Integration of three visualization methods based on co-word analysis

Visualization of subject structure based on co-word analysis is used to explore the concept network and developmental tendency in certain field. There are many visualization methods for co-word analysis. However, integration of results by different methods is rarely reported. This article addresses the knowledge gap in this field of study. We compare three visualization methods: Cluster tree, strategy diagram and social network maps, and integrate different results together to one result through co-word analysis of medical informatics. The three visualization methods have their own character: cluster trees show the subject structure, strategic diagrams reveal the importance of topic themes in the structure, and social network maps interpret the internal relationship among themes. Integration of different visualization results to one more readable map complements each other. And it is helpful for researchers to get the concept network and developmental tendency in a certain field.     

Novel interpretable mechanism of neural networks based on network decoupling method

The lack of interpretability of the neural network algorithm has become the bottleneck of its wide application. We propose a general mathematical framework, which couples the complex structure of the system with the nonlinear activation function to explore the decoupled dimension reduction method of high-dimensional system and reveal the calculation mechanism of the neural network. We apply our framework to some network models and a real system of the whole neuron map of Caenorhabditis elegans. Result shows that a simple linear mapping relationship exists between network structure and network behavior in the neural network with high-dimensional and nonlinear characteristics. Our simulation and theoretical results fully demonstrate this interesting phenomenon. Our new interpretation mechanism provides not only the potential mathematical calculation principle of neural network but also an effective way to accurately match and predict human brain or animal activities, which can further expand and enrich the interpretable mechanism of artificial neural network in the future.     

基于无监督深度神经网络的卷烟小包拉线缺陷视觉智能检测方法

目的 为减少ZB47包装机小包拉线缺陷投诉,基于无监督深度神经网络构建一种小包拉线缺陷视觉智能检测方法。方法 首先,在ZB47包装机CH转塔部位设计并加装小包图像采集装置,获得实时高清晰度小包图像。其次,将小包图像根据拉线位置进行固定位置的裁剪,从而减轻不同工况的环境背景影响并且加快检测速度。然后,构建自编码器–编码器结构的主干网络,同时叠加生成对抗网络中的判别器模块组成缺陷判别模型,并综合采用图像间、图像隐空间以及图像特征间的信息构建模型的损失函数。最后,使用裁剪后的正常小包拉线图像对构建的缺陷判别模型进行训练,并基于所有的正常小包图像得到异常阈值。结果 实际验证阶段,待检测图像的得分大于异常阈值即判断为异常图像,触发CH转塔部位的小包剔除装置将该缺陷小包剔除。生产现场测试表明,所提方法可以对典型小包缺陷进行快速准确检测,缺陷检测准确率为99.99%。结论 该方法能够满足生产现场卷烟小包拉线缺陷检测的准确性和实时性要求。     

Interactions of Skin with Gold Nanoparticles of Different Surface Charge,Shape, and Functionality

The interactions between skin and colloidal gold nanoparticles of different physicochemical characteristics are investigated. By systematically varying the charge, shape, and functionality of gold nanoparticles, the nanoparticle penetration through the different skin layers is assessed. The penetration is evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively using a variety of complementary techniques. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES) is used to quantify the total number of particles which penetrate the skin structure. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and two photon photoluminescence microscopy (TPPL) on skin cross sections provide a direct visualization of nanoparticle migration within the different skin substructures. These studies reveal that gold nanoparticles functionalized with cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) TAT and R₇ are found in the skin in larger quantities than polyethylene glycol‐functionalized nanoparticles, and are able to enter deep into the skin structure. The systematic studies presented in this work may be of strong interest for developments in transdermal administration of drugs and therapy.     

Determining the size of coherent nanoinclusions and the crystal lattice misfit parameter using dark-field transmission electron microscopy images

The task of identifying nanodimensional inclusions with a structure coinciding with that of the surrounding matrix in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images encounters considerable difficulties. Analysis of high-resolution TEM images requires a large volume of calculations and the exact knowledge of a large number of various parameters. The well-known method of determining coherent inclusion characteristics using dark-field images can be used only for relatively large objects. We describe a new method for determining the size and the crystal lattice misfit parameter using dark-field TEM images, which is applicable to coherent inclusions with dimensions as small as several nanometers.     

