城市生活垃圾等高热值废弃物资源化利用技术

针对我国城市生活垃圾、废塑料等高热值废弃物,采用比较成熟的焦炉炼焦、蓄热式火焰炉等热解技术,开发高热值城市生活垃圾外热式固定床热解技术、共焦化技术与设备,可以发挥钢铁企业的技术设备优势,减少高热值废弃物热解工艺的研究周期.实现废弃物处理过程的无害化和资源化利用的最大化.     

火电厂低温余热利用技术应用分析

综述火电厂低温余热利用技术的特点及应用现状,并对各种技术进行了对比分析,其中集中式吸收式热泵供热技术在当前应用最广泛,是最具发展前景的技术。苇湖梁电厂低温余热利用项目是集中式吸收式热泵125MW水冷机组技术在国内的首次工程应用,项目具有显著的节能效果,可实现年节约标煤41688t,节水65.88万t。     

以科技创新推动太阳能热利用产业升级

<正>伴随着我国改革开放的历史进程,中国的太阳能热利用产业也走过了30个年头,中国已经成为名副其实的世界太阳能热水器第一生产大国。中国属于太阳能资源丰富的国家,但目前中国并非太阳能热利用第一应用大国。究     

Solar thermal utilization in China

With the rapid development of the Chinese economy, energy consumption has increased considerably, and this has increased pressure on energy production. On the other hand, this pressure has greatly assisted in the development of the renewable energy in the past two decades. This paper reports the latest developments in the solar thermal utilization in China. A great deal of successful examples of solar thermal utilization are presented. Issues of most concern and interest, which are resisting a further development of solar thermal utilization, have been identified and discussed. A prediction for the prospect of solar energy thermal utilization in China is also presented.     

我国太阳能热利用进展

我国人口众多，１２．５亿人口，其中７５％生活在农村。近２０年采我国经济快速发展，人民生活不断提高，对能源的需求亦随之递增。煤是我国主要的一次能源的资源，燃煤引起的环境问题已成为我国可持续发展战略中的要认真对待的问题。开发太阳能利用是实现我国可持续发展战略的有效措施之一。１ 太阳能热利用在我国农村能源建设中的贡献 我国的太阳能热利用技术研究开发始于２０世纪７０年代未，其重点置于简单、价廉的低温热利用的适用技术，如太阳能温室、太阳灶、被动太阳房、太阳热水器和太阳干燥器。这类技术在农村得到推广应用，为缓…     

Assessment of thermal performance improvement of GT-MHR by waste heat utilization in power generation and hydrogen production

The Gas Turbine Modular Helium Reactor (GT-MHR) uses two compression stages to compress the helium and a pre-cooler and an intercooler to reduce the compressors inlet temperature, that dissipate around 308.36 MW_th at the design operational conditions. This dissipated thermal energy can be used as an energy source to produce hydrogen. An energy analysis is conducted for a proposed system that includes GT-MHR combined with Organic Rankine Cycle (GT-MHR/ORC) and a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolyzer (GT-MHR/ORC-PEM) for hydrogen production. The optimum operating parameters values of the new cycle are obtained using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software. Thermal efficiency has been improved from 48.6% for the simple GT-MHR cycle to 49.8% for the new combined (GT-MHR/ORC-PEM) cycle including hydrogen production at a rate of 0.0644 kg/s at the same operating conditions. However, the thermal efficiency for the combined GT-MHR/ORC was higher and reaches 50.68%. Moreover, a parametric study is carried out over a wide range of some operating conditions such as turbine inlet temperature, Compressor pressure ratio and compressor inlet temperature to investigate their effect on the new cycle performance. Results revealed that increasing the low-pressure compressor inlet temperature increases the amount of hydrogen produced while decreasing thermal efficiencies for the three cycles. Furthermore, increasing compressor pressure ratio reduces the mass flow rate of hydrogen produced util it reaches a minimum value then it starts to increase slightly, on the contrary, an opposite relationship is observed between thermal efficiencies and compressor pressure ratio. Moreover, at low compressor pressure ratio, the rate of hydrogen produced increases with increasing turbine inlet temperature; however, it decreases by increasing the turbine inlet temperature at high compressor pressure ratio. Nevertheless, a direct correlation is noticed between thermal efficiencies and turbine inlet temperature.     

