Historicizing the smart cities: Genealogy as a method of critique for smart urbanism

This study explores the utility of genealogy as a method of critiquing the history of the present in the smart cities. Taking a South Korean smart city of Songdo as a point of departure, this paper offers a genealogical understanding of a smart city that situates the current technics and technologies of data-driven urban governance within the broader context of South Korean history. Given the scarcity of a historically informed understanding of a smart city in the existing literatures on smart urbanism, this paper argues that a genealogical method helps us to counter the sweeping binarism that obscures the complexity and diversity of actually existing smart cities today. Through genealogy, this study underscores the multifaceted nature of the smart city, which consists of a combination of multiple urban diagrams that grows out of distinct problems and objectives of urban management – mobility, security, environment, and futurity. This paper illustrates how a smart city emerged out of multiple strings of history and problematizations that are contingently interweaved at a given time and space in multiple and diffused forms.     

Cloudy landscapes: On the extended geography of smart urbanism

The hypervisibility of the projects of smart urbanism in urban cores masks and obfuscates an extended geography of extraction, processing, storage, transmission, and control that underlies the ideologies, practices, and forms of smart cities. By adopting a hybrid analytical framework, assembled from recent work emerging from critical urban geography, media studies, and design, this paper argues for a spatial recontextualization of smart urbanism. Expanding the scope of urban analysis beyond cities and into the enabling geography of “the cloud,” this paper positions smart urbanism within an uneven and socio-technically constructed planetary landscape, to problematize and more effectively map the “where” of smart cities. As an initial grounding of this discussion, a typological categorization of the extended geography of smart urbanism identifies a number of conditions and avenues for further research.     

From smart cities to smart social urbanism: A framework for shaping the socio-technological ecosystems in cities

Advocated mostly by technology companies, the smart city concept promises participation, democratization and innovative urbanism. Tracking these promises and ideas, this paper explores “smart urbanism” in ten cities from all over Israel. Based on interviews with leading figures in municipalities, smart city consultants and key figures in technological companies (n = 40), the aims of this paper are to assess the efforts of cities to become smart by responding to the following questions: 1. What is guiding the decision-making process in developing technological initiatives? 2. Does context play a role in implementing technological initiatives? 3. How are the residents perceived, and what tools are being used to address residents' digital differences? The key argument of this paper is threefold: first, in the process of becoming a smart city, the roles of public and private actors are blurred, influencing the process of decision making. Second, despite contextual differences, cities adopt similar digital initiatives. Third, technological initiatives that focus on social needs and address inequality in the digital age are still at the margins. The final discussion suggests that most municipalities are still at an early stage of digitization implementation and have the ability to shape and form a vision for the cities as socio-technological ecosystems in a way that will serve their publics as a whole. The paper ends with a call for shifting the focus from the city to society in developing digital initiatives and cultivating smart social urbanism.     

What Makes Indian Cities Smart? A Policy Analysis of Smart Cities Mission

Despite widespread practices worldwide and increasing research centred on smart urbanism, there is no universal definition for ‘smart cities’. More importantly, a growing line of research warns about the north-centric notion of smart city research which underestimates the fast rate of uptake in the global South. In a search for a contextually informed definition of smart cities, the paper focuses on India: Home to one-third of the global South population, and the cradle of the ambitious Smart City Mission to develop 100 smart cities nationwide. It investigates the Smart City Proposals (SCPs) prepared for the first 20 smart cities prioritised, as part of the Mission. Findings offer a typology of smart city approaches; and shed light on the smart dimensions prioritised (e.g. smart governance, smart citizen and smart infrastructure) versus those overlooked (e.g. smart environment and smart economy) at the smart city policymaking level in India. The paper calls for further empirical research to investigate how the typologies pan out at the implementation of smart cities across the nation.     