Characterization of Pd-free electroless Co-based cap selectively deposited on Cu surface via borane-based reducing agent

In this work, a highly selective and self-activated (Pd-free) Co-based deposition process for capping of Cu-lines is presented. TEM images of the cross-section of capped Cu-lines show no extraneous deposition, which translates to selectivity and direct deposition of Co-based alloy on the Cu surface without Pd-activation as a pretreatment step in conventional electroless deposition. Furthermore, an 8.6% increase in the sheet resistance(Rs) via Pd-activation process which is higher than that of the Co-based self-activated process indicates that Pd may diffuse into Cu line and induce Rs increase. Results from grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) analysis on as-deposited Co-based films reveal that it has a nano-crystalline structure. Such structure changes very little after annealing over 400 °C for 30 min. AES depth profiles also reveal a uniform distribution of the elemental components and extremely low B content. Additionally, Cu was not detected on Co cap film, indicating such films could serve as diffusion barrier layers to inhibit Cu diffusion.     

Study on the structures and magnetic properties of Ni, Co-Al2O3 electrodeposited nanowire arrays

We report on the direct electrodeposition of nickel and cobalt nanowire arrays within the nanopores of ordered porous alumina films prepared by a two-step anodization. SEM and TEM images reveal that the pore arrays are regularly arranged throughout the alumina film. X-ray diffraction and TEM analysis show that the nickel and cobalt nanowires are single crystalline with highly preferential orientation. The aspect ratio of nanowires is over 300. M-H hysteresis loops determined by VSM indicate that the nanowire arrays obtained possess obvious magnetic anisotropy. Because of proper square ratio and coercivity the nanowire arrays of nickel seem to be more suitable candidates for perpendicular magnetic recording medium than those of cobalt.     

The effect of postgrowth annealing on the structure and optical properties of multilayer Ge/Si heterostructures

The effect of the postgrowth laser and thermal annealing on the structure and optical properties of multilayer heterostructures comprising quantum dots of germanium in a silicon matrix has been studied by photoluminescence (PL) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The PL spectra of annealed samples reveal a decrease of emission from the quantum dots and display a new emission band as compared to the initial spectra. The TEM measurements show that this effect is related to smearing of the Ge-Si interface and to the appearance of a regular rectangular network of dislocations on the surface of the annealed structure.     

四氧化三铁亚微空心球的制备及表征

采用水热法制备出亚微尺寸Fe_3O_4空心球.用X射线衍射谱(XRD)和傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)表征了样品的相结构,用透射电子显微镜(TEM)和场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)照片表征样品的形貌,表明在一定反应条件(反应温度、反应时间、反应试剂)下,反应产物可形成不同的形貌:针叶状的纳米颗粒、亚微尺寸的疏松球、实心球和空心球等.用振动样品磁强计(VSM)测量了样品的室温磁性,表明Fe_3O_4亚微空心球样品表现为铁磁性.     

Synthesis of carbon nanotubes using Ni95Ti5 nanocrystalline film as a catalyst

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were synthesized by low-pressure chemical vapour deposition (LPCVD) using N2:C2H2:H2 gas mixtures on nanocrystalline Ni95Ti5 film. This nanocrystalline film was deposited on silicon substrate using vapour condensation method. The growth temperature and growth time was kept at 800 degrees C and 30 mins, respectively and the pressure was maintained at 10 Torr. The growth mechanism of CNTs was investigated using FESEM, TEM, HRTEM, and Raman Spectroscopy. From FESEM image of Ni95Ti5 nanocrystalline film, it is clear that the particle size varies from 5-10 nm. EDX analysis suggests that Ni95Ti5 alloy contains Ni and Ti both. It is clear from TEM images that CNTs are multiwalled with the diameter varying from 10-30 nm and length of several micrometers. HRTEM image shows that the structure of these multi-walled nanotube (MWNTs) is bamboo-shaped and the catalyst exists at the tip of MWNTs. Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy confirmed that graphitic structure of as-prepared CNTs. Field emission measurements reveal that the carbon nanotubes grown for 30 mins showed a turn-on field of 7.2 V/microm, when the current density achieves 10 microA/cm2. The field enhancement factor was calculated to be 708.50 for carbon nanotubes grown for 30 mins.     