北京市生物质废弃物资源化利用潜力评估

针对北京市废弃生物质资源进行系统调研和初步评估,估算北京市的废弃生物质资源潜力,由目前生物质资源的保有量数据构建了ARIMA模型,对北京市潜在废弃生物质资源进行预测,估算未来几年生物质废弃物资源化利用量,为生物质能替代化石能源,减小北京能源供应压力提供依据。研究结果表明:2017年北京市农业生物质废弃物的资源化利用潜力为44.08万t标煤,未来可开发量趋于平稳;2017年餐厨垃圾的资源化利用潜力为46.81万t标煤,未来总量仍不断增长,可开发潜力巨大。     

硅气溶胶在太阳能热利用中的应用

硅气溶胶已有６０多年的发展历史，它是由二氧化硅经特殊工艺处理制成的细微颗粒聚合物，颗粒构成的支架间有大量微小均匀的空隙。硅气溶胶小球很轻，用手指一捏，就碎成粉末。硅气溶胶的颗粒构架抑制了空隙间空气的对流热损，因此可以作为具有一定支撑力的高性能隔热材料。硅气溶胶与同是含二氧化硅聚合物的玻璃一样，良好的散射透射性是它的另一个特点。２０世纪８０年代硅气溶胶被开发用于隔热透明窗和太阳烤箱。１９９７年在德国Fraunhofer太阳能研究所建立了一栋示范性小图书馆，图书馆整块墙面采用落地双层玻璃窗，夹层内填充了硅气…     

城市垃圾处理及资源化利用

介绍了我国城市垃圾处理及资源化技术的现状与发展，对我国城市垃圾处理及资源化利用带来的经济效益进行了评估，提出了我国城市垃圾处理及资源化利用的几点对策。     

Techno-economic analysis of waste paper energy utilization

The existing waste paper recycling technologies are based on partial incorporation of recycled cellulose fibers into “new” paper products. The main usage is in low-grade products, such as paperboards or wrapping papers. However, due to electronization of mass media in combination with increasing quantities of leaflets and continuous downward pressures on paper production costs, the waste paper currently used in the recycling scheme is of lower quality than paper used decades ago. It contains much more fillers, adhesives, dyes, polishers, and similar additives that are problematic for conventional paper recycling technologies. A sharp growth of this trend encourages conceptual reengineering of the existing technological processes in waste paper management. A techno-economic analysis of energy utilization by means combustion, anaerobic fermentation (also accelerated by steam-explosion), and pyrolysis was carried out in a pilot scale. The results have revealed that if the current trend continues, it might be reasonable to divert waste paper from returning back into production (recycling) and to prefer its commercial pyrolysis.     

Social assessment of waste energy utilization scenarios

The Center of Technology Assessment in Stuttgart (Germany) constructed four energy scenarios for the year 2005 and 2020 referring to the German State of Baden-Württemberg. All these scenarios are based on the promise of the German government to reduce Carbon dioxide emissions by 25% in the year 2005, and there is a commitment of a 45% reduction for the year 2020. These reduction goals can be reached only if energy conservation measures and waste energy utilization are part of the energy policy structure. This paper describes a group evaluation process of these scenarios. Major stakeholder groups such as the unions, the energy industry, public utilities and others, were asked to develop criteria for evaluating these scenarios and they use these criteria to perform a multi-attribute evaluation process. Although the scenarios with a large amount of waste heat utilization received favorable ratings by almost all groups, their chance of being implemented was regarded as rather unrealistic.     

水泥厂余热利用研究

本文论述了焦作水泥厂中温烟气余热发电方案研究。讨论了设计方案、设备选型并进行了技术经济分析。本文结论对同类型余热利用工程具有参考价值。     

太阳能热利用的实践与体会

我国的太阳能建筑应用研究开始于上世纪70年代末，80年代重点发展了被动式太阳能采暖技术，建成数百座太阳能采暖示范建筑；90年代，太阳能热水器得到大力推广和全社会的普遍认可，成为家用首选产品，在宾馆、学校、洗浴中心等公共建筑中也有大量应用；90年代末至今，我国在太阳能技     

探讨太阳能热利用发展

一回顾 1955年,在美国召开的国际太阳能会议上第一次提出太阳选择性吸收涂层概念与实践,展出了平板太阳(能)集热器,被视为世界太阳能热利用的开端(见图1).此后,随着太阳能热利用的发展,太阳集热器逐步发展为平板型、真空管型两大类,而真空管型又主要包括全玻璃与金属-玻璃两种.     