智慧城市网络安全问题探讨

智慧城市是以物联网、互联网等通信网络为基础,通过物联网、互联网、智能使城市各功能模块协同运行的新型城市发展模式。它的特点是高度集成的智能技术,智能产业的高端发展和高效便捷的智能服务。然而,随着一切都变得更加互联和依赖技术,城市变得更加“智能”,这意味着它们不可避免地拥有更多的技术基础设施和数据,这意味着它们更容易受到新的威胁,随之而来的是更多的网络安全隐患。文章探讨了智慧城市带来的网络安全问题,并给出了相应的解决方案,使得智慧城市的建设更加安全,能更好的改善市民的生活,使得城市治理更加有效。     

Smart cities with a Nordic twist? Public sector digitalization in Finnish data-rich cities

The article studies the urban digitalization and smart city development in the context of Nordic society. The exploration focuses on city officials' views concerning the two largest cities in Finland, Helsinki and Espoo. Both cities are investing heavily on urban digitalization, and they are also building specific smart city districts. The central contexts for the study are the Nordic welfare state model and Finnish cities’ role in society as crucial service providers. The article follows especially conceptualizations connected to urban data which have been highlighted in recent critical smart city research and are also at the heart of the studied cities’ digitalization programmes.     

DORS: A data overhead reduction scheme for hybrid networks in smart cities

Today, smart cities represent an effective digital platform for facilitating our lives by shifting all stakeholders toward more sustainable behavior. Consequently, the field of smart cities has become an increasingly important research area. The smart city comprises a huge number of hybrid networks, with each network containing an enormous number of nodes that transmit massive amounts of data, thus giving rise to many network problems, such as delay and loss of connectivity. Decreasing the amount of such transmitted data is a great challenge. This paper presents a data overhead reduction scheme (DORS) for heterogeneous networks in smart city environments that comprise five different methods: median, nonlinear least squares, compression, data merging, and prioritization. Each method is applied according to the current status of quality of service. To measure the performance of the proposed model, a simulation environment is constructed for a smart city using network simulation package, NS2. The obtained results indicate that DORS has the capability to decrease the size of transmitted data in the simulated smart city environment while attaining a notable performance enhancement in terms of data reduction rate, end‐to‐end delay, packet loss ratio, throughput, and energy consumption ratio.     

智慧城市及其评价指标和评估方法研究

结合业界现有智慧城市研究和我国城市的特点,提出了智慧城市的定义。对国内外智慧城市的发展现状和特点进行了分析和对照。研究了智慧城市评价指标和评估方法,提出了一套科学化、可定制、易剪裁的评估指标体系,可以满足不同规模（大、中、小）、不同特色（综合型、工业型、旅游型、港口型等）的智慧城市评估需求。     

Smart cities education: An insight into existing drawbacks

Smart cities aim to increase citizens’ quality of life by employing technology. Education is one of the areas of focus in smart cities and in this context, smart education is a term used to refer to education provided by smart cities. As research in this area has expanded recently as shown by the number of literature reviews in a smart city context, a review could help summarize existing directions focusing in this case on education in the smart cities context. As our understanding on negative consequences is limited, this research will address this knowledge gap by concentrating on challenges and difficulties when it comes to education in smart cities. The articles indexed in Scopus and Web of Science were review and a qualitative analysis of the articles fitting our research criteria was done. Three themes were identified: shortcomings on the existing educational initiatives to address the needs of smart cities, negative consequences of smart city education in other areas and problems that arise as a result of employing technology in education.     

Smart city and remote services: The case of South Korea’s national pilot smart cities

This study aimed to develop a comprehensive research model, and identify the factors that are positively associated with usage intention of remote smart city services. A theoretical model was developed based on the stimulus–organism–response framework, and the impact of stimulus and organism constructs on responses were investigated. A total of 376 survey responses were collected from two national pilot smart cities (Busan and Sejong) in South Korea, and partial least squares structural equation modeling was employed to test the hypotheses. Among the three stimuli factors, the citizens of Busan perceived the importance of ubiquity and autonomy most highly. However, the citizens of Sejong considered information exchange and ubiquity as crucial determinants of satisfaction. The findings revealed that the significant stimuli factors are not the same between smart cities, and there can be differences in the detailed attributes required in smart cities.     