聚氨酯乳液互穿聚合物网络的制备与结构

以甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)、聚己二酸丁二醇酯(PBA2000)和环氧树脂(E-20)为主要原料,制备了高环氧树脂含量的聚氨酯(PU)/环氧树脂(EP)乳液互穿聚合物网络(LIPN)。通过红外光谱,动态力学分析,透射电镜等研究了产物的结构与性能。结果表明,LIPN已形成,乳液乳胶粒子为非核壳结构,EP和PU两种组分完全互容且在分子尺度互穿。改性PU的耐溶剂性大幅提高,表现出明显的互穿协同效应。可作为一种新型的环保PU涂层应用于各个领域。     

快重离子辐照对氧化锌材料内部结构特性的影响

使用拉曼光谱和透射电镜等分析手段研究了高能快重离子辐照对ZnO单晶内部结构特性的影响。结果表明,经过快重离子辐照后,在ZnO单晶的拉曼光谱中出现了两个新的振动吸收峰。采用不同轴向的拉曼入射光表征方法,证实了位于576 cm^-1的振动吸收峰与氧空缺位(V₀)密切相关。经离子辐照后透射电镜图像显示出现了许多间隙原子、空位和位错等缺陷,而电子衍射图表明试样没有出现明显的非晶化。这个结果表明,较高的能量和辐照剂量对氧化锌的整体结构和性能几乎没有影响,也充分证明ZnO单晶具有良好的抗辐照性能。     

Temperature-controlled synthesis of CdSe nanocrystals with narrow size distribution

CdSe quantum dots (QDs) with narrow size distribution and fine crystallinity were synthesized in paraffin liquid through temperature-control method. TEM, HRTEM, SEAD, XRD, PL and UV-VIS spectra were used to characterize the size, crystal structure and photoluminescence (PL) properties of CdSe nanocrystals. The PL spectra and TEM results revealed that the monodispersed and uniformed CdSe QDs with narrow size distribution were synthesized at a certain reaction temperature. HRTEM images combined with selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and XRD patterns illustrated that CdSe QDs showed near-perfect zinc-blende and wurtzite crystallinity at different temperatures. The Gibbs-Thomson calculation provided a thermodynamic explanation for obtaining the CdSe nanocrystals with narrow size distribution by temperature-control method.     

Quantum confinement effect of CdS nanoparticles dispersed within PVP/PVA nanocomposites

Nanocomposite films of CdS nanoparticles within PVP/PVA blend were prepared. The prepared films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and photoluminescence (PL) spectra. The amount of Cd⁺ used strongly influenced the size of the CdS nanoparticles, which was confirmed by XRD, UV–vis absorption spectra, PL emission spectra and TEM images. Smaller sized CdS nanoparticles were formed in higher content of cadmium. The results of XRD indicate that CdS nanoparticles were formed with hexagonal phase in the polymeric matrix. PL and UV–vis spectra reveal that nanocomposite films shows quantum confinement effect. Optical band gap and particle size were calculated and is in agreement with the results obtained from TEM data. The direct energy band gap was increased up to 2.86 eV.     

Imaging phase-separated domains in conducting polymer blend films with near-field scanning optical microscopy

We present high-resolution images with near-field scanning optical microscopy to study phase separation in polymer films of poly(styrene) and poly(3-octyl-thiophene). Transmission and transmitted fluorescence near-field scanning optical microscope images were taken for direct visualization of the intermediate steps of phase separation in a regime where small domain sizes prevent investigation by conventional microscopy. The interpretation of near-field data on samples with large or varying film thickness or topography are also discussed, and a method for recognizing topographically induced artifacts in a quantitative way is suggested.     

Aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy of the intergranular phase in magnetic recording media

In perpendicular hard disk memory media, nanometric magnetic Co-rich grains are separated by a ～1 nm thick nonmagnetic and preferably amorphous intergranular phase (IP). Attempts at observing the IP structure at high resolution using TEM have been obstructed by the superposition of lattice fringes from the crystalline grains extending into the IP region in images. Here we present the first images of a magnetic recording medium produced using a spherical aberration-corrected TEM showing the true amorphous IP structure in contrast to the crystalline grains, allowing the accurate determination of the grain-IP interface and the grain and IP dimensions. It is shown that these aberration-corrected TEM images are functionally superior for analyzing certain features of the ultrahigh capacity data recording media.     

A serialized classification method for pulmonary nodules based on lightweight cascaded convolutional neural network-long short-term memory

Computer Assisted Diagnosis (CAD) is an effective method to detect lung cancer from computed tomography (CT) scans. The development of artificial neural network makes CAD more accurate in detecting pathological changes. Due to the complexity of the lung environment, the existing neural network training still requires large datasets, excessive time, and memory space. To meet the challenge, we analysis 3D volumes as serialized 2D slices and present a new neural network structure lightweight convolutional neural network (CNN)-long short-term memory (LSTM) for lung nodule classification. Our network contains two main components: (a) optimized lightweight CNN layers with tiny parameter space for extracting visual features of serialized 2D images, and (b) LSTM network for learning relevant information among 2D images. In all experiments, we compared the training results of several models and our model achieved an accuracy of 91.78% for lung nodule classification with an AUC of 93%. We used fewer samples and memory space to train the model, and we achieved faster convergence. Finally, we analyzed and discussed the feasibility of migrating this framework to mobile devices. The framework can also be applied to cope with the small amount of training data and the development of mobile health device in future.     

Observation of epitaxially ordered twinned zinc aluminate “nanoblades” on <Emphasis Type="Italic">c</Emphasis>-sapphire

We report the observation of a novel nanostructured growth mode of the ceramic spinel zinc aluminate grown on c-sapphire in the form of epitaxially ordered twinned crystallites with pronounced vertically aligned “nanoblades” on top of these crystallites. The nanostructures are formed on bare c-sapphire substrates using a vapour phase transport method. Electron microscopy images reveal the nanostructure morphology and dimensions and allow direct and indirect observation of the twin boundary location in a number of samples. The nanoblade structure with sharply rising sidewalls gives rise to a distinctive bright contrast in secondary electron images in scanning electron microscopy measurements.     

From micro to nano: analysis of surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy active sites via multiscale correlations

Effective correlation of data from a number of analytical techniques over length scales spanning several orders of magnitude is required to more fully investigate the active sites on silver nanoparticles that are responsible for surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS). In this paper, a method is presented that uses fluorescent beads as optical markers to allow direct correlation between a SERRS/fluorescence map and a transmission electron microscope (TEM) collage of the same area. Factors influencing the accuracy of the technique include the flatness of the substrate, the size of the fluorescent beads, and the strength of the signal from the fluorescent beads. When the effect of each of these factors on the technique is addressed, a simple and accurate correlation between the optical spectroscopy and the electron microscopy is achieved. A statistically significant number of particles can then be easily and reliably located and characterized at both optical limits, by SERRS, and with subnanometer resolution in the high-resolution TEM. Examples of HRTEM images and the locations of these particles within the SERRS map/TEM collage are presented. Our findings reveal that the relative SERRS activity of single particles is very low compared to dimers and larger aggregates of particles. The relative activity of dimers is estimated to be 12.4 times greater than single particles, and as the number of particles in the aggregate increase, the relative SERRS activity also increases. The relative SERRS activities of single particles/dimers/trimers/aggregates of 4-9 particles/aggregates of 10-20 are estimated to be 1/12.4/15.6/23.2/43.