移动Ad-hoc网络安全分析综述

与传统的有线网络相比,移动ad-hoc网络有很多特性使得它在各个层上存在安全问题而容易受到攻击。移动Ad-hoc网络不同于有线网络的特性,对于保证其安全性提出了新的挑战。本文在探讨移动Ad-hoc网络的安全需求的基础上,着重分析了移动Ad-hoc网络易于遭受的攻击,并集中了讨论移动Ad-hoc网络的路由安全、密钥管理等关键问题。     

A direction-based geographic routing scheme for intermittently connected mobile networks

In an intermittently connected mobile network, a complete routing path from a source to a destination cannot be guaranteed most of the time. Therefore, traditional routing methods for mobile ad hoc networks are not applicable in such a network. Current approaches for intermittently connected mobile networks are primarily based on redundant transmission and single-copy opportunistic routing. However, they incur either high overhead due to excessive transmissions, or long delay due to incorrect path choices during forwarding. In this paper, we propose a direction-based geographic (DIG) routing scheme for intermittently connected mobile networks. Relying on geographic location information, the packets are routed in a path approximately to the shortest path from the source node to the destination, which significantly reduces the overhead in redundant transmission and decreases the transmission delay in the single-copy opportunistic routing. Theoretical analysis and trace-driven experimental results show that DIG provides low transmission delay with low overhead in comparison with the schemes in the redundant transmission and single-copy opportunistic routing.     

A comparison of algorithms for origin–destination matrix generation on real road networks and an approximation approach

This paper considers the generation of the origin–destination (OD) matrix, basic data in any vehicle routing or traveling salesman problem. An OD matrix must be generated by calculating the shortest paths between some nodes. Candidate methods for this are repetitive use of one-to-all shortest path algorithms such as Dijkstra’s algorithm, use of all-to-all shortest path algorithms such as the Floyd–Warshall algorithm, and use of specifically designed some-to-some shortest path algorithms. This paper compares the performance of several shortest path algorithms in computing OD matrices on real road networks. Dijkstra’s algorithm with approximate bucket data structure performed the best for most of the networks tested. This paper also proposes a grouping-based algorithm for OD matrix generation. Although it is an approximation approach, it has several good characteristics: it can find the exact shortest distances for most OD pairs; it guarantees that all the calculated shortest path distance values have corresponding paths; the deviation of any distance from the corresponding true shortest distance is small; and its computation time is short.     

道路网络中k路径最近邻居针对两种目标点的应用

提出一种道路网络中针对两种不同类型目标点的k组路径最近邻居查询,这是一种新的查询:给出用户希望到达的终点位置以及两组目标点集合,这种查询返回连接用户当前位置和终点位置的最短路径,以及相对于这条最短路径的k组路径最近邻居,每组包含两个不同类型的目标点,将这种查询命名为k-PNNT.提出了一种典型的过滤-精炼算法得到k-PNNT及对应的最短路径,并且在实际道路网络中进行了实验.实验证明,算法可行,有效.     

Ad-hoc网络按需路由协议实现技术研究

文章首先分析了在典型的操作系统中实现移动ad-hoc网络(MANET)按需路由协议所面临的问题及其所需的系统服务。由此,提出了一种在典型操作系统中支持MANET按需路由协议的通用的解决方法。最后,在Linux下实现了此方法,这种实现方法除了装载一个小模块外不需对Linux内核加以改变。这种整洁、灵活并且具有良好扩展性的实现方法会成为研究实现MANET按需路由协议的有力工具。     

实时响应物联网中基于查询的数据转发方案

在许多基于传感器网络技术的物联网应用中,用户需要快速的查询响应,比如智能交通物联网应用中,行驶在路上的司机即时查询附近的空停车位信息.如何为此类物联网设计一种符合传感器网络特性(如能量有效等)的快速数据转发方案是一项重要的挑战性工作.已有的传感器网络实时数据转发协议大都因未解决好转发断路带来的额外开销、孤立节点处理耗时、难以适应网络拓扑动态变化等关键性问题而未取得理想的实时性效果.为此,该文提出一种新的基于查询的快速数据转发方案,利用查询消息为每个传感器节点建立最快速的数据转发路径(有向无环图),此外文中给出的综合路径代价模型可以均衡网络能量和减少网络拥塞延时,最后设计了贪婪的分布式数据转发算法及其改进算法,并用仿真实验验证了该方案的有效性和高效性.     