Dynamic traffic congestion pricing and electric vehicle charging management system for the internet of vehicles in smart cities

The integration of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) in future smart cities could help solve many traffic-related challenges, such as reducing traffic congestion and traffic accidents. Various congestion pricing and electric vehicle charging policies have been introduced in recent years. Nonetheless, the majority of these schemes emphasize penalizing the vehicles that opt to take the congested roads or charge in the crowded charging station and do not reward the vehicles that cooperate with the traffic management system. In this paper, we propose a novel dynamic traffic congestion pricing and electric vehicle charging management system for the internet of vehicles in an urban smart city environment. The proposed system rewards the drivers that opt to take alternative congested-free ways and congested-free charging stations. We propose a token management system that serves as a virtual currency, where the vehicles earn these tokens if they take alternative non-congested ways and charging stations and use the tokens to pay for the charging fees. The proposed system is designed for Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) in the context of a smart city environment without the need to set up any expensive toll collection stations. Through large-scale traffic simulation in different smart city scenarios, it is proved that the system can reduce the traffic congestion and the total charging time at the charging stations.     

广电光网在智慧城市建设中的实际应用

智慧城市是借助现代信息、通信等各种技术手段,对城市运行过程中的各类信息加以科学监测、分析、整合,并对包含民生、医疗、城市服务等在内的各类需求做出及时响应,提供智能服务。在新阶段,广电要积极参与到智慧城市建设过程中来,这是推动自身发展转型的有利时机。广电要对自身发展情况进行科学定位,清楚自身在智慧城市建设中的优势及存在的问题,制定有效的参与方式和模式,促使自身更好地发展、升级。基于此,对广电光网在智慧城市建设中的作用、存在的问题进行了分析,并提出了广电光网在智慧城市建设中得应用措施。     

智慧城市标准化研究

基于智慧城市标准化工作的必要性和紧迫性,本文分别总结分析了国际和国内智慧城市标准化情况,给出了较为全面的国内外智慧城市标准化研究现状视图。在此基础上,进一步提出了一种科学的、全面的、符合智慧城市发展要求和特性的智慧城市标准体系架构,并对架构中每项标准的研究内容和研究现状进行详细论述。     

Evaluation of the smart city: Applying the dematel technique

The smart city is a growing multi-dimensional and systematic urban model that offers smart, technological, and sustainable solutions for urban challenges and is separated into various conceptual main and sub-dimensions. In this paper, the smart city concept is addressed by developing a hybrid methodology consisting of two phases. In the first phase, a qualitative analysis is established to determine the smart city concept. In the second phase, the DEMATEL (Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) technique is used to examine smart city focusing on the dimensions derived from the literature in the form of six main and 33 sub-dimensions. Data is collected by contacting ten academia experts through a questionnaire specifically designed; open-ended questions and DEMATEL technique assessments. Results indicated that both phases had different outputs. While technology was highlighted and possible managerial issues emerged in the qualitative section, on the contrary, in the quantitative section, ‘smart people’ has emerged as the most important predictor of the smart city while ‘smart governance’ was the least. By the DEMATEL, not only the most and the least important dimensions within each group revealed but also the causer and receiver effects of each dimension. Further, the results and implications of the study are discussed.     

Leveraging AI-enabled 6G-driven IoT for sustainable smart cities

Many scholastic researches have begun around the globe about the competitive technological interventions like 5G communication networks and its challenges. The incipient technology of 6G networks has emerged to facilitate ultrareliable and low-latency applications for sustainable smart cities which are infeasible with the existing 4G/5G standards. Therefore, the advanced technologies like machine learning (ML), block chain, and Internet of Things (IoT) utilizing 6G network are leveraged to develop cost-efficient mechanisms to address the issues of excess communication overhead in the present state of the art. Initially, the authors discussed the key vision of 6G communication technologies, its core technologies (such as visible light communication [VLC] and THz), and the existing issues with the existing network generations (such as 5G and 4G). A detailed analysis of benefits, challenges, and applications of blockchain-enabled IoT devices with application verticals like Smart city, smart factory plus, automation, and XR that form the key highlights for 6G wireless communication network is also presented. In addition, the key applications and latest research of artificial intelligence (AI) in 6G are discussed facilitating the dynamic spectrum allocation mechanism and mobile edge computing. Lastly, an in-depth study of the existing open issues and challenges in green 6G communication network technology, as well as review of solutions and potential research recommendations are also presented.     

