffusion mechanisms affected densification of the composite powders during the hot pressing process. However, the latter one had more effective role on the density of the hot-pressed samples. The synthesized composites showed homogenous microstructure with relatively high density and hardness.     

Synthesis of nitrogen-doped MnO/graphene nanosheets hybrid material for lithium ion batteries

Nitrogen-doped MnO/graphene nanosheets (N-MnO/GNS) hybrid material was synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method followed by ammonia annealing. The samples were systematically investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. N-doped MnO (N-MnO) nanoparticles were homogenously anchored on the thin layers of N-doped GNS (N-GNS) to form an efficient electronic/ionic mixed conducting network. This nanostructured hybrid exhibited a reversible electrochemical lithium storage capacity as high as 772 mAh g(-1) at 100 mA g(-1) after 90 cycles, and an excellent rate capability of 202 mA h g(-1) at a high current density of 5 A g(-1). It is expected that N-MnO/GNS hybrid could be a promising candidate material as a high capacity anode for lithium ion batteries.