A game theoretic framework for stochastic multipath routing in self-organized MANETs

In this paper we propose a game theoretic framework for stochastic multipath routing in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). In a MANET, intelligent and adaptive attackers may try to hijack, jam or intercept data packets traveling from source to destination. In our proposed game, at each stage the source node keeps track of the available multiple paths, the residual bandwidth of the paths and the strategy of the attackers from the information gathered during the previous stage. Based on these observations, the source node selects a path for data communication and switching strategy among the multiple established paths between the source node and the destination node. Accordingly, it selects an optimal routing strategy to send data packets to the destination at each stage of the game. Using minimax-Q learning, the selected routing strategy maximizes the expected sum of per stage discounted payoff, which is the utilization of residual bandwidth between a source–destination pair along with the probability that the path is safe. Performance analysis and numerical results show that our proposed scheme achieves significant performance gains in terms of residual bandwidth utilization, average end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, routing overhead and security.     

Distributed routing in packet-switching networks by counterpropagation network

Routing is a problem of considerable importance in a packet-switching network, because it allows both optimization of the transmission speeds available and minimization of the time required to deliver information. In classical centralized routing algorithms, each packet reaches its destination along the shortest path, although some network bandwidth is lost through overheads. By contrast, distributed routing algorithms usually limit the overloading of transmission links, but they cannot guarantee optimization of the paths between source and destination nodes on account of the mainly local vision they have of the problem. The aim of the authors is to reconcile the two advantages of classical routing strategies mentioned above through the use of neural networks. The approach proposed here is one in which the routing strategy guarantees the delivery of information along almost optimal paths, but distributes calculation to the various switching nodes. The article assesses the performance of this approach in terms of both routing paths and efficiency in bandwidth use, through comparison with classical approaches.     

Backup path set selection in ad hoc wireless network using link expiration time

Topological changes in mobile ad hoc networks frequently render routing paths unusable. Such recurrent path failures have detrimental effects on quality of service. A suitable technique for eliminating this problem is to use multiple backup paths between the source and the destination in the network. Most of the proposed on-demand routing protocols however, build and rely on single route for each data session. Whenever there is a link disconnection on the active route, the routing protocol must perform a path recovery process. This paper proposes an effective and efficient protocol for backup and disjoint path set in an ad hoc wireless network. This protocol converges into a highly reliable path set very fast with no message exchange overhead. The paths selection according to this algorithm is beneficial for mobile ad hoc networks, since it produces a set of backup paths with much higher reliability. Simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of our algorithm in terms of route numbers in the path set and its reliability. In order to acquire link reliability estimates, we use link expiration time (LET) between each two nodes.In another experiment, we save the LET of entire links in the ad hoc network during a specific time period, then use them as a data base for predicting the probability of proper operation of links.Links reliability obtains from LET. Prediction is done by using a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) network which is trained with error back-propagation error algorithm. Experimental results show that the MLP net can be a good choice to predict the reliability of the links between the mobile nodes with more accuracy.     

A cost matrix agent for shortest path routing in ad hoc networks

Wireless ad hoc networks do not rely on an existing infrastructure. They are organized as a network with nodes that act as hosts and routers to treat packets. With their frequent changes in topology, ad hoc networks do not rely on the same routing methods as for pre-established wired networks; they require routing methods for mobile wireless networks. To select a path from a source to a destination in dynamic ad hoc networks, an efficient and reliable routing method is very important. In this paper, we introduce a cost-matrix-based routing algorithm. An agent node creates topology information in the form of the adjacency-cost matrix which shows link costs of the network.Based on the adjacency-cost matrix, the minimum-cost matrix and the next-node matrices can be calculated. Based on the minimum-cost matrix and the next-node matrices, the minimum cost between source and destination nodes and between intermediate nodes on the minimum-cost paths can be calculated.The matrices are periodically distributed by the agent to the other nodes. Based on the minimum-cost matrix and the next-node matrices, each node decides the minimum-cost path to its destination. Because none of the nodes except the agent needs to gather network topology information, the control overhead of the proposed method is small compared with those of the general table-driven routing protocols.     