新型智慧城市关键使能技术与标准研究

新型智慧城市是实现数字中国的重要载体,已经获得了社会各界的广泛关注.新型智慧城市高质量发展依赖于国家的统筹规划、各类新兴技术的创新融合以及标准化工作的支撑引导,同时也对技术创新和标准推进提出了更高要求,带来诸多挑战.现有研究缺少对新型智慧城市关键使能技术以及当前标准化工作的全面梳理与分析.文章在介绍新型智慧城市发展态势...     

The 21st century corporate town: The politics of planning innovation districts

High-tech corporations have established a foothold in cities through innovation districts. Across the north Atlantic, these are typically waterfront urban renewal projects that repurpose formerly industrial land contiguous to the city centre into fully master-planned sites that also include smart city developments. Our case study focuses on the governance and spatial planning of waterfront innovation districts in Boston in the United States and Dublin in Ireland. Both cases reflect a trend to create high-value clusters attracting research and development from globalised tech firms as well as fostering local enterprise. The fluidity and mobility of multinational capital attached to the tech economy leverages digital and civic investment in these districts as a means of corporate attraction and retention: the smart city becomes one for skilled, globally-mobile tech workers adjacent to, but socially and spatially partitioned from, historically working class port communities. This process is marked by the degree to which such districts can be, firstly, disconnected from city-wide planning agendas, and secondly, the degree to which they interface and share resources and amenities with surrounding neighbourhoods. Thus, we argue, there is the potential for further market capture of urban revitalisation policies by high-tech firms, leading to the creation of ‘corporate towns’ and a new era of uneven development. The politics of urban planning can both restrict the democratic process in the city, and curtail the forms of smart city, civic technologies into those primarily beneficial for high-tech corporations and their workforce.     

微能量采集技术在智慧城市的应用研究

我国正在大刀阔斧的进行智慧城市的建设,而那些由电池驱动的智能终端非常受电量的限制。通过分析环境能量采集技术,设计了一套科学的微能量采集和管理系统,并且基于该系统尝试为一系列智慧城市垂直行业的物联网终端设计了低功耗自供电解决方案,还从多方面对现有系统进行了改进,丰富了智慧城市和5G通信技术的应用场景,为智慧城市的可持续发展奠定基础。     

国外智慧城市研究综述

在发达国家",智慧城市"作为一种应对城市人口增长和破解城市化问题的战略手段于20世纪90年代被提出。经过10多年的发展,智慧城市取得了一定研究成果,并在实践环节有所突破。在国内,学者对智慧城市的关注开始于2009年IBM公司提出的"智慧地球"概念,目前对智慧城市的研究尚处于起步阶段。本文从智慧城市的起源、内涵、构成要素、评价等4个方面,全面介绍国外智慧城市的主要研究成果,并对智慧城市未来研究方向进行了展望,以期对我国智慧城市和新型城镇化建设有所借鉴。     

Standards with cybersecurity controls for smart grid—A systematic analysis

In recent years, numerous standards related to the cybersecurity of smart grids have been published, which led to the challenge for operators in obtaining indications that match their specific objectives and contexts. Although several studies approached this problem by providing more or less comprehensive surveys and overviews of smart grid cybersecurity standards, none of them was dedicated to the actual and important subject of cybersecurity controls. This paper aims at filling this gap. A systematic literature analysis was conducted which resulted in the identification of 19 broadly recognised standards that specify cybersecurity controls applicable to the smart grid infrastructure. The publications are described in respect to the controls they define and referred to evaluation criteria. In result, this paper constitutes a guideline on standardised cybersecurity controls for smart grids, where (criteria‐based) indications help to select standards for a particular smart grid area or specific goals. The method of the research as well as the standards' selection and evaluation criteria are presented.