Present status of underground thermal utilization in Japan

Utilization of low-enthalpy geothermal energy in Japan, especially with the application of geothermal heat pumps, is far behind other industrial countries. In 1998, a feasibility study was made of utilizing Japan's low-enthalpy geothermal resources. Since 2001 the Geo-Heat Promotion Association of Japan (GeoHPJ) began its activities with the objective of installing 140,000 heat pump systems in private houses by the target year of 2010. The Geothermal Research Society of Japan has also launched new activities in this sector. Research groups in universities and other national institutes have started geoscientific research on the utilization of low-enthalpy resources and private, academic and governmental sectors have consequently begun promoting geothermal heat pump utilization.     

香蕉秸秆资源化利用的研究进展

对香蕉秸秆在纤维生产、堆肥、饲料、气化和厌氧发酵等方面的利用情况进行了综述,指出了香蕉秸秆厌氧发酵生产沼气是其资源化和能源化利用的途径和潜力。我国香蕉秸秆年产沼气潜力高达4亿m3,其推广和应用将产生巨大的经济、社会和生态效益。     

Hydrogen production at centralized utilization of agricultural waste

There is a problem of utilization of a large amount of organic waste in the agro-industrial complex. Most of the waste is generated on livestock farms (56%) and crop production (35.6%). Centralized biogas plants are a good solution for efficient processing of agricultural waste and biofuel production. An analysis of the possibilities of cow manure utilizing and dry biomass of amaranth with the subsequent hydrogen production was implemented for Tatarstan Republic. The diagram of five large facilities utilizing waste from 7 to 10 districts included in the region is introduced.The diagram of steam catalytic conversion of biogas is specified. The introduced hydrogen production scheme includes: collection of plant waste and manure of livestock complexes for centralized recycling (the optimal mixture of dry biomass of Amaranthus retroflexus L. leaves and cow manure for organic dry matter is 1:1.5); mixture preparation and ultrasonic treatment at a frequency of 22 kHz and an exposure intensity of 10 W/cm2; anaerobic digestion in the mesophilic mode at a temperature of 310 K, the hydraulic retention time is 12 days; the compressor supplying the resulting biogas into the gasholder for intermediate storage; purification of biogas from carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and other impurities in the scrubber; steam methane reforming: the biomethane is compressed by a compressor to a pressure of 15 atm., then fed to the reformer, heated, mixed with steam in the ratio H2O/CH4 = 2.5 and subjected to conversion at a temperature of 1073 K and a pressure of 1 atm., before exiting, the resulting gas is cooled to 573 K; the catalytic reactor for carrying out a water vapor conversion reaction in which a mixture of carbon monoxide and steam is converted, the products are hydrogen and carbon dioxide; purification of the obtained hydrogen to a purity of 99.99% vol. In the short-cycle adsorption system; hydrogen supply to the consumer. It is possible to utilize of 4.4 million tons of waste annually, and also to produce 107,341 kg/day of hydrogen with a purity of 99.99% by volume.     

Targeting cogeneration and waste utilization through process integration

In this paper we focus on energy flows and specifically on the complex interactions between heat and power generation and use in steam systems along with combustible wastes of the process. Our objective is to present a systematic methodology for the quick targeting of power cogeneration potential in steam systems ahead of designing the power generation network. The devised approach makes effective utilization of combustible wastes and reconciles the use and dispatch of process fuel sources, heating and non-heating uses of steam, and power generation. The new concept of extractable energy is introduced to facilitate a simple calculation of cogeneration potential in the process. Balances around steam headers are used to identify surpluses and deficits. Next, surplus and deficit composite curves are constructed to identify feasible transfers of extractable energy. The result is the identification of the cogeneration target and excess steam that can be used in condensing turbines. This methodology takes a holistic view of the process and can easily be combined with other mass and energy integration techniques. It specifically accommodates both (a) production objectives (mass integration) and (b) heat recovery network targeting and utility selection (energy integration). An example problem is presented to illustrate the methodology.     

浙江省农业废弃物的能源利用初探

讨论了浙江省2004年农业废弃物秸秆和畜禽粪便的资源量及利用现状，论述了秸秆压缩成型、秸秆气化、液化及畜禽粪便的沼气、沼液、沼渣等资源化综合利用的途径。     

城市垃圾的能源化技术及其在国内的发展

城市垃圾成为日益严重的环境问题、社会问题和经济问题，如何利用城市垃圾，使其变废为宜，为人类服务是目前人们关注的热点。主要介绍在法国采用的垃圾液化焚烧发电技术以及目前垃圾焚烧发电在国内的发展情况。