Linear time distributed construction of colored trees for disjoint multipath routing

Disjoint multipath routing (DMPR) is an effective strategy to achieve robustness in networks where data is forwarded along multiple link- or node-disjoint paths. DMPR poses significant challenges in terms of obtaining loop-free multiple (disjoint) paths and effectively forwarding data over the multiple paths, the latter being particularly significant in datagram networks. One approach to reduce the number of routing table entries for disjoint multipath forwarding is to construct two trees, namely red and blue, rooted at a destination node such that the paths from a source to the destination on the two trees are link/node-disjoint. This paper develops the first distributed algorithm for constructing the colored trees whose running time is linear in the number of links in the network. The paper also demonstrates the effectiveness of employing generalized low-point concept rather than traditional low-point concept in the DFS-tree to reduce the average path lengths on the colored trees.     

LEO卫星通信网的鲁棒路由算法

针对使用星际链路ISL的LEO卫星系统,许多学者提出基于面向连接结构的路由算法,但这些算法的性能很大程度上依赖于初始路径的建立,健壮性差。该文提出一种基于面向连接结构的增强路由算法,只要源卫星与目的卫星之间存在一条通路,源卫星便可以与目的卫星通信。若源卫星与目的卫星之间存在多条路径,通过该算法一定能在线找到其中的最佳路径。通过仿真实验评价了算法的性能,证明算法比已有的基于面向连接结构的路由算法具有更高的鲁棒性。     

中心计算的无线传感器网络2-不相交路径路由算法

在多路径路由(multipath routing, MPR)算法中,不相交多路径路由(disjoint multipath routing, DMPR)算法具有更高的可靠性和容错性.DMPR算法面临的主要挑战有2点：不相交路径的选优问题和数据包在不相交路径上的传输问题.针对某些工业应用(例如矿井环境监测)中网络拓扑比较稳定,sink节点运算和存储能力较强等特点,提出了一种中心计算的2-不相交路径路由算法——CCDMPR算法.算法利用全网信息计算出从源节点到sink节点的近似最优2-节点(链路)不相交路径,然后生成仅包含主父交节点,辅父节点对和路径比特序列的微路由表并下传到每个节点;针对中心计算方式对链路状态变化的反应迟缓问题,采用了一种中心调度的自适应机制提高路径维护的灵活性.实验结果证明,CCDMPR算法能够显著减小平均路径长度,节省网络整体能量,并能提高数据传输的可靠性.     

A Road Timetable to aid vehicle routing and scheduling

Both within and between urban conurbations, the time of a journey and the corresponding shortest path in a road network from an origin to a destination may depend on the time of the day, the day of the week and the season of the year. Significant journey time differences occur mainly due to recurring instances and variations in levels of traffic congestion throughout the year. This paper examines the issues involved in constructing a database of road times for a road network that uses time-dependent data on the travel times for individual roads in the network to provide the expected times and distances between locations for journeys starting at different times. The benefits of time-dependent vehicle routing and scheduling systems are demonstrated by using real-world data for the road network in the north west of England.     

A parallel routing algorithm on recursive cube of rings networks employing Hamiltonian circuit Latin square

Recursive cube of rings (RCR) networks [Y. Sun, P. Cheung, X. Lin, Recursive cube of rings: a new topology for interconnection networks, IEEE Trans. Parallel Dist. Syst. 11 (3) (2000) 275-286] can be widely used in the design and implementation of parallel processing architectures. In this paper, we investigate the routing of a message on RCR networks, that is a key to the performance of this network. We would like to transmit k+1 packets from a source node to a destination node simultaneously along paths on RCR networks, the ith packet will traverse along the ith path (1?i?k+1). In order for all packets to arrive at a destination node quickly and securely, the ith path must be node-disjoint from all other paths. For construction of these paths, employing Hamiltonian circuit Latin square (HCLS), we present O(n²) parallel routing algorithm on RCR networks.     

An ant swarm-inspired energy-aware routing protocol for wireless ad-hoc networks

Primitive routing protocols for ad-hoc networks are “power hungry” and can therefore consume considerable amount of the limited amount of battery power resident in the nodes. Thus, routing in ad-hoc networks is very much energy-constrained. Continuous drainage of energy degrades battery performance as well. If a battery is allowed to intermittently remain in an idle state, it recovers some of its lost charge due to the charge recovery effect, which, in turn, results in prolonged battery life.In this paper, we use the ideas of naturally occurring ants’ foraging behavior (Dorigo and Stuetzle, 2004) [1] and based on those ideas, we design an energy-aware routing protocol, which not only incorporates the effect of power consumption in routing a packet, but also exploits the multi-path transmission properties of ant swarms and, hence, increases the battery life of a node. The efficiency of the protocol with respect to some of the existing ones has been established through simulations. It has been observed that the energy consumed in the network, the energy per packet in the case of EAAR are 60% less compared to MMBCR and the packets lost is only around 12% of what we have in AODV, in mobility scenarios.     

MANETs中分段式的节点不相交多路径QoS路由

随着多媒体应用日益普及,在移动自组网中提供QoS成为了一个重要的研究领域。提出一种移动自组网中分段式的节点不相交的多路径QoS路由协议。该协议将一条路径划分为多段,在每个段中建立满足多QoS约束的多条节点不相交路径,并在每个段中独立地进行路由维护。模拟研究表明该路由协议具有开销小和路径成功率高的特点。     

Hierarchical encoded path views for path query processing: anoptimal model and its performance evaluation

Efficient path computation is essential for applications such as intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and network routing. In ITS navigation systems, many path requests can be submitted over the same, typically huge, transportation network within a small time window. While path precomputation (path view) would provide an efficient path query response, it raises three problems which must be addressed: 1) precomputed paths exceed the current computer main memory capacity for large networks; 2) disk-based solutions are too inefficient to meet the stringent requirements of these target applications; and 3) path views become too costly to update for large graphs (resulting in out-of-date query results). We propose a hierarchical encoded path view (HEPV) model that addresses all three problems. By hierarchically encoding partial paths, HEPV reduces the view encoding time, updating time and storage requirements beyond previously known path precomputation techniques, while significantly minimizing path retrieval time. We prove that paths retrieved over HEPV are optimal. We present complete solutions for all phases of the HEPV approach, including graph partitioning, hierarchy generation, path view encoding and updating, and path retrieval. In this paper, we also present an in-depth experimental evaluation of HEPV based on both synthetic and real GIS networks. Our results confirm that HEPV offers advantages over alternative path finding approaches in terms of performance and space efficiency     

Routing using reinforcement learning in vehicular ad hoc networks

In vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), the frequent change in vehicle mobility creates dynamic changes in communication link and topology of the network. Hence, the key challenge is to address and resolve longer transmission delays and reduced transmission stability. During the establishment of routing path, the focus of entire research is on traffic detection and road selection with high traffic density for increased packet transmission. This reduces the transmission delays and avoids carry-and-forward scenarios; however, these techniques fail in obtaining accurate traffic density in real-time scenario due to rapid change in traffic density. Thus, it is necessary to create a model that efficiently monitors the traffic density and assist VANETs in route selection in an automated way with increased accuracy. In this article, a novel machine learning architecture using deep reinforcement learning (DRL) model is proposed to monitor and estimate the data essential for the routing protocol. In this model, the roadside unit maintains the traffic information on roads using DRL. The DRL predicts the movement of the vehicle and makes a suitable routing path for transmitting the packets with improved transmission capacity. It further uses predicted transmission delays and the destination location to choose the forwarding directions between two road safety units (RSUs). The application of DRL over VANETs yields increased network performance, which provides on-demand routing information. The simulation results show that the DRL-based routing is effective in routing the data packets between the source and destination vehicles than other existing method.     

无线Mesh网络链路非相关多径发现算法

非相关路径的使用对于提高网络性能有极其重要的作用,但当前无线Mesh网络的路由协议都不支持链路非相关多径的寻找.在分析DSR协议不足的基础上,提出了一种基于DSR改进的链路非相关多径寻找算法EDSR（enhancedDSR）.其核心思想是在DSR路由寻找完成后,利用网络节点的路由缓存发现和寻找源节点与目的节点间的链路非相关路径.通过非相关路径的使用,提高网络吞吐率,从而达到提高网络性能的目的.仿真结果表明,EDSR算法能以较少的代价获取非相关路径,提高网络性能.